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1.1

Laptop Memory
• Small outline dual in-line memory module(SO-DIMM) is an example of small laptop
memory.
• Some memory are very modular, some are not.

Laptop Storage
1. HDD ( hard disk drive)
◦ Very bulky
◦ traditional spinning drive
◦ 3.5 inches (2.5 for early laptops
2. SSD (solid state drive)
◦ Better speed, less noise, low latency
◦ maintain 2.5 inches in early laptops
◦ two interfaces, one for data and another for power
◦ two screws and easily replaceable
◦ M.2 Interface in modern laptop
◦ Smaller form factor than 2.5 interfaces
◦ one screw and more simpler to replace
◦ Similar to RAM installation

Two ways to migrate from HDD to SSD

1. By creating an image file of the drive, only one drive at a time
2. Both drives are used at the same time to transfer data using an imaging software

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802.11 wireless and Bluetooth
802.11
• Often integrated into mother board
• If not, mini PCI and mini PCI express cards can be used to get the same functionality
• Use for LAN, internet access, high speed
• often two connectors, one for the main connector and auxiliary connector
• if the third antenna exits, it is usually for Bluetooth functionality.
• Bluetooth is used for PAN (personal area network)
• High speed and short range
• Use to connect to the other personal devices
1. Smartphones
2. Headsets and headphones
3. automobile and phone integration
4. Smartwatches
5. Speakers
6. Health monitors
The antennas are usually located around the laptop screen.

Biometrics (something you are)

Windows has two biometrics function for authentication.
• Windows hello face
• Windows hello fingerprint

Near Field Communication (NFC)

• Short range, less than 4 centimeters
• used for payment, data transfer and authentication

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 1.2

Connecting mobile devices

Wire and wireless connectivity is used for synchronization, backup, data transfer, and identification.

USB (Universal serial Bus)

• used for charging and data transfer
• high speed communication

Types
• USB-A
• USB-B(mini B USB and micro B USB)
• USB-C

Micro B USB was commonly used for charging old mobile devices. Mini is a slightly larger than
micro. Both have 5 pins. New micro ones may have 10 pins.

USB-C
• Created for easy connectivity
• 24-pin double-sided connectors
• USB 2.0 and above
• Different signals can use the same connectors
1. Display port
2. HDMI
3. Thunderbolt

Lightning
• Apple’s proprietary
• 8-pin digital signal

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 • Created for simpler design and higher power output than micro-USB

NFC
• Send a small amount of data over a limited area
• Short range with encryption support (also use as access token/ to avoid carrying the identity
cards every where and to use personal phones as identity card)

Hotspot/Tethering (extending the cellular network to

other devices)
• If multiple devices connect to a single phone, it is called hotspot.
• If a single device connects to other device, it is called tethering.
This tethering may depend on the support of device and provider and may apply additional fees.

Stylus
• Created for more precise touch than fingers.
• A more advanced writing tool.
Usually it connects to the device via Bluetooth, but may also use USB connection.
• The user may adjust pressure sensitivity, programmable button.

Headsets
• Hand-free audio (used for better call quality)
• earphones and speaker
• On laptops, USB connections are more common.
• May also connects via 3.5 mm TRRS (tip-ring-ring-sleeve) connector (also called analog
audio jack)
• May also use Bluetooth for connectivity.

Docking Station
• Used in the office
• To avoid the trouble of connecting to the laptop with many ports to extend to external
interfaces in the office

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Port replicator
• Similar in concept docking station (usually connect via USB

Track pad
• Common on laptop
• Replace the mouse and extend functionality
• Drag and drop, use multiple fingers for zooming and window control
• Can be enabled or disabled
Can also be used as external in desktop via Bluetooth or USB connection. Battery powered.

Drawing pad
• Use its own stylus with an external digitizer for very precise input.
• Support across many operating systems.

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 1.3

Cellular Networks

Mobile devices are also called “cell phones”.

Tower separate land into cells

• Antenna coverages a cell with certain frequencies

3G Technology
• Introduced in 1998
• Incremental 3G upgrades improved speeds, usually several megabits per seconds

Bandwidth improvement allowed new functionalities

• GPS
• Mobile Television
• Video on demand
• Video conferencing

4G and LTE
Long Term Evolution
What is it based on?
What speed does it support? What about LTE-A.
• Based on GSM(Global System for Mobile Communications) and EDGE (Enhanced Data
Rates for GSM Evolution)
• Standard support download rates 150 Mbits/s

LTE Advanced (LTE-A)

• Standard support download rates 300 Mbits/s

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5G
When?

Speed?
Launched worldwide in 2020.

Significant performance improvements

• At higher frequencies.
• Eventually 10 gigabits per second
• Slower speeds from 100 to 900 Mbits/s

What are the impacts?

Significant IoT(internet of things) Impact

• Bandwidth becomes less of a constraint
• Larger data transfers
• Faster monitoring and notification
• Additional cloud processing

WiFi
Connect to a local 802.11 network
• Higher speeds, no cellular bandwidth use

Require local access point

- Limited distance coverages

What does WiFi support besides internet access?

Sometimes it may also support voice communication

• WiFi calling (Require support from voice carrier)
• Very useful when cellular coverage may not be available

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Hotspot
…

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

It is a unique identifier for caller devices.

SIM contains information for the carrier and user

• SIM ID and phone number
• Cellular network information
• Storage space for contacts, messages, etc..

Bluetooth pairing
Connecting to a Bluetooth device
• Bluetooth has built-in security.
• It may require to verify with a PIN (personal identification number) at the first time, and
further connections will be automatic.

Bluetooth pairing process

What created GPS?

GPS (Global Positioning System)

GPS was created by the US Department of Defense
• Over 30 satellites current in orbit (I think the exact is 48)
• For precise navigation, at least 4 satellites is required to be within the ranges.
• It determines location based on time difference between the signals from the satellites and
can give exact longitude, latitude and altitude.

Beside GPS, there are other mobile location services and

geotracking services.
• They determine location based on WiFi, and cellular networks.

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Mobile Device Management
Write a brief discussion about MDM?
• It is managing company-owned or user-owned mobile devices to use in the work.
• Centralized management of mobile devices allows special functionality.
• The administrator can set policies on apps, data, camera, etc..
• The entire device or a partition of a device may be specified for the control.
• This can force the user to have screen locks and PINs.

BYOD
• Employee owns the device. But the device may need to meet company’s requirements.
• It may not only need to be secure for the company’s information but also keep the user’s
privacy..

Difficult to secure
• It is both a home device and work device.
• This policy has some problems in data management when the device is lost or sold, etc..

COPE (doesn’t allow user’s phone)

Corporate owned, personally enabled
• Company buys the device for the user
• Both a coporate device and a personal device (if the company allows)
• Complete control by the company on the information

CYOD(Choose Your Own Device)

• The user can select a device from a selection of devices.
• This is also done by the company, and similar to COPE.

Mobile Device Synchronization

MDM also allows to perform mobile device synchronization.
Mostly many settings are preconfigured. These include telephone, and text messaging. In addition,
other synchronization can also be preformed. For example, if different email servies are used, they

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may not be pre-configured. In such case, we can do it by our own. Restoration in case the device is
damaged or lost is also important.

Business applications
You can also set up these applications on mobile devices, control how to set up the authentication of
these apps, and decide how to synchronize the data of these applicatoin.

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 2. Networking
2.1
Network is like a series of high ways or roads.

A series of moving van

The network topology is a road.
• Ethernet, DSL, cable system

The truck is the internet protocol.(IP)

• We have designed the roads for this truck.
Inside the truck, there are packages of TCP and UDP. Inside the packages are more information.

IP -Internet Protocol
Client -> | Ethernet Header | Eternet Payload(information that is
sent over the network) | Eternet Trailer | -> Server
| Ethernet Header | IP | Ip Payload | Eternet Trailer |
| Ethernet Header | IP | TCP | TCP payload | Eternet Trailer |
| Ethernet Header | IP | TCP | HTTP data | Eternet Trailer |

TCP and UDP

• These protocols are encapsulated by the IP protocol.
• Two different ways for moving data from place to place.
• Also referred to as OSI Layer 4( the transport layer)

Multiplexing
• These two protocols allows different devices to communicate simultaneously, and also
different applications can use them at the same time. This is called multiplexing.

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Which is more reliable in TCP and UDP?

TCP – Transmission Control Protocol

Connection-oriented protocol
• There is a formal setup and close.
• This is often referred to as “reliable” protocol because we can recover from errors, and it can
manage out-of-order messages and retransmissions.
• We can also the speed of the data, (flow control)

UDP-User Datagram Protocol

Connectionless
• No formal process for opening and closing the connections

Unreliable
• No way to know if the data is received, or not. No error recovery.

So, why you ever use UDP?

Real-time communicatoin
• There is no way to stop and resend the data
• Time doesn’t stop for your network.
There are other connection-less protocols.
1. DHCP
2. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)(used to send a small amount of data.)
Although UDP cannot provide data recovery, the applications using that protocols can keep track of
the process, and decide what to do, the same functionality as the data recovery.

Communication using TCP

Connection-oriented protocols prefer a “return receipt”
• HTTPS
• SSH

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 • The application doesn’t have to worry about the data reception because that part has been
handled by the TCP. The app can just do its jobs.

Speed delivery
The IP delivery truck delivers from one (IP) address to another (IP) address.
The boxes inside the trucks has the name of the room they have to go when reached a particular
network. This room name is port.
TCP and UDP boxes are dropped at the right room.

Lots of ports
IPv4 sockets
• Server IP address, protocol, server application port number (three important information on
the data)
• Client IP address, protocol, client port number
There are two different kinds of ports.
1. Non-ephemeral ports – permanent port numbers
◦ Usually from 0 to 1023
◦ Usually on a server or service
2. Ephemeral ports – temporary port numbers
◦ from 1024 to 65535
◦ Determined in real-time by the client

Port numbers
TCP and UDP port numbers can be between 0 and 65535.
Client | Ethernet Header | IP | TCP | HTTP data | Eternet Trailer
| Server
[Link] | Ethernet Header | IP | UDP | VoIP data | Eternet
Trailer | [Link]
| Ethernet Header | IP | TCP | Email data | Ethernet Trailer|

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Port Numbers
Well-known port numbers are worth for memorizing.
This can help us in troubleshooting on networks and setting firewall rules.

We also need to make sure port number, the protocol, and how the protocol is used.

FTP
• TCP 20 (active mobile data)
• TCP 21 (control)
• Transfer files between systems
Some ftp servers authenticate using username and password.
Some allow generic/anonymous login.

FTP server can offer full-featured functionality.

• List, add, or delete files on the server.

SSH
• TCP 22
• encrypted communication link
This is similar to older telnet, but telnet doesn’t provide encryption.

Telnet
• TCP 23
• Used for systems that are very old and does not support SSH.
We can login to devices remotely.

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SMTP-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• TCP 25
• server to server email transfers
• Can also be used to send mails from the device to a mail server.
Client devices use other protocols to receive emails, such as POP3, IMAP4.

DNS-Domain Name System

• UDP 53
• These are very critical resources, so there tends to be multiple backup DNS servers.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

• UDP 67, UDP 68
• Automated configuration of IP address, subnet mash and other options
This requires a DHCP server.
Our network may be a DHCP server, applicance, or integrated into a SOHO(Small Office/Home
Office) router.

IP address configuration is dynamic/pooled.

• Addresses are assigned in real time from a pool.
• Each system is given a lease and must renew at set intervals.(So, IP may change over time).

DHCP Reservation
• Devices are assigned IP addresses by the MAC addresses in the DHCP server.
• System admin can keep an IP address for configuration a specific a device always.
(Reservation)

HTTP/HTTPS
HTTP > TCP 80 > Web server communication
HTTPS > TCP 443 > Web server communication encrypted

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POP/IMAP (two popular protocols for email receiving
from the server)
POP3 – Post Office Protocol version 3
• TCP 110
• It provides basic mail transfer functionality.

IMAP4 – Internet Message Access Protocol version 4

• TCP 143
• More advanced than POP3. This includes management of email inbox from multiple clients.

SMB – Server Message Block

This is the protocol used by Microsoft
• For file sharing, printer sharing between windows devices.
• Also called CIFS (Common Internet File System)
Older devices uses this.

NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT)

• UDP 137 – NetBIOS name service (nbname) #similar to the dns
• TCP 139 – NetBIOS session services (nbsession)
Modern devices use this.

◦ TCP 445 (also called NetBIOS-less)

• Direct SMB communication over TCP with NetBIOS transport

LDAP/LDAPS
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (Secure)
This is used to communicate to a centralized database where an organization keeps all its data.
• TCP 389
• Store and retrieve information in a network directory
• Commonly used in Microsoft Active Directory

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RDP – Remote Desktop Protocol
• Used to share a desktop from a remote location over TCP 3389
• Can connect to an entire desktop or just an application.
• Not only windows but also other OSs are available for it.

VoIP
• UDP 5004

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