Data Communications
&
Networking
Lecture 04
Local Area Networks
Lectured by
Nguyễn Đức Thái
1
LAN Characteristics
High data-transfer rates
Small geographic area
No leased telecommunication lines
needed
2
Ethernet Cabling
a) 10BASE5 b) 10BASE2 c) 10BASE-T
3
LAN Devices
4
LAN Devices - Hub
5
LAN Devices - Bridge
A bridge connects networks and forwards frames
from one network to another
PORTS
A B E F
BRIDGE
C D G H
6
The Data-Link Layer
The datalink layer provides point-to-point
connectivity between devices over the
physical connections provided by the
underlying physical layer
The datalink layer breaks a data stream
into chunks called frame.
7
Multiaccess vs. Point-to-Point
Multiaccess Point-to-Point
8
Collision Domain
a network segment
with two or more
devices sharing the
same bandwidth
9
CSMA Protocols
Carrier Sense Multiple Access
Protocols
When there is data to send, a station
senses carrier first
If the carrier is free, it starts sending
Else, it waits until the carrier becomes
free
10
The Data-Link Layer Switching
Switching is a datalink layer process,
making forwarding decisions based on the
contents of layer two frame addresses.
11
Addresses Learning
A Î C 12
Addresses Learning
D Î C 13
Frame Filtering
A Î C 14
Loop Problem
15
Spanning-Tree Protocol
Redundancy in a network is extremely important
because it allows networks to be fault tolerant
Redundant topologies based on switches and
bridges are subject to broadcast storms, multiple
frame transmissions, and MAC address database
instability
Therefore network redundancy requires careful
planning and monitoring to function properly
The Spanning-Tree Protocol is used in switched
networks to create a loop free network
16
Switching Methods
Store-and-Forward
Cut-Through
Fragment-Free
17
Store-and-Forward Switching
The entire frame is read into switch
memory.
Bad frames are not forwarded.
18
Cut-Through Switching
Only the destination address information in
the header is read before beginning
processing
Very fast
Bad frames are forwarded.
19
Fragment-Free Switching
The switch checks the first 64 bytes of a
frame.
20
Virtual LAN
A Virtual LAN (VLAN) is a broadcast domain
created by one or more switches.
21
Virtual LAN
22
Virtual LAN
23
Virtual LAN Tagging
24
VLAN Trunking Protocols
Inter-Switch Link
IEEE 802.1Q
25
VLAN Trunking Protocols
Inter-Switch Link
IEEE 802.1Q
26
VLAN Trunking Protocols
Inter-Switch Link
IEEE 802.1Q
27
Routing Between VLANs
28
AP Router – Coverage Area
29
Influences on Wireless Transm.
30
Absorption
31
Absorption
32
Reflection
Reflection depends on the frequency. Objects that
reflect some frequencies might not reflect others
33
Refraction
34
Scattering
35
Multipath
A receiver might get the same signal several times over it can
cause the signal to become out of phase.
When you receive out-of-phase signals, they can cancel each
other out, resulting in a null signal
36
Wireless LAN
Spectrum:
2.4 GHz (802.11b,g), 5.0 GHz (802.11a,n)
Close to 100m from AP to client
To achieve further distance, more power
output is required
WLANs are very flexible, so more than eight
active devices/clients are expected, unlike
a WPAN
The frequency spectrums used by
802.11a/b/g/n are all unlicensed
37
Original 802.11 Topologies
Ad hoc mode
Infrastructure mode
38
Ad Hoc Mode
Ad hoc networks don’t require a central
device to allow them to communicate.
Rather, one device sets a group name and
radio parameters, and the other uses it to
connect.
Because the two machines don’t need a
central device to speak to each other, it is
called an Independent Basic Service Set
(IBSS).
39
Ad Hoc Mode
40
Infrastructure Mode
An access point acts as a connection point
for clients.
Standard Ethernet frames have a source
MAC address and a destination MAC address.
Wireless frames can have three or four MAC
addresses.
Two of them are the source and destination
MAC addresses, and one is the AP’s MAC
address that is tied to a workgroup.
The fourth that could be present is a
NEXT_HOP address.
41
Why More APs
To provide adequate coverage in a larger
area
To allow clients to move from one AP to the
other and still be on the same LAN
To provide more saturation of APs, resulting
in more bandwidth per user
Process of a client moving from one AP to
another is called roaming.
42
Roaming
For roaming to work, the APs must overlap
You might wonder why they need to
overlap, because interference in a wireless
network is a common issue
The reason for the overlap is so that a
client can see both APs and associate to the
one with the stronger signal
43
Roaming (2)
Service Set Identifier (SSID): a network the
clients connect to
On an AP, the SSID is a combination of MAC
address and network name.
This MAC address can be that of the
wireless radio or another MAC address
generated on the AP.
44
Roaming (3)
45
Roaming (4)
When a client roams and moves from one
AP to the other, the SSID remains the same,
but the MAC address changes to the new AP
with a better signal.
They offer the same SSID, they need to be
on different channels, or frequency ranges,
that do not overlap.
This prevents co-channel interference,
which should be avoided.
46