Summary Book

Chapter Four: Circulation System

📘 Circulatory System

Introduction

The human circulatory system performs the following functions:

• Transportation of oxygen, absorbed nutrients, and hormones to body tissues.

• Transportation of waste products to excretory organs.
• Distribution of heat in the body through blood and lymph liquids circulating in vessels.

The circulatory system consists of:

1. Blood circulation system

2. Lymphatic system

Blood Circulation System

• Blood constantly flows in closed vessels.

• It circulates from the heart to the body and returns to the heart again.
• The heart pumps blood into arteries.
• Arteries branch into fine capillaries, distributed between body cells.
• Capillaries collect into veins, which return blood to the heart.
• This cycle repeats continuously.

The blood circulation system is composed of:

1. Blood
2. Heart
3. Blood vessels

Blood

• A red, viscous liquid.

• Composed of plasma and blood cells.
• Makes up about 7% of body weight.
• Volume: 4–6 liters in an adult.

P a g e 2 | 24
📘 Structure of Blood

1. Plasma

• Clear yellow liquid.

• Makes up 55% of total blood volume.
• Composition:
o 90% water
o 10% dissolved materials (nutrients, salts, antibodies, hormones, waste
materials).
• Blood cells float in plasma.

2. Blood Cells

a. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

• Shape: Disc-shaped, thinner in the center.

• Nucleus: Lost after short time of formation.
• Size: About 8 microns in diameter.
• Count:
o Male → about 5.2 million per mm³
o Female → about 5 million per mm³
• Contain hemoglobin, a red pigment protein carrying O₂ and CO₂.
• Lack of RBCs/hemoglobin → Anemia.
• Formation:
o Before birth → spleen & liver.
o After birth → bone marrow.
• Life span: ~ 120 days. Old RBCs destroyed in liver & bone marrow.
• Function: Transport O₂ from lungs → tissues, and CO₂ from tissues → lungs.

b. Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)

• Shape: Very small, disc or oval.

• No nucleus.
• Size: About 2 microns.
• Count: ~ 250,000 per mm³.
• Origin: From platelet-producing cells in bone marrow.
• Function: Clotting → When a blood vessel is cut, they stick together and form a clot to stop bleeding.

P a g e 3 | 24
c. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

• Shape: Colorless, variable (amoeboid).

• Have nuclei.
• Size: 6–15 microns.
• Count:
o Female → ~6000 per mm³
o Male → ~8000 per mm³
• Function: Defense against microorganisms & toxins by producing antibodies.
• Increase in infections, inflammations, and diseases like leukemia.
• Formation: Bone marrow and lymph nodes.
•

Two groups of white blood cells:

1. Granulocytes
o Granular cytoplasm, lobulated nucleus.
o Formed in bone marrow.
2. Agranulocytes
o Non-granular cytoplasm, non-lobulated nucleus.
o Found in lymph nodes.

Figure 4.1 White Blood Studio

P a g e 4 | 24
Heart
Structure and Location

• Heart is a conical muscular organ in the chest cavity between the lungs, slightly to the left.
• Located between the 5th and 6th ribs.
• Surrounded by a double membrane called the pericardium, which contains fluid to reduce friction
during beating.

Chambers of the Heart

• Heart is divided into two sides: right and left, separated by a septum.
• Each side has two chambers:
o Atria (2) → Small, thin-walled, at the top.
o Ventricles (2) → Large, thick-walled, at the bottom.
So, the heart has a total of 4 chambers: 2 atria + 2 ventricles.

Heart Valves
Valves separate the atria and ventricles, preventing backflow of blood.
1. Tricuspid Valve
o Located on the right side, between right atrium and right ventricle.
o Has 3 cusps.
o Function: Controls blood flow from atrium → ventricle.
2. Mitral Valve (Bicuspid)
o Located on the left side, between left atrium and left ventricle.
o Has 2 cusps.
o Function: Prevents backflow of blood.
3. Semilunar Valves
o Two types:
▪ Aortic valve → between left ventricle and aorta.
▪ Pulmonary valve → between right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
o Function: Prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.

Figure 4.2 Heart Structure

P a g e 5 | 24
Blood Vessels
Heart Beat
• Contractions and relaxations of the heart are called heart beats.
• Average in a healthy person: 72 beats per minute (at rest).
Blood Vessels
There are three types of blood vessels in the human body:
1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Capillaries
1. Arteries
• Function: Transport blood from heart to body organs.
• Blood: Mostly oxygenated (except pulmonary artery).
• Colour: Bright red.
• Structure:
o Fibrous muscular tubes with thick walls.
o Located deep in the body (except radial artery near skin).
• Pulse: Felt from radial artery. Figure 4.3 Structure of Blood Capillary Wall
• Blood flow: Driven by pressure from ventricular contractions.
• Bleeding from artery: Severe and difficult to stop.
2. Veins
• Function: Transport blood from body to heart.
• Blood: Mostly deoxygenated (except pulmonary vein).
• Colour: Bluish-red.
• Structure:
o Thinner, less elastic walls than arteries.
o Closer to body surface.
o Contain valves to prevent backflow.
• Blood flow: Slower, low pressure.
• Bleeding from vein: Easy to stop.

P a g e 6 | 24
3. Blood Capillaries
• Microscopic vessels between ends of arteries and beginnings of veins.
• Structure:
o Very thin walls (single epithelial layer).
o No muscles.
• Function:
o Slow blood flow for material exchange between blood and body cells.
o Allow white blood cells to move through walls.

Figure 4.4 Blood Vessels

P a g e 7 | 24
📘 Blood Vessels Connected with the Heart

A – Veins

1. Superior Vena Cava → Collects deoxygenated blood from body parts above the diaphragm →
transports it to the right atrium.
2. Inferior Vena Cava → Collects deoxygenated blood from body parts below the diaphragm →
transports it to the right atrium.
3. Pulmonary Veins → Four veins that collect oxygenated blood from the lungs → transport it to the left
atrium.
4. Cardiac (coronary) Veins → Small veins that collect deoxygenated blood from the heart muscles →
join together to enter the right atrium.

B – Arteries

1. Pulmonary Artery → Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle → to the lungs
(branches into two, one for each lung).
2. Aorta → Largest and most branched vessel.
o Originates from the left ventricle.
o Transports oxygenated blood from the heart → to all body tissues (except lungs).
3. Cardiac (coronary) Arteries → Small arteries branching from the aorta near its origin.
o Function: Nourish the heart muscles.

📘 ECG (Electrocardiogram)
Figure 4.5 Heart valves and Arteries

• A machine that records the contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles.
• Works with electrical poles placed on chest, arms, and legs.
• Importance → Provides information about heart activities.
P a g e 8 | 24
📘 Types of Blood Circulation
There are three main types of blood circulation in the body.

1. Systemic Circulation (Large Blood Circulation)

• Occurs between heart and other body parts.

• Aim:
o Supply oxygen and nutrients to body cells.
o Remove carbon dioxide and waste.
• Steps:
o Aorta branches → smaller arteries → arterioles → capillaries.
o In capillaries:
▪ Oxygen & nutrients delivered to body cells.
▪ Carbon dioxide diffuses into blood (blood becomes deoxygenated).
o Blood flows → veins → returns to right atrium.
• Cycle repeats continuously, followed by pulmonary circulation.

2. Pulmonary Circulation (Small Blood Circulation)

• Occurs between heart and lungs.
• Aim:
o Oxygenate the blood.
o Remove carbon dioxide.
• Steps:
o Deoxygenated blood from body → right atrium → right
ventricle.
o Right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → capillaries
around alveoli.
▪ Oxygen diffuses into blood.
▪ Carbon dioxide passes into alveoli → exhaled.
o Oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins → left
atrium.

Figure 4.6 Pulmonary Blood Circulation

3. Portal Circulation

• A part of systemic circulation.

• Purpose: Process blood from digestive organs (intestine) before it reaches the heart.
• Pathway:
1. Blood from intestine (rich in nutrients) → does not go directly to heart.
2. Instead → goes to liver via portal vein.
3. Liver regulates nutrient levels.
4. Blood leaves liver via hepatic vein → enters inferior vena cava → heart.

P a g e 9 | 24
Figure 4.7 Blood Circulation in Human body

P a g e 10 | 24
📘 Blood Groups
• There are four blood groups in humans.
• Matching blood groups is essential in blood transfusion.
• If blood of donor (gives blood) does not match recipient (takes blood), red blood cells will clump in
organs and tissues.

Types of Blood Groups

1. Group A
2. Group B
3. Group AB
4. Group O

Special Groups
• Group O → Can give blood to all groups → called
General Donor.
• Group AB → Can receive blood from all groups →
called General Recipient.
Table 4.1 Blood Transfusion between Blood Groups
📘 Rh Factor
• A protein that may be present on the surface of RBCs.
• If present → Rh (+)
• If absent → Rh (–)
Distribution in Population
• 85% of people → Rh (+)
• 15% of people → Rh (–)
Importance in Blood Transfusion
• Rh (+) can accept from both Rh (+) and Rh (–).
• Rh (–) can accept only from Rh (–).
Importance in Pregnancy
• If mother = Rh (–) and father = Rh (+) → Rh (+) fetus may be at risk.
• Reason: Mother’s body can produce antibodies against baby’s antigens.

P a g e 11 | 24
📘 Blood Clotting
• The solidification of blood to stop bleeding and prevent blood loss from
injury.
• If this process does not occur properly due to a genetic disease, it is
called hemophilia.
• Hemophilia can cause death even from small wounds because of
excessive blood loss.

Process of Blood Clotting

1. Injury occurs → Platelets break and release enzyme

thromboplastin.
o Thromboplastin converts prothrombin → thrombin
(with calcium ions).
2. Thrombin converts fibrinogen → fibrin.
o Fibrin = sticky substance.
3. Fibrin forms a mesh → traps red blood cells + platelets → forms
a solid mass.
o This blood clot seals the wound → bleeding stops.

📘 Blood Transfusion
• Blood cannot be manufactured in factories or laboratories because
it contains living cells.
• Trials to use animal blood instead of human blood have failed. Figure 4.8 RBCs and Blood Clotting (For Study)
• Therefore, humans can only receive blood from other humans.
• Blood donation is considered a national and humanitarian service.

Conditions for Blood Donation

1. Donor must be older than 17 and younger than 55.

2. Donor must not be pregnant or nursing a child.

Storage of Donated Blood

• Stored in glass tubes or plastic containers containing heparin.

• Heparin prevents blood clotting during storage.
• Blood must be kept in special refrigerators.
• Containers must be labeled with blood group and donation date.
• If stored longer than 3 weeks, blood cannot be used for transfusion.

P a g e 12 | 24
📘 Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic system is made up of:
lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes (glands), and organs.
• Functions:
o Collects excess tissue fluid from intercellular spaces.
o Transports nutrients and waste products.
o Helps in defense against harmful materials.
Lymph
• Formed when blood plasma filters into intercellular space → becomes tissue fluid.
• When absorbed by lymphatic vessels → called lymph.
• Looks like blood but has no red blood cells.
• Contains white blood cells that protect the body.
Lymphatic Vessels
• Collect lymph/tissue fluid and waste products.
• Carry them into the blood.
• Contain valves → ensure one-way flow.
Lymphatic Nodes (Lymph Glands)
• Found at meeting points of lymph vessels (swellings).
• Contain many white blood cells → clean lymph from bacteria and harmful substances.
• Found in parts like limbs, neck, tonsils.
• May swell during infections.
Lymphatic Ducts
1. Right Lymphatic Duct
o Collects lymph from upper right part of the body (head, neck, right arm, parts of liver).
o Drains into right subclavian vein.
2. Left Lymphatic Duct (Thoracic Duct)
o Largest lymphatic duct.
o Collects lymph from the rest of the body.
o Drains into left subclavian vein.
Spleen
• Largest organ of the lymphatic system.
• Connected with blood, not lymph.
• Functions:
o Stores blood and maintains blood percentage in vessels.
o Decomposes old red blood cells and returns iron to blood.
o Cleans blood from debris.
o Enlarges in diseases like malaria and anemia.

Stethoscope: A medical instrument used by doctors, to listen to a patient’s heart or breathing sounds.

P a g e 13 | 24
📘 Diseases of the Circulatory System

Blood Pressure

• Definition: The force of blood on the walls of arteries due to

contractions of ventricles.
• Measurement tool: Sphygmomanometer (fixed on radius artery).
• Variation:
o Depends on age, gender, mood, activity, and sleep.
o Lower in children than adults, lower in women than men.
o Increases during awakening, working, and sports; decreases during sleep.

Normal Values

• High blood pressure: 12–15 mm Hg

• Low blood pressure: 8–9 mm Hg

Hypertension

• Continuous high blood pressure.

• Causes damage to fine arteries.
• Contributing factors:
o High intake of fats and salts
o Nervousness
o Overeating
o Kidney inflammation
o Arteriosclerosis

Prevention

• Maintain both body and mental health.

• Regulate eating habits.
• Reduce fat in meals.
• Eat more fruits and vegetables.

P a g e 14 | 24
Heart Attack

• A physiological heart disease.

• Cause: Several heart diseases and irregular heartbeats can cause severe chest pain, and sometimes the
heart may stop completely.
• Effect: Leads to sudden death.
• Prevention:
o Avoid causes such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and hard physical actions.
o Visit a physician if chest pain or any symptoms occur.

Hemophilia

• Definition: A genetic disease.

• Characteristic:
o Bleeding does not stop normally.
o Blood platelets are difficult to break when injury occurs.
• Occurrence: Seen more in males; females may live until puberty with it.

Anemia

• Definition: Caused by deficiency of iron or vitamin B12 in blood.

• Causes:
o Reduced hemoglobin formation.
o Parasites (Englostoma worms, Malaria).
o Chronic bleeding.
• Symptoms:
o Pale face and eyes.
o General weakness, loss of appetite, indigestion.
• Treatment:
o Examine hemoglobin percentage in blood.
o Remove causes and consume diets rich in vitamins, proteins, and iron.
o Prescribed iron compounds (pills, liquid, or intramuscular injection).

P a g e 15 | 24
 Chapter Four: Review

Q.1 Define the followings

• Lymph node: small swellings in lymph vessels that filter lymph and store white blood cells.
• Hemoglobin: Red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Tricuspid valve: Valve on right side of heart, between right atrium and right ventricle.
• Heart attack: Condition caused by irregular heartbeat or heart disease, leading to chest pain and sometimes
sudden death.
• Blood platelets: Very small blood cells without nuclei that help in blood clotting.
• Hemophilia: Genetic disease where blood fails to clot properly.
• Heart beat: Contraction and relaxation of the heart (about 72 times/minute in rest).
• Blood pressure: The force of blood on artery walls due to contraction of ventricles.
• Blood plasma: Clear liquid (90% water + dissolved substances) that makes up 55% of blood.

Q.2 Draw the following and write the name of the parts

1. Blood circulation in human body → systemic, pulmonary, and portal circulation.

Q.3 Write the places (location) of the followings

• Heart: Chest cavity, between lungs, slightly to the left.

• Spleen: Left abdomen, beneath diaphragm.
• Bicuspid valve (Mitral): Between left atrium and left ventricle.
• Rh factor: Found on the surface of red blood cells.

Q.4 Write the symptoms of the following diseases

• Heart attack: Chest pain, irregular heartbeat, sudden death possible.

• Anemia: Pale skin, weakness, indigestion, inappetence.

Q.5 Write the functions (effects, importance) of the followings

• Small blood circulation (Pulmonary): Exchanges O₂ and CO₂ between lungs and blood.
• Lymph node: Cleans lymph, stores white blood cells, protects against infection.
• Heparin: Prevents blood clotting during storage.
• Aorta: Main artery, carries oxygenated blood from heart to body.

P a g e 16 | 24
Q.6 Differences

1. Arteries vs Veins
o Arteries: Thick walls, carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary), deep inside body.
o Veins: Thin walls, carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary), near surface, with valves.
2. Red vs White blood cells
o RBCs: Disc-shaped, no nuclei, transport gases, contain hemoglobin.
o WBCs: Amoeboid, have nuclei, fight infections, produce antibodies.

Q.7 Answer the followings

1. How does blood clotting occur?

Platelets release thromboplastin → converts prothrombin into thrombin → thrombin converts fibrinogen into
fibrin → fibrin forms a clot with blood cells.
2. What is the importance of spleen for the body?
Stores blood, breaks down old RBCs, cleans blood, maintains blood percentage.
3. What are the conditions of blood transfusion?
Donor age 17–55, not pregnant/nursing, blood stored with heparin, under 3 weeks.

Q.8 Give the reasons of the followings

1. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood don’t mix due to heart septum.

2. Capillaries have thin walls for exchange of gases and nutrients.
3. Group O is called general donor as it gives to all.
4. Clotting does not occur in blood vessels due to heparin.
5. Death may occur if mismatched blood group is transfused.

Q.9 Complete the followings

1. Person with AB can receive from all groups; person with O can give to all groups.
2. Hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
3. Pulmonary artery leaves from right ventricle and carries blood to lungs.
4. Blood circulation from right ventricle → lungs → left atrium is pulmonary circulation.
5. Neck and limbs are examples of lymphatic nodes.

P a g e 17 | 24
A. Definitions (Define the following terms)
1. Hemoglobin: A red pigment contained in the red blood cells, which is a special protein containing iron, and is
responsible for carrying O2 and CO2 in the body.
2. Blood Platelets (Platelet): Very tiny discs or oval shaped cells that have no nucleus. They provide blood
clotting after an injury or a bleeding.
3. Tricuspid Valve: A valve found in the right side of the heart that separates the right atrium and right
ventricle. It has three cusps and controls the flow of blood from the atrium to the ventricle.
4. Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve): A valve found in the left side of the heart that separates the left atrium and
left ventricle. It has only two cusps and prevents the back flow of blood.
5. Semilunar Valve: Two valves (aortic valve and pulmonary valve) that prevent the back flow of blood into the
right and left ventricles from the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
6. Heart Beat: The contractions and relaxations of the heart.
7. Blood Plasma: A clear yellow liquid that makes up 55% of the total volume of blood. It consists of 90% water
and 10% dissolved materials.
8. Universal Donor: The blood group (O), which can give blood to all groups.
9. Universal Recipient: The blood group (AB), which can accept blood from all others.
10. Heart Attack: A physiological heart disease where several heart diseases and irregular heartbeats can cause a
strong pain in the chest, and sometimes the heart stops completely, causing sudden death.
11. Blood Pressure: The force of the blood on the walls of arteries due to the contractions of the ventricles.
12. Hemophilia: A genetic disease where the bleeding does not stop in the normal period and the genetic structure of
the blood is different.
13. Lymph Node: Swellings that form at the meeting points of lymph vessels. They contain a great amount of white
blood cells and clear the lymph from bacteria and other harmful materials.
14. Stethoscope: An instrument used by doctors to listen to the patient's heart or breathing.
15. Rh Factor: A protein (or lyzen) that some people have in their blood. If the surfaces of the RBCS contain it,
blood is Rh (+).

P a g e 18 | 24
B. Fill in the Blanks (Complete the following sentences)
1. There are two groups of white blood cells they are Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.
2. Granulocytes are formed in bone marrow while Agranulocytes are formed in lymph nodes.
3. Blood circulation system consists of blood, heart, and blood vessels.
4. Lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin in blood causes the anemia.
5. Hemophilia is a genetic disease.
6. The person who carries blood group AB can take blood from all other groups, while the person who carries blood
group O can give blood to all other groups.
7. The hemoglobin is responsible for transporting O2 and CO2.
8. The blood circulation that happens from heart to lungs and from lungs to heart is called as small blood
circulation (pulmonary circulation).
9. The pulmonary artery leaves out right ventricle of heart.
10. The blood circulation that happens from right ventricle to lungs and from lungs to the left atrium is called
Pulmonary circulation (small blood circulation).
11. The lymphatic vessels are diffused throughout the body and secrete their contents into two mains ducts: Right
lymphatic duct and left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) (ducts).
12. The blood circulation from right ventricle into lungs and returning to the left atrium called Pulmonary
Circulation (small blood circulation).

C. Functions (Write the function/responsibility of the following parts)

• Human Circulatory System: Transportation of oxygen, absorbed nutrients and hormones to the body tissues;
Transportation of waste products to the excretory organs; Distribution of heat in the body.
• Hemoglobin: Carries O2 and CO2 in the body.
• Tricuspid Valve: Controls the flow of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
• Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: Prevents the back flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.
• Semilunar Valve: Prevents the back flow of blood into the right and left ventricles from the aorta and the pulmonary
artery.
• Artery: Transport blood from heart to body organs.
• Superior Vena Cava: Collects de-oxygenated blood from the body parts located above the diaphragm and transports it
to the right atrium.
• Inferior Vena Cava: Collects de-oxygenated blood from the body parts located below the diaphragm and transports it
into the right atrium.
• Pulmonary Veins: Collect oxygenated blood from lungs and transport it into the left atrium.
• Pulmonary Artery: Transports the de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to lungs.

P a g e 19 | 24
• Aorta: Transports oxygenated blood from heart to all body tissues (except the lungs).
• Cardiac (Coronary) Arteries: Nourish the heart muscles.
• Systematic Circulation: To transport oxygen to all body cells and remove poisonous carbon dioxide from these cells.
• Lymph Node: Clears the lymph from bacteria and other harmful materials.
• Heparin: Prevents the blood clotting in blood vessels.
• Thromboplastin: Converts the prothrombin into thrombin by means of the calcium ions.
• Thrombin: Converts the fibrinogen into fibrin.
• Fibrin: Collects the red blood cells and platelets and forms a solid mass (blood clot) to close the injured area.
• Lymph: Collects tissue fluid and waste products from the intercellular space and transport them into the blood.
• Right Lymphatic Duct: Collects the lymph from upper right parts of the body, head, neck, trachea, and some parts of
the liver and transports it into the right subclavian vein.
• Left Lymphatic Duct: Collects the lymph from the other parts of the body and transports it to the left subclavian vein.
• Sphygmomanometer: Used to measure blood pressure.
• Blood Platelets (Platelet): Provide blood clotting after an injury or a bleeding.

D. Locations (Write the location of the following parts)

• Heart: In the chest cavity between the lungs, slightly to the left.
• Hemoglobin: In the red blood cells.
• Pericardium: Surrounding the outside of the heart (a double membrane).
• Atria: Small chambers found at the top of the heart.
• Ventricles: Bigger chamber found at the lower part of the heart.
• Mitral Valve: In the left side of the heart, separating the left atrium and left ventricle.
• Tricuspid Valve: In the right side of the heart, separating the right atrium and right ventricle.
• Semilunar Valve: One is between the left ventricle and aorta; the other is between the right ventricle
and pulmonary artery.
• Superior Vena Cava: Transports blood to the right atrium.
• Spleen: Located beneath the stomach.

P a g e 20 | 24
E. Cause/Reason (Write the reason for the following statements)
• The walls of blood capillaries are very thin: Their thin walls make the material exchange easier between
blood and body cells, and allow white blood cells to move through them easily.
• Blood group (A) does not receive blood from blood group (B): Because the blood of the donor (B) does not fit
the blood of the recipient (A), causing red blood cells to deposit in some organs and tissues.
• Blood group (O) does not receive blood from blood group (AB): Because the blood of the donor (AB) does not
fit the blood of the recipient (O), causing red blood cells to deposit in some organs and tissues.
• A person who carries the blood group (O) is called as general donor: Because this blood group can give
blood to all other groups.
• A person who carries blood group AB is called general recipient: Because this blood group can accept blood
from all others.
• If the blood group of mothers is Rh (-) while father's is Rh (+), fetus will be in danger: Because the mother's
body can produce antibodies against the antigens of the baby if the baby is Rh (+).
• Blood manufacturing is not possible in factories or laboratories: Because blood contains living cells.
• The oxygenated blood does not mix with deoxygenated blood in the heart: Because the right and left sides of
the heart are separated by a muscular wall (septum).
• Blood clotting does not occur in blood vessels: The liver manufactures the heparin enzyme, which prevents the
blood clotting in blood vessels.
• Sometimes death occurs when blood is transferred to a person: If the blood of the donor does not fit the blood
of the recipient, red blood cells will deposit in some organs and tissues.
• Enlarged spleen: The spleen becomes enlarged when it is infected with some diseases such as malaria and
anemia.
F. Comparisons and Differences (Q. Write the differences between the followings?)

1. What are the differences between the red blood cell and white blood cell?
Feature Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Color Red (due to hemoglobin). Colorless.

Lose their nuclei after

Nucleus Have nuclei.
formation.

Defend the body (attacking microorganisms or producing

Function Transport O2 and CO2
antibodies).

P a g e 21 | 24
 2. Write the differences between arteries and veins? (According to structure, function, location, color, blood
flow, and valves)

Feature Arteries Veins

Structure Thick, fibrous muscular walls. Thinner, less elastic walls.

Function Transport blood from heart. Transport blood to heart.

Location Located deeply in the body. Closer to the body surface.

Color (of Blood) Bright red. Bluish-red.

Blood Flow Fast, due to ventricular pressure. Slow, maintained by valves.

Valves No small internal valves. Have small internal valves.

3. Write the difference between the Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.

• Granulocytes: Have granular cytoplasm and lobulated nuclei. Formed in bone marrow.
• Agranulocytes: Have non-granular cytoplasm and unlobulated nuclei. Formed in lymph nodes.

4. Compare between the Systemic circulation, Pulmonary Circulation, and Portal Circulation.
Circulation Path & Aim

Heart => Other body parts => Heart. Aims to transport oxygen to cells and remove
Systemic (Large)
carbon dioxide.

Heart => Lungs => Heart. Aims to charge blood with oxygen and remove carbon
Pulmonary (Small)
dioxide.

Digestive organs => Liver => Heart. Aims to regulate the amount of nutrients in the
Portal
blood (via the liver) before it reaches the heart.

G. Explanations and Disease (Q. Answer the following questions?)

• Who is the responsible for forming red blood cells in children before birth? The spleen and liver.
• Write the names of blood vessels which connected to heart?
Veins: Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Pulmonary Veins, Cardiac (coronary) Veins.
Arteries: Pulmonary artery, Aorta, Cardiac (coronary) arteries.
• List the arteries connected with heart. Pulmonary artery, Aorta, and Cardiac (coronary) arteries.

P a g e 22 | 24
• What is the spleen? What is its importance for the body?
The spleen is the largest organ of the lymphatic system, located beneath the stomach. Its importance is that it:
stores a great amount of blood; produces red blood cells (when bone marrow is not); breaks down and
decomposes old red blood cells; clears the blood from debris.

• What is arteriosclerosis disease? What are the symptoms of it?

Arteriosclerosis has a great effect on high blood pressure and increases the risk of heart attack. (Specific
symptoms are not listed in the text).
• What is blood transfusion? What are the conditions which are needed to give blood?
Blood transfusion is the process where a human receives blood only from another human. Conditions: Age must
be between 17 and 55; woman must not be pregnant or nursing; blood must be stored for less than three
weeks; donor's blood must fit recipient's blood group.

• Explain the Systemic Circulation.

It occurs between the heart and other body parts to transport oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide. Blood
goes from the aorta to capillaries for exchange, then returns via large veins to the right atrium.

• Explain Pulmonary Circulation.

It occurs between the heart and lungs to charge blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. De-oxygenated
blood goes from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for exchange, and returns as
oxygenated blood via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
• What is the (Rh) factor? What is the effect of it on the life of fetus?
The Rh factor is a protein. If the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+, the Rh+ fetus is in danger because the
mother's body can produce antibodies against the antigens of the baby.
• Explain the hemophilia disease?
It is a genetic disease where the bleeding does not stop in the normal period because the breaking of blood
platelets is difficult.

• Explain how does blood clotting occur? (Tracked by arrows/steps)

1. Broken blood platelets release thromboplastin.
2. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin => thrombin (using calcium ions).
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen => fibrin.
4. Fibrin collects red blood cells and platelets to form a solid mass (blood clot), closing the injured area.

P a g e 23 | 24
 • Explain the location and function of spleen in human. Location:
Beneath the stomach. Function: Stores blood, produces red blood cells (if needed), decomposes old red blood
cells, and clears debris from blood.
• Write the symptoms of Anemia.
Pale face and eyes, general weakness, inappetence, and indigestion.
• Write the symptoms of Heart attack.
Strong pain in the chest and sometimes the heart stops completely (sudden death).
• Write the symptoms of Hypertension.
The condition of continuous high blood pressure (The text does not list distinct physical symptoms).
• Write the prevention of Heart attack.
Keep away from smoking, drinking alcohol, and hard psychical actions. Visit the physician when feeling chest
pain.
• Write the prevention of Blood pressure.
Have both body and mental health; regulate eating times; reduce fat level in meals; eat more fruits and vegetables.
H. Drawings (Draw and label the following structures)
• White Blood Cell Types (Granulocytes and Agranulocytes): Figure 4.2 White Blood Cells Types.
• Heart: Figure 4.3 Heart Structure.
• Pulmonary Blood Circulation: Figure 4.7 Pulmonary Blood Circulation.

P a g e 24 | 24