ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONEMNTAL
ENGINEERING
REINFORCED CONCRETE I
CHAPTER TWO: LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
INTRODUCTION
Two different types of problems arise in the study of reinforced concrete:
Analysis Design
Given a cross section, concrete Given a factored design moment
strength, reinforcement size
and location, and yield strength
Select a suitable cross section,
including dimensions, concrete
Compute the resistance or strength. strength, reinforcement, and so on.
• In analysis there should be one unique answer. • In design there are many possible solutions.
• To determine stress resultants, displacement • To provide adequate member size,
(change in length, shape) under any loading. reinforcement, connection details so, as to
support safely the calculated load effect
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INTRODUCTION (CONT.…..)
The conventional elastic beam theory can be used; for uncracked, homogeneous
rectangular beam without reinforcement, if the stress in the outer fiber is in the elastic
stage, i.e., if the beam behaves elastically.
In this case:
• The neutral axis passes through the center of gravity of the cross-section.
• The stress distribution can be presented by the general expression for normal stress,
INTRODUCTION (CONT.…..)
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INTRODUCTION (CONT.…..)
DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES ACROSS A SECTION IN BENDING
• The theory of bending for reinforced concrete assumes that the concrete will crack in the
regions of tensile strains and that, after cracking, all the tension is carried by the
reinforcement.
• It is also assumed that plane sections of a structural member remain plane after straining,
so that across the section there must be a linear distribution of strains.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES ACROSS A SECTION IN BENDING
• The cross-section of a member subjected to bending, and the resultant strain diagram, together with
three different types of stress distribution in the concrete:
1. The triangular stress distribution applies when the stresses are very nearly proportional to the
strains, which generally occurs at the loading levels encountered under working conditions and is,
therefore, used at the serviceability limit state.
2. The rectangular-parabolic stress block represents the distribution at failure when the compressive
strains are within the plastic range, and it is associated with the design for the ultimate limit state.
3. The equivalent rectangular stress block is a simplified alternative to the rectangular parabolic
distribution.
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BASIC ASSUMPTIONS FOR FLEXURE AT THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
❑ The theory of flexure for reinforced concrete is based on four basic assumptions, which
are sufficient to allow one to calculate the moment resistance of a beam.
1. Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending that are plane before bending remain plane
after bending.
2. The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the same level.
3. The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be computed from the strains by using
stress-strain curves for concrete and steel.
4. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored. Because the concrete and the
reinforcement must act
together to carry load. This
assumption implies a prefect
bond between the concrete
and the steel.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
❑ The elastic beam theory is not used for the design of reinforced concrete beams,
because of two basic reasons:
• The compressive stress-strain curve of concrete is nonlinear.
• The concrete cracks at low tensile stresses, making it necessary to provide
steel reinforcement to transfer the tensile force, T.
✓ However, the fundamental principles involved are essentially the same.
➢ The shape of the stress-strain curves indicates the shape of the compressive
stress block at various stages of loading.
➢ The shape of the stress block changes as the internal bending moment at a
beam section is increased.
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BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM (CONT.….)
• Eventually, the carrying capacity of the beam is reached, when the strain in the
concrete or the steel reach their limiting value.
• The internal resisting moment, when the cross section fails, is referred to as the
moment capacity or moment resistance. The word resistance can also be used to
describe shear resistance or axial load resistance.
o A beam will safely support the loads, if at every section the resistance of the
member exceeds the effects of the load.
Resistance ≥ Load effects
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TYPES OF FLEXURAL FAILURE
• The bending strength of a beam section depends upon factors such as:
o Strength of concrete and steel,
o The dimension of section and
o The proportion of steel reinforcement.
• Broadly speaking, the failure due to bending is either by concrete failure or steel
failure, i.e., this is assumed to happen when the concrete or the steel reaches its
ultimate strain (3.5 ‰ and 25.0 ‰, respectively).
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TYPES OF FLEXURAL FAILURE (CONT...)
• For a given grade of concrete and steel, a beam section can be
classified into three types depending upon the proportion of the steel
reinforcement with in the section.
• In other words, flexural failure may occur in three different ways.
The three different ways of flexural failures are:
i. Balanced failure
ii. Tension failure
iii. Compression failure
• The study of the failure types is important because failure is inevitable.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
TYPES OF FLEXURAL FAILURE (CONT...)
• Balanced failure: This failure mode is characterized by yielding of
the tension steel and crushing of concrete simultaneously at the
design bending moment.
- Such a beam has a balanced reinforcement.
• Tension failure: This type of failure is called tension failure since
it is initiated by yielding of reinforcement. Reinforcement yields
before concrete crushes or reaches its limiting compressive strain.
- Such a beam is said to be under-reinforced.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
TYPES OF FLEXURAL FAILURE (CONT...)
Compression failure: This failure mode occurs when the concrete crushes
before steel yields.
Such a beam is said to be over-reinforced.
➢ It should be noted that compression failure is sudden and it is not desirable.
Therefore, over reinforced section should be redesigned.
In practice, it is preferable to have an under-reinforced section, because it
gives adequate warning by way of large deflection and opening up of cracks in
tension zone.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
TYPES OF FLEXURAL FAILURE (CONT...)
A designer should not provide extra steel to get the
feeling of making the design safer. No doubt,
providing extra steel increases the load carrying
capacity of the section, but in case of over loading,
it results into sudden collapse.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
STRAIN DISTRIBUTION AND POSITION OF N. A. FOR DIFFERENT MODES OF FAILURE
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
STRAIN DISTRIBUTION AND POSITION OF N. A. FOR DIFFERENT MODES OF FAILURE
To ensure that all beams have the desirable ductility at the failure, it is recommended
that:
• The depth of the neutral axis be limited or
• The maximum steel ratio should be limited.
STRAIN DISTRIBUTION AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
• At ultimate limit state of the section either the concrete or the steel
reaches the ultimate strain.
• The ultimate strain of steel is 25 ‰ and the ultimate strain of concrete
is -3.5 ‰.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
STRAIN DISTRIBUTION AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
• The strain profile passes through A, if
it is a Steel failure.
• The strain profile passes through B, if
it is a Concrete failure.
• The strain profile passes through C, if
the section is axially loaded (it can be
centrically loaded or eccentrically
loaded)
o The entire range of strain distribution at the Ultimate Limit State is assumed to
pass through one of the three points A, B or C and this results in providing five
possible zones with respect to the limiting values of the ultimate limit strains in
concrete and steel.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
STRAIN DISTRIBUTION AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
• Steel Failure - Region 1 & 2
• Concrete Failure- Region 3, 4
&5
• Compression Failure or over reinforced section- Region 4
• Tension Failure or Under reinforced section- Region 2 and 3
• Balanced failure or Balanced section- The boundary b/n Region 3 & 4
Region 1 & 2: Region 4 & 5: Region 3: Has both the
Ductile Failure Brittle Failure ductile and brittle portion
EXAMPLE 1
The strain for the steel and the concrete at Ultimate Limit State is given. Determine the failure
mode of the R.C.C.
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EXAMPLE 1
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EXAMPLE 1
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
EXAMPLE 1
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
EXAMPLE 1
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
EXAMPLE 1
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
EXAMPLE 1
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EXAMPLE 2
Example 2 : Draw the Strain Diagram in the Ultimate Limit State for a section that has strain
profile in region 2, 3 and 4 at failure.
Solution:
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EXAMPLE 3
Example 3 : From the strain distribution shown in the figure below, state the
failure mode and specify the region in the strain profile at Ultimate Limit
State.
Solution: The strain profile is not at ULS,
at ULS either 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 3.5 ‰ (concrete
failure) or 𝜀𝑆1 = 25.0 ‰ (steel failure).
Therefore, the failure mode and the region
in the strain profile at ULS can not be
specified.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF R.C.C
Two requirements are satisfied throughout the analysis and design of
reinforced concrete beams and columns.
Stress and strain compatibility: The stress at any point in a member
must correspond to the strain at that point.
Equilibrium: The internal forces must balance the external load
effects.
o It is important for the structural engineer to predict with
satisfactory accuracy the ultimate strength of a structure or a
structural member.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF R.C.C (CONT….)
Historically, a number of simplified equivalent stress distributions
have been proposed by different investigators in various countries.
In fact, one need not know this exact shape, provided one should
know two things:
• The magnitude of the resultant of the concrete
compression stresses and
• The location of this resultant
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF R.C.C (CONT….)
Information on these two quantities was obtained from
the results of experimental research and expressed in
the two parameters αc and βc, where
αc - Relative compressive force in the concrete.
βc - Relative distance of point of application of the
resultant compressive force in the concrete, CC, from
the outermost concreter fibers under compression.
The idealized parabolic-rectangular stress block shown
in the figure below can be used for calculation of
section capacity.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF R.C.C (CONT….)
• The analysis of a reinforced section can be done by using:
• Design equation
• Design table
• General design charts
• A rectangular-parabolic stress block may be used to provide a more
rigorous analysis of the reinforced concrete section. The stress
block is similar in shape to the stress-strain curve of concrete.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS
The two parameters αc and βc,
where
αc - Relative compressive force in the
concrete.
βc - Relative distance of point of
application of the resultant compressive
force in the concrete, CC, from the
Tension force in the reinforcement bar is: outermost concreter fibers under
𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑠 , 𝑤here 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑠 ∗ 𝐸 compression.
Compressive force in the concrete is:
𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐𝑓𝑐d 𝑏d
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DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS
The moment resistance of the cross-section is:
𝑀𝑢,𝑠 = 𝐶𝑐𝑍 = 𝑇𝑠𝑍 . . . Moment about the C or T
where, 𝑍 = d (1 - 𝛽𝑐)
Therefore,
The values of αc and βc are calculated by integrating the stress strain diagram for the
different location of N.A. depth and value of the strain in the extreme fiber of concrete.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
DESIGN EQUATIONS (CONT.…)
• The strains in the following equations are in ‰ and ε𝑜 is the point where
the parabolic section joins the linear section in the parabolic-rectangular
stress - strain diagram of concrete in compression.
ε𝑜 = 2 ‰
• The equation of the parabolic
rectangular stress – strain diagram
for concrete in compression:
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
General procedure : The general procedure of analysis of singly reinforced concrete
beams for its flexural resistance according to EN 1992-1-1-2004 is as follows
Step 1: Assume the type of failure
➢ These are compression failure, tension failure and balanced failure.
Step 2: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure
ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
Step 3: Take any of the three possible stress strain relationships for concrete described
in chapter 1 to define the stress block
ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
Step 4: Apply condition of equilibrium to the given stress block and conditions of
compatibility to the strain profile to estimate the neutral axis depth
Step 5: Calculate the unknown strain and check if the assumed type of failure is correct
Step 6: If the assumption is correct, apply the moment equilibrium to the stress block
and estimate the moment capacity
Step 7: If it is not correct, assume another type of failure and repeat steps 2 to step 6
until the assumption is proven to be true
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
Simplified equations for moment and force equilibrium from stress – strain relationship
Assumptions
1. The section is rectangular with width ‘b’ and effective depth ‘d’.
2. Cylindrical compressive strength of the concrete is less than 50 Mpa.
3. Stresses are in ‰ ( x 10−3 ).
4. kx = x/d
5. εcm is the compression strain at the ultimate fiber in the compressed region of the
section.
6. d is effective depth of the cross section defined as the distance from the center of the
tensile reinforcement bars to the top most compressed fiber.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
Simplified procedure for analysis of singly reinforced beam sections using the
parabolic – rectangular stress – strain relationship
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
• Occasionally, beam sections are designed to have both tension
reinforcement and compression reinforcement. These are referred to as
doubly reinforced sections.
• Two cases where compression reinforcement is used frequently are the
negative bending region of continuous beams and mid-span regions of
long-span or heavily loaded beams where deflections need to be
controlled.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
Reasons for providing compression reinforcement
There are four primary reasons for using compression reinforcement in beams:
1. Reduced sustained-load deflections. First and most important, the addition of compression
reinforcement reduces the long-term deflections of a beam subjected to sustained loads. Creep of
the concrete in the compression zone transfers load from the concrete to the compression steel,
reducing the stress in the concrete. Because of the lower compression stress in the concrete, it
creeps less, leading to a reduction in sustained-load deflections.
2. Increased ductility. The addition of compression reinforcement causes a reduction in the
depth of the compression stress block and the strain in the tension reinforcement at failure
increases resulting in more ductile behavior.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
3. Change of mode of failure from compression to tension. When enough compression steel is
added to a beam, the compression zone is strengthened sufficiently to allow the tension steel to
yield before the concrete crushes. The beam then displays a ductile mode of failure.
4. Fabrication ease. When assembling the reinforcing cage for a beam, it is customary to provide
small bars in the corner of the stirrups to hold the stirrups in place in the form and also to help
anchor the stirrups. If developed properly, these bars in effect are compression reinforcement,
although they generally are disregarded in design, because they have only a
small effect on the moment strength.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
General procedure : The general procedure of analysis of doubly reinforced concrete beams
for its flexural resistance according to EN 1992-1-1-2004 is as follows
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
General procedure : The general procedure of analysis of doubly reinforced concrete beams
for its flexural resistance according to EN 1992-1-1-2004 is as follows
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
▪ The slab is assumed to carry the loads in one direction to beams that carry them in the
perpendicular direction
▪ During construction, the concrete in the columns is placed and allowed to harden before the
concrete in the floor is placed. In the next construction operation, concrete is placed in the
beams and slab in a monolithic pour.
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ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
Positive and negative moment regions in a T-beam
An exaggerated deflected view of the interior beam
This beam develops positive moments at
midspan (section A-A) and negative moments
over the supports (section BB).
At midspan, the compression zone is in the
flange, as shown in Figure (b) and Figure (d).
Generally, it is rectangular, as shown Figure (b),
although, in very rare cases for typical reinforced
concrete construction, the neutral axis may shift
down into the web, giving a T-shaped
compression zone, as shown in Figure (d).
At the support, the compression zone is at the
bottom of the beam and is rectangular, as shown
in Figure (c).
ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
Effective flange width of T-beams
Figure (a) shows the distribution of the
flexural compressive stresses in a slab
that forms the flanges of a series of
parallel beam at a section of maximum
positive moment.
When analyzing and designing the section
for positive moments, an effective
compression flange width is used (Figure
(b)).
ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
Effective flange width of T-beams
According to EN 1992-1-1-2004, In T beams the effective flange width, over which uniform
conditions of stress can be assumed, depends on
• the web and flange dimensions
• the type of loading
• the span
• the support conditions and
• the transverse reinforcement.
❑ The effective width of flange should be based on the distance 𝑙𝑜 between points of zero moment,
which may be obtained from Figure below.
ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
Effective flange width parameters
The effective flange width 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 for a T beam or L beam may be derived as:
Where,
and
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ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
Procedure of analysis of flanged beam for flexure
a) Flanged beam subjected to negative moment: For a flanged beam with a negative moment, the
compression zone will be the bottom rectangular part of the web, thus following the procedures for
analysis of rectangular sections will be appropriate.
b) Flanged beam subjected to positive moment: If a flanged beam is subjected to positive
moment, the neutral axis might remain within the flange of the beam or it might be in the web of
the beam.
• For the case where the neutral axis remains in the flange, the section may be treated as a
rectangular section, and the procedures of analysis of rectangular sections can be adopted.
➢ However, if the neutral axis is in the web of the beam, a different approach for analysis is
necessary and in doing so, adopting the rectangular stress relationship for the concrete in
compression will simplify the analysis.
ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
The general procedure for the analysis of flanged beam subjected to positive moment
according to EN 1992-1-1-2004 is as follows.
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS
AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mahlet Wondwosen([Link].)
ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS