Init - IL. * Renclor Experiments t Ea: Tossing a Cain. Es: Tess ache © Sample Spacess- A set 5 thet Gnsisds of au possible Outcemes of G Zanclom expezimay 13 called 4 sample Eceh gutcome 1s an(jeof a somrle pein€: 1" Ea'- “Tossing a Ale Semple Space /'s Fr esky 165, Em! Bessing a Coin fuice. - O-wepeesent toils | = eepecseont BRB heads . Feed, Co, D>, aed, Cad? oz itu, ur, TH, C3. FP a somple spale hes a ‘fin'te’ Numbeg oF points. tt is catleda Pinite snele Space. vy Events: An event isa Subset A of the S—rle spate. - Tooss!ny a ole Senple spars FNt3 4,564 | Evert 423 - gethay fo on olie- LHe 3 - getting 4 og son We- * opegalion en ouent s rn In Ss- 4 Burs ts He 2 om mad ecthee A ot 2 And 15 te quant both Af 8” ‘s ale cornPlenent oF A. a A! 1s tle event not iy A-B= ANB 15 the Got Both #”? i event “A buf ret B" Als S-A-és * Teasing a col, fice: Let A be He Gren} tat least ene head cents” onof B tle enemy “the second 4055 aesultina fol.” S2RHH, UT, TH, TTS, Re 34TH HH BRUT TT?. TAUS= RAT THHATTINS ANB= 3H77, AN efTTI A-B= LTH, HHT. ¥ Greet of Probability # Paohabilily fsa measuce oF tle [kdiheod oP om Crert fo occug. &- Tossing a> Carn. TTeHel ne. oP oukcoms- 2, UT Ue will fuer ue. in 1 bey 2. Peobabilily of thead ocent =z . “The owioms of peobabilily 2- x The owiems of peobobilily gen} member PAD. for “euch ert Ave assouate a Ten PCA) ts called Peobabili'ty PemeHion onel PCA) rs He peababilily of te ont R- Amiom 1 $- For Query emt A sd Gee PCA 7,0. Aowem 22 Fog fle Suee oF Cee fon erent S watte- Pos)=! . bm 32 Fee Oy number of matually erdusie arks Agom A de Agen) Oe AIM AS =d Vise Lunar n3 PAYA Aa) = PLA)+eCA2 d+ ~~~ - Fog fro mutually onctus (ie erents A, Aa, Cn popheulag , % DCA UALD= PCA # PCAc). CANAazdG ?wSome Tmperlen | Then on prebabi bly 4- TRL 2-0 Ay Sly Hen PCA EP ML) PLA AI) = PCE)” POA Times. Fog acey aunt o SpCA)S I - Tend 2 pCP)=0 Jeaiors® Als tle Compleme peatyal- PCA). hm? EP Az A, UAdU--- UA, , wheee Ar A257 ww atually ernclusi le emits , Hen Pca) = PCAs) + PC An) + --~ + PCa) TP BS tlhe p(0))4 PlAc)p---+ Pia) = | Thnss 4p A or Bae oy bo emt Hin. Rchu Bm) = PLA) + PO0B) - PCANB). Teots- for 04 ent A ond & PLAD= PLAN) + PLANB') * Conditional Prebabi lil lik 3 ee let Bono & be Jeo ements 94 P(AD7O- pcala)— the peohahiti of B gin that A hes. A& occugerel: cane) ‘ Pe pCOlA)= rh _ P(ela) Ss culled condifena) picliel hi (fy of 8 aie A. $ of A then -An 2%Em Pind He peebabilily that « single foss-oPa t fp a numbee Ss tah 4 ep Ale willl eesut “aT noeother inhoemalen Finn. bD METS aie tre toss Ae sult eqf ino add numbe®, (a a) B- Heenrt J tess thon 3 _ since BIS Hee Lmron - oF fle ants 1,2, 083 8F TNU33 - + P(m)= PCI) + Pc2)4 Pld) = z that zl by A be He 1 Godel nub 6 wat fo bets aztiays3 i > ¥ PCA) PLY > PCr) + pes) = D-dabat.t ¢ Ang = PLAN) = 11133, Prepare bel 24 6 °6¢ 7s PcBlA)= _Pana) 4 C 2 _\s ; OS © me eS ene. ; He fess Zesutds fa an alah numb ex Saises He Probabil iL, Fen Wo fp UY 35 % Tim on Gnd He nef peobabili ly 3 - Th For ony theee cunts Ai Pa iAs, vt hone PLAN Arnfrs) = PCAC) P CALI AL) P(ASIA,NAz) + Tedependent Events 3 babilily of . a ilily oF B ocencln TP P(BIAD= PCB) re fe Pe eee ~ } ot effected by tle eceugence o& Men- oC Yous bag the A ome iNekpendlent ovent - we sag thet A ord fe Seca PCO: get Ge sen thet tee buat 7 Breas ace tnolependemt iF they per, age paguise indepecent - PALMA. NAs) = pcAr) PcA2) (Aa) .Roll No.: Supplement No.: The 37 suppes@ that Py A2,--- An oe mutually Orclusive nents whose Union 16 te SomPle space GS. Then Ff AIS on erent, wehore fle Polleuing ¢ PURKTA) = PCA) P(A Tax) 2 PCBI) PCB |B;) vel IQ A coed 5. ofeamn at 2erclem From am eecdinay, ‘cee of sz Plesjiog Cages. Pesce'be He Zomple spate iP censidegahen” of sults aj is not brs, token (at acto t | rpte som ue le ref dak Cont oF Swik, Hen here eM be ety 13 ~eeBHts ol’ffeeent cueds. suppose Joee- lt Gowen (a, (egg 13 Semple Spoce ell be § ley = Wt Ryr3d Ke fake a Cot ef Gutt Se ue hee. S2 diPRetent _ Coeals - foe cuch numbeg Card Le hoy Foe hiPP: cut} guepem . jreeef—\ spacles—%) chamends—3, clubs-4 afer hun 12 3 4, 6, 7, BO, be | Juctesl, Queen king-Q. enple sprecis PCI) Cue? Ga) Chad Cond Gand. = CiBy -Continng ty ew 1 . 3 Lt A be He event Picigg 15 lenny By be He Ont Lctub 1s deang Descerbe He Cnt slave bana daual alae’ A-B fPIA-@ 9) CAna)uU (Ana) ba] ANB= 3 beth king onal tlub3 = Fleing oP Clubs} . B= Zawb? — B= Fnot clube = ¥ heret, damond, gpacle? AUG’ = {king og henet og digmed 8 spade? |dj lua = = =A net king o@ne club f= = J tem king. but not_club 3 nS ts King l= Qnrot club? Coe onceot bing ofcud}} = Let club encePt King g ing end Club eck oP S2 Plojiny cogds. Find probabithy that Hie ay on ace Gy eae’ oF heotts oda thecé of clubs of a sim ef diarwnds aT a hevet el on curt eee hensts f )a ten of 4 Spade neitheg a fore Nog a Club- Ace to thae --- King, heost clue spedle diamond 1 2 3 HC S 0 ~BUH~ there o2 heart censift aw S2_ Cede i fez om _Gaeel in dee pe babii ly PCintl of [nS of Ind of ine) --7 3 3NH — theee of heoet Sample spare ts Yeo. PCinh et pcins) + PCInD) +P(Inc) Ven. + Vso + @ Vez + Ver. \ sa TS BL Probabilih gf cleown tle Jock of hearts I's Pun wu) =-3- babililj: ae tethe thee of Clubs og 4 Sinof Aiamends 0S ne of 6ND)= pcanc) + p(énd)= A +d Apavsbi ily of dean ty heoet is INH of >NHoe == 2-28 13AH)= ACINw4 Plant) -r-- +ACorH ptt ott - B= PUNY = <=Peobabi iby of dtann te het ts Te he POW PCnot Hest) = PCH") = 1- ech) = I= d= =. bf Paobabr li of deo Ile Tay of Spaces I's. PCloVSBS ) = PClo) + p(s)— plions) Plo) = PCIONB 2 BAS 2 loHC elo ND) P Sth tmts = = As, PCSD= PUPS et 2n5 of -- seins = hegre thee ‘ PCS)= he pelnad= ty P(wusd= thie =A 3] Paebabi)idy of neitper Foue nef. club t5- ‘hot Hand ‘net ©) = pCa nc’) =p thu 3 = 1+ P Chuc) ) ale es PCO= pA] Eres | = TH _ a ! sO Na i. Cotds ofc dean Prom a tell -shuffleol ogding?4 clock af S: Cotds: Pind He peababiliby | Hat Hen age both aces (F tle fiest cards | seplace b) hot Peplacect: | = Ont ' ace on Pest daw”, Ryrent Ace onsand | 5 leon 7. te reed Yo Find P(Aynf2) = PCA). PCAz Ay), ~~ al Fea Piss Fea, ve thee My aces in sz. cords: - plan = = ah .TP Gad is eplaces te arr clea La agen hee aces vo S2 Cogs. piielay = b= A,n fee Frest deuy + th)= 4 = ev pth) s 2 ais Foe Second dae, Ace in Fresd da ase net lace ta deck te hen Remon ing 3 aces im Sl Coeds. = Pilla B=Cngg thcths ~ ti (Computer 1 6.12 Probability and Probability Distributiony Ex. 3: An envelope contains 6 tickets with numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7. Another envelope contains 4 tickets with numbers I, 3, 5, 7. An envelope is chosen at random and ticket ig drawn from it. Find the probability that the ticket bears the numbers (i) 2or 5, (ii)2. Ss8. : (4) Required event can happen in the following mutually exclusive ways, (1) Fart envelope is chosen and then ticket is drawn. (2) Second envelope is chosen and then ticket is drawn. Probability of choosing an envelope is 12. Required probability p is p 12 a 4 1 1 443 7 p = p(l)+p(2)=5 XG +2 %4= 648 = 24 724 1.101 1 a) p = p(l)+pQ2) =3 XG +9 X0= 70 Ex. 4: An um contains 6 white and 8 red balls. Second urn contains 9 white and 10 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from the first urn and put into the second um withow noticing its colour. A ball is then drawn at random from the second urn. What is the probability that it is red ? Sol : There are two mutually exclusive cases. (i) The white ball is transferred from the first urn to the second and then red ball is drawn from it. Gi) The red ball is transferred from the first urn to the second and then ball is drawn from it. Let A be the event of transferring a white ball from the first urn, B be the event of transferring a red ball from the first um, and C the event of drawing a red ball from the second um. 6 3 POA) = qq =5 8 4 P(B) = 477 pa) = 2 5 (in this, second urn will contain 10 white and 10 red) u . P(CIB) = 36 (inthis case, second um will contain 9 white and 11 red) 1 PG) = PUNC)=P(A)P CIA) = 3 x5 P (ii) P(BNC) a P(B)- PCB) =4 xt Required probability P is given by Ps PO+PG=S +p 105 +158 | 259Engg. Maths ~ 61 (Computer (7) two jockeys B and C. It is 2 to 1 that B rides A. in wh 618. Protatiity end Probabilty Oisoiecrong red for a rave and is to be ridden by one of the Es. 9: A is one of the eight horses entet ich case all the horses are equa Likely to win, whereas with rider C, A's chance is doubled. (1) Pind the probability that A wins. (2), What are odds against A’s winning ? Sel. (1) A can win in the following two mutually exclusive cases. (Brides A and A wins. (ii) C rides A and A wins. a 2 i 1 2 pa =3xd=7 PUD=3%3 Probcbility of A winning oop, td) =P(i)+P (ii) =p +1 =6 (2) Probability of A's losing = 1-f=2. 1 ; Ss 5 Hence odds against A's winning are § re be Sih 4 ] A thow is made with two dice. Find the probability that (i) the sum is 7 or less {s) the sum is a perfect square. rs . = piel ces ae tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting at let From a deck of $2 cards, wo cards Gi) Both are Hears () Both the cards ae of it ae Fat the prubsbiy C2 are of different suits, ‘There are six married couples in a room, TS . IF pers: the probability that (i) they are of different a tivo chosen at random, i i marind to each other SSPendom Yegiable S— fee @och point of 4 Sample Spote ue assign a numbet ve hoe honed fierchen deFined on Semple space. Tris fimchon 1's colle a Gondem vaejable. / ei Tessiog a Corn rice S= SHH HT, TH TT3 | X— number of heac/. Sanple pte HH HT TH TT _X Boatcl ! © A. Bondom veemble thal kes ona finfe C2 Goundab infinit@ Numbef of pales Vs ‘otal a alisceete Bondem voriable. i: wsfelbutions 3- ¥— pcg av Kz A on, A-~ -- PCx%=%x) = FCM) Kz 1,2B--- ' ‘The. peebobilily feathien disfs: bution 9i-a hy | P(x=a) = Fen) | Fo _gerezol fea) jsq Ptobubilty finchon 12 "2 fea wo : @ Sfx) =Class : Roll No.: Supplement No.: KR of a Sibeeiimnd fossing 4 cn fice SQW, Hr, TH TT? No: of heacl. _ =O,42 = ~pCHni= L PcuT) st Powe PET)= en Plx=0)= P(tr)= 3 P(kel) = eturettids perreOrmMep res mane = PCHH) = of Te _peohabiliy ee 1S gia by. * ° ‘ z ss fia, My fey , G | Distelution Funchons £22 Rondem variables 3- Th Cumulative olisterbuhion funchon, ot beverly He olisfeibution fumelion, f22 4 Bandem Yerahle X rs defined by Few) = PCKEX) wheve H fs any Bale +] Te el istevbut fon” Fen) hos by follow ingfe pee fier: cH) "5 pon deceeasing Lie fta)< FCs) if xeS7 fin FO =0 3 fim Pow) orf la-02 308 i en thy 2 Him Ferah Fem) Gatinuous Feo te eat] i me oy Diskeibulien Fuechions foe Oisceefe Romolom vetlabless~ “The Commetetere olisteibuhion Amchion Rea 4 Wsceete Beamolm Variable xX Cen be objacned fem its probability Pome lion by pefrng that, FxE Coan) Fim) ply 40) = = ftuy. n K - fake ony font ei ss Fa lines Rs a --- ay He aisHer bat Fen t's gin ri Po, ‘ aR Er re ' 4 —_____ Rn'gn oS iKix. 6: Given the following probability function x 0 t 2 ' qd foo] ofc [ee [te] te () Find €() Bind B02) (HO Bind B(x <4). Sols W crrereererh’ of oF Bee 100 (ke Der oO Te todore i ' 0-1 in rejected an probability cannot be negative. (di) PK22 So PKOD+PAosep(ncd +p (ne S) 22 1 7 6 rata a9 S49 (ili) PRI) © pKOO4p(xe Iep(x 2) , o oat + 7 3 6.6.2 Mathomatical Expectation HX is random variable with all possible values x1. x2. x4... xa and probability functions £ (41), £042), £0, «+. 10), then the mathematical expectation of X is denoted by E(x) , und is given by a Hox) yx tly in Since Vloy of 1; (x) is called expected value or mean value ot X,gp wens = Computer 6.29 Probability and Probability Distributions Note : We note that corresponding to the number x which is Arithmetic mean in eqpeney distribution and is given by x = uh = ZERO) _y so(x) ‘We have EG) ="S Px) = Ex. 7:A die is tossed once. Random variable x denote:the digit that appears. Find ifeexpectation of x. ~ Soh x [gl 2 3 4 5. 6 pe} 2 yl yr ya yids 6 6 6 6 6 6 E(x) = Xx px) 1 = tdaaxd sand cand 45x $+6x5 = GE2sS ed t5 49) _ =4t 7 *2 Ex. 8: A die is thrown twice. X denote the sum = digits in two throws. Pout teal expectation of x. 3 96) % %6 o E(x) = Ix p(x) = {E| 6 5][6[7 ul 9 stats 1815 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 % %6 % 2 3 andes ax ze dngg +595 + 6x95 +7 X36 4 3 2 1 +8x5 +9X 3g + 10X36 +L X36 + 12X36 246412420 +30 +42 +40 + 36 + 30+ 22+ 12 36 Bey Bx) = 7 me, 9A coin is thrown 4 times successively. X denote the number of Heads. Find the tion of X. = 16. They are HHHH, TTTT, HTHH, HTTH, All possible outcomes are Pa ma THHT, HHTT, Trt OTH, THT, HHT, HTH, THOT, TIM,' on tinuous Ronclom Naziables %- A [Link] fondom Vatiable X is Save fo. be alosoluteby conknuous ,08 simply Conkinuous IF. its Si bubon funckon ‘Mog be zergented “4s wm FOR? = P(X em)= [Feudal Warvrte) Om wheee the funchen fn) has the peoperhes. F tex aast X= Continuous @V =) PCX=e =o whe cls b on Beal ne gb) = 5 a | A furckon f%) that satisfies fle above sequiernest! s_Called fa peobabi lily density function 09 | y enslty fulnation 1 1 | —~t—t | 1 J“Foods oe hu vii) 173, = Fa)= Fad =@pe cs Bas Zt ZF 2424. = Gnd Tle oboe poo: RAM ts catted Hhe Bihomial distapadion Ex? a _prebebili fy of getting exacHy 2. heaef 10 ib tosses oF a Coln, no of. ie ta _é “Kueg oD A P=Yo, ot e235 NF Jay cs 2 = NS OAT 4 IG wie a ne) Hen He obme prob ni ts ee He Bernoulli ister bebon-A __¥ Some sie of the’ tle! “Binomial Distibution a Mean __ : __ Vorionce nPF Sfondagal clevia ie on 6=_Vheq GefFreient oF Skewness een = (I PUT e soeP Bei enb sf Kutdosis da = 346 h~ SF4) Moment genezahing finchon M4) = Cote — i ghaend esis }e fimchien ¢ Blas = (te dey" Fay = loo: hues of &: Li9 Caims> fies fet 1 1@Y- éxpected 02 mean nambes! o Hvheaal . by stendoed dewre| fon OF ne of preqal : Fs mine of head , too en) es of inked Suc. 3 ed ; pk 4s ee ‘Créob. of ifeilwad). ‘gq = I-22 get 3 4 * U>y vad . weet = ae ked ela] — = Tee fe Ties. ead HK that an ‘Rive tosses es of 2 ay append, a}iwice fet nal saw ah————{ m= Binoriel—disfeibu Rion _ te pobabil. ly feat biog oh.x yf aS sash 47 pq agony - See SPE Ey te Tea ee = BR ‘PCS cccug at most ene= PC KEI) 73 #102) + OR = wes + Blas — Sles F496 ' 9496 3888 ’ ©] PCS cccue at feust 2times)= P( X22) == Cree) | _ Foe ; = ]-3es _ . - 3983 Tt 1 hy sie = éu 2 Sat a emann adicbee ca ——__2ste of 4 east t thier ar~ Kn ne of boy's sninhf en eS ae 2, AM icchicee oan prone bah oF. a a male. ater: ee F Je Pe ijo gd hg i x fete fle Binenveldisfetbuien o, The "_Peeba bi iN fonelis en of X IS mM NeW G FU < Plat lens} -b. j= j= Pine bosy aa =l- =F Os 2). r . aa + ae _pcne. hel _ . ‘lf Pid} - =a yeteyteg ye Thich ——