TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

PADMA KANYA MULTIPLE CAMPUS

BAGBAZAR, KATHMANDU

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor Degree in Computer Science
and Information Technology

SAJILO RENT
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to:
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology

Submitted by:
Nisha Lamichhane [79011296]
Pratikshya Ale Magar [79011306]
Nisha Adhikari [79011294]
Ojaswi Oli [79011298]
Date of Submission: 9th January, 2026
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the efforts of all the team members, the section of the project report topic depends
largely on the inspiration and guidance of our teachers. We take this opportunity to express our
gratitude to the teachers who have been instrumental in the approval of this project topic.

We would like to show our greatest appreciation to Mr. Ramesh Singh Saud. We thank all
enough for their tremendous support and help. They motivated and encouraged us every time
while selecting project topic and helping us during the project. With their help, we are
continuously improving our project.

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 ABSTRACT
SajiloRent is a Business-to-Customer (B2C) web-based rental management system developed to
simplify and automate the process of renting goods through an online platform. In traditional
rental systems, customers are required to physically visit rental stores to check item availability,
pricing, and rental terms, while administrators manually maintain records of bookings and
inventory. This approach is inefficient, time-consuming, and prone to human errors.

The SajiloRent system addresses these challenges by providing a centralized digital platform
where users can browse rental items across multiple categories such as wedding and fancy
clothes, furniture, decorative items, and biking and hiking gear. The system allows registered
users to view detailed product information, select rental durations, and place rental bookings
efficiently. An administrative module is incorporated to manage product listings, categories, and
booking records in a secure manner.

This project follows the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including requirement
analysis, system design, implementation, and testing. Various software engineering tools and
techniques such as use case diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, data flow diagrams, and test
case analysis have been applied to ensure systematic development. The system is implemented
using modern web technologies and emphasizes usability, security, and maintainability.
SajiloRent demonstrates how software engineering principles can be effectively applied to
develop a real-world application that improves accessibility, reduces manual effort, and enhances
the overall rental experience.

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Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................ii
1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement............................................................................................................1
1.3 Objectives..........................................................................................................................2
1.4 Scope and Limitations.......................................................................................................2
1.4.1 Scope..........................................................................................................................2
1.4.2 Limitations.................................................................................................................3
2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................4
2.1 Feasibility Study...............................................................................................................4
2.1.1 Technical Feasibility..................................................................................................4
2.1.2 Economic Feasibility.................................................................................................4
2.1.3 Operational Feasibility...............................................................................................5
2.1.4 Schedule Feasibility...................................................................................................5
2.2 Requirement Analysis.......................................................................................................6
2.2.1 Stakeholders of the System........................................................................................6
2.2.2 Development Methodology.......................................................................................7
2.2.3 Functional Requirements...........................................................................................7
2.2.4 Non-Functional Requirements...................................................................................9
2.3 Structuring System Requirement....................................................................................11
2.3.1 Data Modeling.........................................................................................................11
2.3.2 Process Modeling.....................................................................................................12
3 SYSTEM DESIGN................................................................................................................15
3.1 Class Diagram.................................................................................................................15
3.2 Sequence Diagram..........................................................................................................15
3.3 User Interface Design......................................................................................................16
4 IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING................................................................................18
4.1 Implementation...............................................................................................................18
4.1.1 Technology Stack Used...........................................................................................18
4.1.2 Implementation Details of Modules........................................................................18

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 4.2 Testing.............................................................................................................................20
4.2.1 Test Cases for Unit Testing.....................................................................................20
4.2.2 Test Cases for System Testing.................................................................................21
5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION....................................................25
5.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................25
5.2 Future Recommendation.................................................................................................25
6 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................27
7 APPENDIX............................................................................................................................28

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 List of Tables

Table 1 SDLC Process Table...........................................................................................................6

Table 2 Test Cases for Unit Testing..............................................................................................20
Table 3 System Testing - Adding Rental Items (Admin Side)......................................................22
Table 4 System Testing - Cart and Wishlist (User Side)...............................................................22
Table 5 Admin Navigation Testing...............................................................................................23
Table 6 System Testing - Rental Booking Process........................................................................24

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 List of Figures
Figure 1 Gantt Chart........................................................................................................................6
Figure 2 Waterfall Model................................................................................................................7
Figure 3 Use Case Diagram.............................................................................................................9
Figure 4 ER-Diagram....................................................................................................................11
Figure 5 Context Level Diagram...................................................................................................12
Figure 6 DFD level 1 for Admin...................................................................................................13
Figure 7 DFD level 1 for Admin...................................................................................................13
Figure 8 DFD level 1 for Customer...............................................................................................14
Figure 9 Class Diagram.................................................................................................................15
Figure 10 Sequence Diagram.........................................................................................................16
Figure 11 User Interface (Home Page)..........................................................................................17
Figure 12 User Interface (Register Page ).....................................................................................17

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 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
With the rapid growth of digital technologies and e-commerce in Nepal, accessing goods and
services has become increasingly digital. Rising internet availability, smartphone usage, and
digital payment adoption have encouraged businesses to shift online. Renting, rather than
purchasing, is gaining popularity due to high living costs, limited urban storage, and cost-
conscious consumption. Many items, such as wedding attire, furniture, decorative items, or
adventure gear, are needed only short-term, making outright purchase inefficient.

SajiloRent is an online B2C rental platform designed to address these challenges. It provides a
centralized marketplace where users can browse, book, and rent products conveniently with
transparent pricing. The platform covers four main categories: Wedding & Fancy Clothes,
Furniture, Decorative Items, and Biking & Hiking Gear, reducing fragmentation in traditional
rental services.

Traditional rental businesses in Nepal often rely on manual or spreadsheet-based systems,

leading to inefficiencies such as tracking issues, booking errors, and poor customer experience.
SajiloRent replaces these manual processes with a user-friendly online system offering
categorized browsing, secure payments, flexible rental durations, and delivery/return
management. Administrators benefit from inventory management, order tracking, and user
monitoring, ensuring scalable, secure, and maintainable operations. Overall, SajiloRent promotes
a convenient, cost-effective, and digital rental culture in Nepal.

1.2 Problem Statement

Traditional rental businesses in Nepal operate largely manually or through semi-digital systems.
Customers must visit shops physically to check availability, pricing, and rental durations, making
comparison and booking inconvenient and time-consuming. Manual systems lack real-time
updates, often causing miscommunication.

Administrators face inefficient inventory management, error-prone record-keeping, and

challenges in tracking bookings, managing multiple rental categories, and scaling operations.
Limited transparency further restricts customer access to detailed item information, pricing, and
rental terms, while administrators struggle with monitoring performance and coordinating
deliveries and [Link] is a clear need for a centralized, automated, and web-based rental
management system. SajiloRent addresses these issues by enabling customers to browse and
book items online while providing administrators with secure, efficient tools to manage

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inventory, users, and transactions. This system ensures convenience, transparency, scalability,
and improved service efficiency.

1.3 Objectives
The main objective of the SajiloRent system is to design and develop a web-based rental
management platform by applying software engineering principles and methodologies. The
specific objectives of the system are as follows:

 To analyze the existing manual rental processes and identify their limitations.
 To design a user-friendly online system that allows customers to browse rental items by
category.
 To enable users to view detailed product information and select rental durations.
 To implement a secure user authentication mechanism for system access.
 To provide an administrative interface for managing rental items, categories, and
bookings.
 To store and manage rental data efficiently using a database system.
 To provide a responsive and intuitive website interface suitable for both desktop and
mobile users.
 To include features such as search, filtering, and sorting to help users easily find rental
items.
 To apply the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) in the development of the
system.
 To improve transparency, efficiency, and convenience in the rental process for both
customers and administrators.

Each objective is defined to ensure that the system meets user requirements while demonstrating
the practical application of software engineering principles.

1.4 Scope and Limitations

1.4.1 Scope

 SajiloRent is a web-based B2C rental platform designed to facilitate online renting of

various items in Nepal.
 It covers four main rental categories: Wedding & Fancy Clothes, Furniture, Decorative
Items, and Biking & Hiking Gear.
 It allows customers to browse items, view detailed product information, select rental
durations, and place bookings online.

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  It provides a responsive and user-friendly interface accessible on both desktop and
mobile devices.
 It enables administrators to manage inventory, track bookings and returns, and maintain
rental records efficiently.
 It provides real-time updates on item availability and booking status to improve
transparency and reliability.
 It ensures efficient data management using a structured database system.
 It is designed to be scalable and maintainable, allowing for future expansion such as
additional categories or enhanced reporting features.
 It improves the efficiency and convenience of the rental process for both customers and
administrators, replacing traditional manual methods.

1.4.2 Limitations

While SajiloRent provides a convenient and centralized online rental platform, the system has
certain limitations that define its current scope and constraints.

 The platform currently supports only four rental categories: Wedding & Fancy Clothes,
Furniture, Decorative Items, and Biking & Hiking Gear.
 Delivery and return services are limited and do not have full real-time tracking.
 The system requires a stable internet connection; offline bookings are not possible.
 Accurate data entry by administrators is essential; errors may affect inventory and
availability.
 Customer support and issue resolution are handled manually, which may cause delays.
 Advanced analytics, recommendation features, and reporting tools are not included in the
current version.

Despite these limitations, SajiloRent provides a significant improvement over traditional manual
rental systems by offering centralized management, transparency, and ease of access for
customers and administrators.

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 2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
The SajiloRent platform will be developed to meet user needs and provide a seamless online
rental experience. The system will be implemented using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, and
MySQL, ensuring a robust and scalable solution. Key features include management of rental
items and customer details, inventory tracking, booking and order management, and search and
filter functionalities to help users find items easily.

The system will provide a user-friendly interface for customers to browse, book, and rent items,
while administrators will have tools for efficient inventory control, rental monitoring, and
transaction management. SajiloRent aims to replace manual rental operations with a centralized,
automated, and transparent online solution, enhancing both user convenience and operational
efficiency.

2.1 Feasibility Study

A feasibility study is conducted to determine whether the proposed system is practical, viable,
and worth implementing within the given constraints. For the SajiloRent system, a feasibility
analysis was performed to evaluate technical, economic, operational and schedule aspects of the
project. This analysis helps ensure that the project can be successfully developed using available
resources and within the given academic timeframe.

2.1.1 Technical Feasibility

The SajiloRent system is technically feasible as it relies on widely used and proven web
technologies. The frontend is developed using [Link], ensuring a responsive and interactive
user interface, while the backend is built with [Link] and [Link] for reliable server-side
processing. MongoDB is used as the database to efficiently manage rental items, user
information, and booking records. The chosen technologies are scalable, maintainable, and
capable of handling multiple users and rental categories simultaneously. Additionally, the system
leverages existing internet infrastructure in Nepal, making it accessible to customers and
administrators without requiring specialized hardware or software. Overall, the technical
resources, expertise, and tools required for developing SajiloRent are readily available, making
the project achievable.

2.1.2 Economic Feasibility

The development of SajiloRent is economically feasible due to its manageable costs and
significant potential benefits. Initial expenses include web development, hosting, domain

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registration, and database setup, which are relatively low given modern development tools. The
system automates manual rental processes, reducing operational costs such as inventory
management, record-keeping, and administrative labor. From a cost-benefit perspective, the
benefits such as increased customer reach, faster booking processes, and improved operational
efficiency significantly outweigh the initial and ongoing costs. The platform also has strong
potential for return on investment (ROI) through revenue streams like rental fees, optional
service charges, and commissions from third-party listings. Overall, SajiloRent is financially
viable, offering a cost-effective solution that can generate sustainable income while minimizing
operational expenses.

2.1.3 Operational Feasibility

SajiloRent is operationally feasible because it makes the rental process easier for both customers
and administrators. Customers can browse items, check availability, select rental durations, and
book online without visiting rental shops physically. Administrators can manage inventory, track
bookings, and monitor returns more efficiently than with manual systems. The website is simple
and user-friendly, so both customers and staff can use it without much training. It works with
regular internet and devices, making it practical for use in Nepal. Overall, SajiloRent is easy to
operate and helps save time, reduce errors, and improve the overall rental experience.

2.1.4 Schedule Feasibility

The schedule feasibility of SajiloRent assesses whether the system can be developed
within a reasonable and manageable timeframe. The project follows the Waterfall
software development model, which organizes the process into sequential phases:
requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and deployment. Each
phase is planned with a defined timeline, and a phase must be completed before the next
one begins, ensuring structured progress and reducing risks of rework. Since the team has
the necessary skills and uses widely available technologies like [Link], [Link], and
MongoDB, the project can be completed efficiently within the semester schedule.
Overall, using the Waterfall model ensures that SajiloRent is schedule-feasible, allowing
systematic development while maintaining quality and functionality.

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 Table 1 SDLC Process Table

Figure 1 Gantt Chart

2.2 Requirement Analysis

Requirement analysis is a crucial phase of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) in
which the needs and expectations of stakeholders are identified, analyzed, and documented. For
the SajiloRent system, requirements were gathered by analyzing the existing rental process and
identifying the functional and non-functional needs of both users and administrators. This phase
ensures that the system is developed according to clearly defined specifications and minimizes
ambiguities during implementation.

2.2.1 Stakeholders of the System

The primary stakeholders involved in the SajiloRent system are:

 End Users (Customers): Individuals who browse rental items, view product details, and
place rental bookings.
 Administrator: Responsible for managing products, categories, users, and booking
records.
 System Developer: Designs, develops, and maintains the system.

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2.2.2 Development Methodology
Throughout this project, the Waterfall model was adopted as the development methodology. The
Waterfall approach was preferred because of its simplicity and structured nature, making it
suitable for developing this system. Since the project involves a limited number of stakeholders
and a clearly defined target audience, the linear and sequential process of the Waterfall model
was considered effective for systematic development and documentation.

Figure 2 Waterfall Model

2.2.3 Functional Requirements

Functional requirements describe what the system should do. These requirements define the core
features and operations of the SajiloRent system and specify how users and administrators
interact with the system. They serve as the basis for system design, implementation, and testing.

[Link] Overview of Functional Behavior

The functional behavior of the SajiloRent system is represented using a use case diagram, which
illustrates interactions between system actors and the functionalities provided by the system. Use

7
case modeling helps in clearly understanding system requirements from the user’s perspective
and acts as a foundation for further system design and develop

[Link] System Actors

The SajiloRent system consists of the following primary actors:

 User (Customer): A user who registers on the platform, browses rental items, views
product details, selects rental durations, and places rental bookings.
 Admin:A system administrator responsible for managing rental items, categories, and
booking records.

[Link] Use Case Identification

The major use cases of the SajiloRent system are as follows:

User Use Cases:

 Register
 Login
 Browse Rental Items
 View Product Details
 Select Rental Duration
 Place Booking
 Logout

Admin Use Cases:

 Admin Login
 Add Rental Item
 Update Rental Item
 Delete Rental Item
 View Booking Records
 ManageCategories
Each use case represents a specific functionality that the system must provide to meet user and
administrative requirements.

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 Figure 3 Use Case Diagram

2.2.4 Non-Functional Requirements

Non-functional requirements define how the system performs rather than what it does. They play
a vital role in determining system quality and reliability.

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[Link] Usability

 User-Friendly Interface: The SajiloRent platform must provide an intuitive and easy-to-
use interface that allows users to browse rental items, view product details, and place
rental bookings with minimal effort.
 Accessibility: The system should be designed to be accessible to a wide range of users,
including those with basic technical knowledge, by following standard web accessibility
practices.
 Responsive Design: The application must be responsive and compatible with multiple
devices such as desktops, tablets, and smartphones, ensuring a consistent user experience
across different screen sizes and browsers.
 Clear Navigation: The platform should include clear menus and navigation paths so users
and administrators can easily access required features without confusion.

[Link] Reliability & Availability

 System Availability: SajiloRent should maintain high availability so that users can access
the system reliably during normal operating hours.
 Error Handling: The system must implement proper error handling mechanisms to
manage unexpected inputs, system failures, or network issues without crashing.
 Data Consistency: Rental bookings, user information, and product records must be stored
accurately to avoid data inconsistency.
 Backup and Recovery: Regular backups of critical data should be maintained to prevent
data loss in case of system failure.

[Link] Performance

 Response Time: The system should load pages within an acceptable time to provide a
smooth user experience and avoid delays during browsing or booking.
 Scalability: The system should be capable of handling an increasing number of users and
rental items without significant performance degradation.
 Efficient Booking Process: Rental booking and cart operations should be processed
efficiently to ensure timely confirmation and accurate cost calculation.

[Link] Security

 Data Protection: User credentials and sensitive information must be stored securely using
encryption and secure storage techniques.
 Authentication and Authorization: The system must implement proper authentication
mechanisms to verify users and role-based authorization to restrict administrative
features.

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  Secure Sessions: User sessions should be securely managed to prevent unauthorized
access.
 Privacy Compliance: The system should ensure user data privacy by following standard
data protection practices and ethical guidelines.

2.3 Structuring System Requirement

The system requirements of SajiloRent are systematically structured to define the functional and
operational aspects of the system. These requirements are represented using data modeling and
process modeling techniques. Data modeling is performed through an Entity Relationship (ER)
diagram to illustrate data entities and their relationships, while process modeling is achieved
using a Context Diagram and Level 1 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) for both the admin and
customer. This structured representation ensures clarity in system behavior, data flow, and
interaction among system components.

2.3.1 Data Modeling

Data modeling is used to represent the structure of data and the relationships among different
entities within the SajiloRent system. An Entity Relationship (ER) diagram is utilized to identify
key entities such as User, Admin, Product, Category, Booking, and Delivery along with their
essential attributes. The ER diagram clearly defines relationships between these entities, ensuring
data consistency, integrity, and efficient storage. This approach helps in organizing the database
design and supports effective data management throughout the system.

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 Figure 4 ER-Diagram

2.3.2 Process Modeling

Process modeling is used to describe how data flows through the SajiloRent system and how
different processes interact with users and data stores. Context-level and Level 1 Data Flow
Diagrams (DFDs) are used to represent the system’s functional behavior. The context diagram
provides a high-level overview of interactions between external entities and the system, while
Level 1 DFDs for Admin and Customer illustrate detailed processes such as product
management, booking handling, and information retrieval. This modeling approach helps in
understanding system operations and ensures logical and efficient process flow.

[Link] Context Diagram

A Context Diagram represents the entire SajiloRent system as a single process and shows how it
interacts with external entities. It provides a high-level view of the system boundaries without
going into internal details. In the SajiloRent context diagram, the SajiloRent System is placed at
the center. The main external entities are Customer and Admin. Customers interact with the
system by searching rental items, viewing product details, placing bookings, and checking
booking status. The system responds by providing product information, booking confirmations,
and status updates. Similarly, the Admin interacts with the system to manage products,
categories, and bookings, while the system provides updated inventory data, booking records,
and system reports. The context diagram helps clearly define system scope and external
interactions.

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Figure 5 Context Level Diagram

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[Link] DFD Level 1 for Admin
The Level 1 Data Flow Diagram for the Admin in SajiloRent illustrates how the administrator
interacts with key system processes. It shows processes such as managing products, categories,
bookings, and delivery status, along with generating reports. The diagram also highlights the
flow of data between the Admin and system data stores, including Product, Category, Booking,
and Delivery databases. This provides a clear overview of the admin’s role in controlling and
monitoring system operations.

Figure 6 DFD level 1 for Admin

Figure 7 DFD level 1 for Admin

[Link] DFD Level 1 for Customer

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The Level 1 Data Flow Diagram for the Customer in SajiloRent depicts how customers interact
with the system to perform key rental activities. It includes processes such as user registration
and login, browsing products, placing bookings, making payments, and viewing booking status.
The diagram also shows the flow of data between the customer and system data stores, including
Customer, Product, Booking, and Payment databases. This provides a clear understanding of
how customer requests are processed and how information is managed within the system.

Figure 8 DFD level 1 for Customer

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 3 SYSTEM DESIGN
The system design phase of SajiloRent focuses on converting the functional and non-functional
requirements into a concrete blueprint that guides the implementation of the application. This
phase ensures that the system is well-structured, efficient, and user-friendly, while also providing
a clear framework for development, testing, and maintenance.

3.1 Class Diagram

The class diagram represents the static structure of the SajiloRent system. It identifies the key
classes such as User, Admin, Product, Category, Booking, and Delivery, along with their
attributes and methods. The diagram also illustrates the relationships between classes, including
associations, aggregations, and compositions, which define how objects interact with each other.
For example, a User can place multiple Bookings, a Product belongs to a Category, and each
Booking has an associated Delivery. The class diagram helps developers understand the system
architecture, promotes modular design, and ensures maintainability and scalability.

Figure 9 Class Diagram

3.2 Sequence Diagram

Sequence diagrams capture the dynamic behavior of the system by showing the interaction
between objects over time for specific processes. In SajiloRent, sequence diagrams are used for
critical workflows such as user registration, product browsing and booking, payment processing,

16
and delivery updates. Each diagram shows the sequence of messages exchanged between objects,
the order of method calls, and the flow of data. This detailed representation ensures that system
processes are correctly implemented, synchronized, and that all functional requirements are
covered.

Figure 10 Sequence Diagram

3.3 User Interface Design

The user interface design focuses on creating an intuitive, visually appealing, and responsive
interface for the SajiloRent web application. It includes the design of key screens such as the
Homepage, Category Pages, Product Details, Booking Forms, Cart and Checkout, and Admin
Management Panels. The design emphasizes user convenience by providing easy navigation,
clear categorization, search and filter options, and real-time feedback. It also considers
accessibility, ensuring that users can efficiently interact with the system regardless of their
technical expertise. Effective UI design improves user satisfaction, reduces errors, and enhances
the overall user experience.

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Figure 11 User Interface (Home Page)

Figure 12 User Interface (Register Page )

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 4 IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

4.1 Implementation
The implementation phase is a crucial stage in the development of the SajiloRent system, where
the proposed system design is transformed into a functional and operational application. This
phase focuses on converting system requirements, design specifications, and planned architecture
into actual working software using appropriate tools and technologies. During this phase, modern
web technologies such as [Link] for frontend development, [Link] and [Link] for backend
services, and MongoDB for data storage were used to ensure seamless interaction between
different system components

4.1.1 Technology Stack Used

[Link] Frontend Technologies
 [Link]: Used to build a responsive and component-based user interface.
 Tailwind CSS: Used for styling and layout to ensure a clean and modern design.

[Link] Backend Technologies

 [Link]: Used as the runtime environment for server-side development.
 [Link]: Used to build RESTful APIs and manage server routing.

[Link] -Database
 Mongoose: Used as an Object Data Modeling (ODM

[Link] Development Tools and Environment

 Visual Studio Code (VS Code) – Primary code editor.
 Postman – Used for testing API endpoints.
 Git & GitHub – Used for version control and collaboration.
 NPM – Used for dependency management.
 Vercel / Netlify – Used for frontend deployment.

4.1.2 Implementation Details of Modules

[Link] User Module

The User Module handles all user-related functionalities.

Key Features:

 User registration and login.

 Secure authentication using JWT.

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  Profile management.
 Viewing booking history.
 Logout functionality.
This module ensures a secure and personalized experience for each user.
[Link] Product Module

The Product Module manages rental items across all categories.

Key Features:

 Product listing by category.

 Product image upload.
 Pricing based on rental duration.
 Availability status management.
 Product search and filtering.
This module allows users to easily browse and select rental items.
[Link] Booking Module

The Booking Module handles the complete rental process.

Key Features:

 Date-based rental booking.

 Availability check before confirmation.
 Cost calculation (rental fee, delivery charges).
 Booking confirmation.
 Order status tracking.
This module ensures smooth booking and return management.
[Link] Admin Module

The Admin Module provides complete system control.

Key Features:
 Admin login and authentication.
 Manage users and products.
 Approve or reject listings.
 View bookings and transactions.
 Monitor system performance.
This module helps in efficient platform management.

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4.2 Testing
Software Testing is the process of evaluating a software system to ensure that it functions
correctly and meets the specified requirements. Before deploying a web-based application, it is
essential to thoroughly test its functionality, performance, and security aspects. Testing helps
identify defects, ensure system stability, and improve overall software quality.
For the SajiloRent system, test cases were designed and executed to verify the correctness of
core functionalities such as user authentication, rental booking, cart management, and
administrative operations. The system was tested across different web browsers to ensure
consistent behavior and compatibility. Special focus was given to functional testing and basic
security validation.

4.2.1 Test Cases for Unit Testing

Unit testing involves testing individual components or modules of a system independently to

ensure that each unit performs as expected. The primary objective of unit testing in SajiloRent is
to isolate individual functionalities such as login, registration, and booking operations and verify
their correctness.

Table 2 Test Cases for Unit Testing

TC Test Case Test Data Description Expected Actual Remarks

ID Result Result

1 Testing Email: User enters Error As Pass

Login user@[Link] incorrect message expected
login displayed
Password: wrong123
credentials

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2 Testing Email: Admin Redirect to As Pass
Login admin@[Link] enters admin expected
correct dashboard
Password: admin123
credentials

3 Testing Click logout button User clicks Redirect to As Pass

Logout logout login page expected

4 Customer Incomplete Any Error As Pass

Registration registration form required message expected
field left displayed
empty

5 Customer Valid registration data All required Registration As Pass

Registration fields filled successful expected
correctly

6 Add to Cart Click “Add to Cart” User adds Success As Pass

rental item message expected
to cart shown

7 Rental Confirm booking User Booking As Pass

Booking confirms successful expected
rental order message

8 Add Valid product data Admin adds Product As Pass

Product rental item added expected
(Admin) successfully

9 Search Product name: Tent User Product As Pass

Product searches for displayed expected
existing
item

10 Home Click Home menu User clicks Redirected As Pass

Navigation Home to homepage expected

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4.2.2 Test Cases for System Testing

System testing is performed on the fully integrated SajiloRent system to evaluate whether it
satisfies the specified functional requirements. This testing phase validates the interaction
between different modules such as user management, rental booking, cart, and admin operations.

Table 3 System Testing - Adding Rental Items (Admin Side)

Test Case ID: 01 Test Designed By:

SajiloRent Development Team

Test Executed By: Test Title: Verifying the process of adding

SajiloRent Development Team rental items

Description: Test the functionality of adding rental items by admin

Pre-condition: Admin is logged into the system

Ste Test Steps Test Data Expected Result Actual Status

p Result

1 Navigate to Add Click menu Add product page As expected Pass

Product page displayed

2 Enter product details Valid product Success message As expected Pass

and submit data displayed

Post-condition: Rental item is successfully added to the system.

Table 4 System Testing - Cart and Wishlist (User Side)

Test Case ID: 02 Test Designed By:

SajiloRent Development Team

Test Executed By: SajiloRent Development Test Title: Verifying cart and wishlist
Team functionality

Description: Test add-to-cart and view-cart features

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Pre-condition: User is logged into the system

Ste Test Steps Test Data Expected Result Actual Status

p Result

1 Navigate to Category Click category Category page As expected Pass

page displayed

2 Add item to cart Click Add to Success message As expected Pass

Cart displayed

3 View cart Click View Item displayed in cart As expected Pass

Cart

Post-condition: Rental item is successfully added to cart.

Table 5 Admin Navigation Testing

Ste Test Steps Test Data Expected Result Actual Result Status
p

4 Navigate to Add Admin clicks “Add Redirect to Add Redirected to Pass

Product menu Product” menu Product page Add Product page

5 Navigate to Admin clicks Redirect to Redirected to Pass

Booking “Booking Records” booking records booking records
Records menu page page

6 Navigate to User Admin clicks “User Redirect to user Redirected to user Pass
Management Management” management management page
menu page

Post-condition: All admin navigation links function correctly.

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 Table 6 System Testing - Rental Booking Process

Test Case ID: 03 Test Designed By:

SajiloRent Development Team

Test Executed By: Test Title: Verifying rental booking functionality

SajiloRent Development Team

Description: Test the process of renting an item

Pre-condition: User is logged in and has items in cart

Ste Test Steps Test Data Expected Result Actual Status

p Result

1 Navigate to Click checkout Checkout page As expected Pass

checkout button displayed

2 Confirm booking Valid booking data Booking success As expected Pass

message

Post-condition: Rental booking is successfully recorded in the system.

All unit and system test cases for the SajiloRent system were executed successfully. The results
confirm that the system meets its functional requirements and performs reliably under normal
usage conditions. No critical defects were observed during testing, and minor issues identified
were resolved during development. The successful execution of test cases ensures that the system
is stable and ready for deployment.

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 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
SajiloRent successfully demonstrates the development of a comprehensive and reliable web-
based rental management system that addresses the challenges of traditional rental services in
Nepal. Traditional rental processes are often manual, time-consuming, and prone to errors, with
limited transparency for customers and inefficient record-keeping for administrators. SajiloRent
provides a centralized B2C platform that connects customers with multiple rental categories such
as wedding and fancy clothes, furniture, decorative items, and biking and hiking gear offering
convenience, affordability, and flexibility in renting items for short-term use.
The system was developed using the Waterfall model, following a structured software
engineering approach that ensured systematic planning, analysis, design, implementation, and
testing. During the planning and analysis phases, the project scope, objectives, and requirements
were clearly defined, and feasibility studies were conducted to ensure technical, economic, and
operational viability. In the system design phase, ER diagrams, class diagrams, and sequence
diagrams were created to model the system’s structure and behavior, while user interface designs
were developed to provide an intuitive and accessible platform for both customers and
administrators.
Implementation involved developing a secure and scalable web application using modern
technologies, with the backend managing inventory, bookings, and deliveries, and the frontend
offering a responsive, user-friendly interface. The testing phase ensured the system’s
functionality, reliability, and security, while the documentation phase captured all design,
implementation, and testing details for future maintenance and reference.
SajiloRent provides a seamless experience for users, allowing them to browse products, view
detailed information, make bookings, and track deliveries efficiently. For administrators, the
platform offers tools for managing products, categories, bookings, and deliveries, ensuring
smooth operations and accurate data management. The platform also leverages multiple revenue
streams, including rental fees, delivery charges, and subscription plans, making it economically
sustainable and scalable for future growth.
By integrating structured software engineering principles with practical real-world requirements,
SajiloRent not only addresses the current gaps in Nepal’s rental market but also lays a foundation
for future digital rental services. With opportunities for expansion, increased adoption of shared-
economy services, and growing demand for convenient online platforms, SajiloRent has the
potential to become a trusted and widely used rental marketplace in Nepal. Overall, the project
demonstrates a successful application of software engineering methodologies to create an
innovative, user-centric, and efficient system that benefits both customers and administrators.

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5.2 Future Recommendation
While SajiloRent effectively provides a centralized online rental platform, several improvements
can be made to enhance usability, scalability, and maintainability, in line with software
engineering best practices. One key recommendation is the development of a dedicated mobile
application for Android and iOS, allowing customers to browse, book, and track rentals on the
go. Integrating push notifications can further improve user engagement by providing real-time
updates on bookings, deliveries, and promotions. Expanding payment options to include
additional e-wallets, bank transfers, and international gateways would increase accessibility and
convenience for a broader user base.
To enhance system reliability and operational efficiency, real-time inventory management should
be implemented to prevent double bookings and maintain accurate availability. Incorporating a
rating and review system will increase transparency and trust, while advanced search filters, AI-
driven product recommendations, and personalized suggestions can improve user experience and
encourage repeat usage. For administrators, analytics and reporting tools can provide insights
into rental trends, customer behavior, and system performance, enabling data-driven decision-
making and better resource management.
From a long-term software engineering perspective, SajiloRent should adopt a modular and
scalable architecture, which allows the platform to accommodate more rental categories,
vendors, and multi-city expansion within Nepal. Implementing robust security measures and
ensuring maintainable code practices will improve system longevity and adaptability.
Additionally, incorporating sustainability-focused features, such as eco-friendly product
categories or incentives for longer rentals, can align the platform with responsible consumption
trends. These enhancements will ensure that SajiloRent remains efficient, user-centric, and
capable of evolving with future technological and market demands.

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 6 REFERENCES
[1] I. Sommerville, Software Engineering, 10th ed., Pearson Education, 2016.

[2] R. S. Pressman and B. Maxim, Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 9th ed.,
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.

[3] P. Jalote, An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering, 3rd ed., Berlin, Germany:
Springer, 2012.

[4] S. Al-Mashaqbeh, “Design and Implementation of an Online Rental System for Equipment,”
International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 179, no. 28, pp. 1–7, Feb. 2018.

[5] D. H. Chau and M. Chen, “B2C E-Commerce Platforms: Challenges and Best Practices,”
IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 16745–16756, 2019.

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 7 APPENDIX

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