Contents

1. Intro to Networking
2. Types of Networks
3. IP Address & Classes
4. Public vs private IP Address
5. Domain Name System
6. Ports & Protocols
7. Networking Models : OSI & TCP IP Model
8. History of Cloud Computing
9. Moving to Cloud Portal
 Introduction to Networking

Networking is the process of connecting multiple devices (computers, servers, mobiles) to share data, resources, and
services over a communication medium.

Why Networking is Important

Enables communication between devices
Allows sharing of data and resources
Supports internet access and cloud services
Improves collaboration and productivity
 Types of Networks

Personal Area Network (PAN) A PAN is a network that connects devices within a very small range, usually around a single
person. Very short range (1–10 meters) Used for personal devices Wireless technologies (Bluetooth, USB)

Local Area Network (LAN) A LAN is a network that connects devices within a small geographical area such as a home,
office, or school. High speed and low latency Limited to a small area Easy to manage and secure
Example: Office network, home Wi-Fi

Campus Area Network (CAN) A CAN connects multiple LANs within a limited area like a campus or organization.
Larger than LAN, smaller than MAN Used in universities, companies Centralized management

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A MAN covers a larger area than LAN, typically a city or a group of buildings.
Connects multiple LANs Medium speed and coverage Used by organizations and city networks
Example: City-wide internet network

Wide Area Network (WAN) A WAN connects devices over a large geographical area such as countries or
continents. Covers very large areas Uses public networks (internet)Slower than LAN but very scalable
Example: Internet
 IP Address
An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device on a network, used to identify and communicate with
other devices over the internet or local network.

Why IP Address is Important ?

• Identifies devices on a network
• Enables communication between devices
• Helps in sending and receiving data

Types of IP Address

IPv4 IPv6
32-bit address 128-bit address
Written in decimal format (e.g., [Link]) Written in hexadecimal format
Most commonly used Developed to overcome IPv4 limitations
[Link] fd00:0000:0000:0000:fa0d:0c85:c950:7eba
 IP Address Classes (IPv4)
Class A
Range: [Link] – [Link]
Default Subnet Mask: [Link]
Usage: Large networks

Class B
Range: [Link] – [Link]
Default Subnet Mask: [Link]
Usage: Medium-sized networks

Class C
Range: [Link] – [Link]
Default Subnet Mask: [Link]
Usage: Small networks

Class D
Range: [Link] – [Link]
Usage: Multicast (group communication)

Class E
Range: [Link] – [Link]
 Public vs Private IP Address

Public IP Address : A public IP address is assigned to a resource that needs to be accessible over the Internet.
• Globally unique
• Assigned by cloud provider or ISP
• Accessible from anywhere
• Used for web servers, public applications

Example: Hosting a website on a cloud VM

Private IP Address A private IP address is used within a private network and is not directly accessible from the
internet.
• Used inside internal networks (VNet/VPC)
• Not reachable from the internet Private IP Ranges:
• More secure for internal communication [Link] – [Link]
• Requires NAT or gateway for internet access [Link] – [Link]
[Link] – [Link]
Example: Database server inside a cloud network
 DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS (Domain Name System) is a system that translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses so that
computers can communicate with each other.

Why DNS is Important

•Humans remember names, not IP addresses
•DNS converts domain names into IP addresses
•Enables access to websites easily
 Ports and Protocols

A port is a virtual communication endpoint on a device that allows different services or applications to send and
receive data over a network.

Multiple services can run on a single IP address.

Ports are used to identify and differentiate these services.

A protocol is a set of rules that defines how data is transmitted and received between devices over a network.

Protocols ensure that communication between devices

happens in a structured and reliable way.

They define how data is formatted, sent,

received, and understood.
 NETWORKING MODELS :-
Networking models describe how data travels from one device to another over a network.
There are mainly two types of networking models:

OSI MODEL :-
The Open Systems Interconnection model is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the
communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal
structure and technology. This model is categorized into 7 differen t layers.

Developed by ISO IN
THE YEAR 1974
Layers of OSI Model
1. Physical Layer
The Physical Layer is responsible for transmitting raw data in the form of bits (0s and 1s) over a physical medium. It
converts digital data into electrical, optical, or wireless signals.

• Performs data encoding and signal transmission

• Establishes, maintains, and terminates physical connections
• Defines transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex)
• Works with physical devices like cables, switches, and network interfaces

2. Data Link Layer

The Data Link Layer is responsible for reliable data transfer between two directly connected devices. It converts data into
frames and ensures error-free communication.

• Converts data into frames for transmission

• Uses MAC addresses for device identification
• Detects and may correct errors
• Controls data flow between devices
• Ensures data is delivered to the correct device on the same network
 3. Network Layer
The Network Layer is responsible for transmitting data between devices across different networks. It handles logical
addressing and determines the best path for data delivery.

• Uses IP addresses to identify sender and receiver

• Converts data into packets
• Performs routing (path selection)
• Ensures data reaches the correct network
• Works with devices like routers

4. Transport Layer
The Transport Layer is responsible for ensuring reliable and complete data transmission between devices. It divides data
into smaller units called segments and ensures they are delivered in the correct order without duplication.

• Breaks data into segments

• Ensures reliable delivery of data
• Maintains order of data (no missing or duplicate data)
• Performs error checking and correction
• Uses protocols like TCP and UDP
5. Session Layer
The Session Layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating communication sessions between devices. It
ensures that data exchange happens smoothly between sender and receiver.

• Establishes a session (connection) between devices

• Maintains and manages the active session
• Terminates the session after communication ends
• Controls dialog (who sends data and when)
• Supports synchronization (checkpoints) for recovery

6. Presentation Layer
The Presentation Layer is responsible for formatting, encoding, and securing data so that it can be understood by the
application layer. It ensures that data is presented in a readable and usable format.

• Converts data into a readable format

• Performs data translation (format conversion)
• Handles encryption and decryption
• Performs data compression
• Ensures proper data representation
7. Application Layer
The Application Layer is the top layer of the OSI model and directly interacts with the user. It provides network services to
applications like web browsers, email clients, and file transfer tools.

• Provides network services to end-user applications

• Enables communication between user and network
• Supports services like web browsing, email, file transfer
• Uses protocols like HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, DNS
 TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model is designed to describe how data is transmitted over a network using standard communication
protocols. It was developed by the Department of Defense (DoD) in the 1960s.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol and is widely used in modern networking.
Unlike the OSI model, TCP/IP simplifies communication into 4 layers, making it more practical and implementation-
oriented.

Layers of TCP/IP Model:

•Application Layer
•Transport Layer
•Internet Layer
•Network Access Layer
 1. Network Access Layer
The Network Access Layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data over the network. It combines the
functions of the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model.

Handles hardware addressing (MAC address)

Controls data transmission through cables, fiber, or wireless
Ensures data is properly sent and received on the local network

2. Internet Layer
The Internet Layer is responsible for delivering data from one network to another using logical addressing. It determines
the best path for data to travel across networks.
Uses IP addresses to identify sender and receiver
Handles routing of data between networks
Ensures data reaches the correct destination
Protocols: IP, ICMP, ARP
3. Host-to-Host Layer (Transport Layer)
The Host-to-Host Layer is responsible for end-to-end communication between devices. It ensures that data is delivered
correctly, completely, and in the proper order.

• Provides end-to-end communication between sender and receiver

• Ensures reliable and error-free data delivery
• Breaks data into segments and reassembles them
• Uses protocols like TCP (reliable) and UDP (fast)

4. Application Layer
The Application Layer provides network services directly to end-user applications. It combines the functions of the
Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model.

• Provides services to user applications (browser, email, file transfer)

• Acts as an interface between user and network
• Enables communication between applications over the network
• Supports protocols for different services
• Protocols: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, DNS, DHCP, SSH
 History of Cloud Computing
1960 – Time-Sharing Era: Multiple users shared a single computer, introducing the first concepts of access control, resource sharing, and basic system security.

1970 – Virtualization: Virtual machines enabled efficient hardware utilization while increasing the need for workload isolation, hypervisor security, and secure resource
management.

1997 – Cloud Computing Concept: The term "Cloud Computing" gained recognition, laying the foundation for delivering computing resources as scalable, on-demand
services.

1999 – SaaS Revolution: Salesforce introduced the Software as a Service (SaaS) model, allowing applications to be accessed over the internet and driving widespread cloud
adoption.

2006 – AWS Launch: Amazon Web Services (AWS) introduced scalable Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), accelerating public cloud adoption and introducing the Shared
Responsibility Model.

2010 – Microsoft Azure: Microsoft Azure expanded enterprise cloud computing by providing secure, scalable, and hybrid cloud solutions with a strong focus on identity and
compliance.

2013+ – Google Cloud Expansion: Google Cloud rapidly expanded its global infrastructure, offering advanced cloud services with enhanced security, encryption, and AI-driven
capabilities.

Present – Modern Cloud Era: Cloud computing is powered by AI, IoT, Containers, Kubernetes, and Multi-Cloud architectures, with security centered on Zero Trust, encryption,
continuous monitoring, and automated threat detection.
 Moving to the Cloud Portal

We will now move to the cloud portal to understand and explore cloud services in a practical environment.