SYSTEMS
System is an interconnection of functional blocks. System produces output with
respect to an input signal.
Classification of systems
Systems are classified into two types. Thy are continuous time system(CTS)
and discrete time (DT) system.
Continuous time system:
Continuous time system operates on continuous time signals.
Example: Amplifiers, analog transmitter and receiver.
Discrete time system:
Discrete time system operates on discrete time signals.
Example: computer, Microprocessor and printer.
Classification of continuous time and discrete time system:
Continuous time system and discrete time system are classified as follows:
1) Static and dynamic system
2) Linear and non linear system
3) Time variant and time invariant system
4) Causal and non causal system
5) Stable and unstable system
1.5.1 Static and Dynamic System
Static system: (Memory less system)
A continuous time system (or) a discrete time system is said to be static if its
output depends upon present input only. It does not require memory to store
past (or) future input.
Example:
(i) y(t) = sin x(t)
Output y(t) depends upon present input x(t)
(ii) y(n) = x(n) cos(ω0n)
Output y(n) depends upon present input x(n).
Dynamic system: (System with memory)
A continuous time system (or) a discrete time system is said to be dynamic
system if its output depends upon past values of input also.
Example:
Time Variant and Time Invariant System
A continuous time system (or) a discrete time system is said to be time invariant
if time shift in the input produces corresponding time shift in the output.
Time& Calendars
Condition for time invariant system.
CT System :
DT System:
Input x(n) is delayed by k samples. Then output y(n) is also delayed by k
samples.
Time variant system:-
A continuous time system (or) a discrete time system is said to be time variant if
time shift in the input does not produces corresponding time shift in the output.
Condition for time variant system
Linear and Non Linear Systems.
Linear system:-
A system is said to be linear if it satisfies the superposition principle. Let us
consider the two continuous time system. First system with input x 1(t) and
output y1(t). Second system with input x2(t) and output y2(t).
Then the continuous time system is linear if
Condition for discrete time system to be linear:
Consider two discrete time system.
First system with input x1(n) and output y1(n) and second system with input
x2(n) and output y2(n).
Then the discrete time system is linear if
Here a1 and a2 are arbitrary constants.
Non linear system:-
A system is said to be non linear system if it does not satisfy the superposition
principle.
Condition for non-linear system:
Causal and Non Causal System
A continuous time system (or) a discrete time system is said to be causal if the
output of the system at any time depends upon present and past inputs.
Example:
Continuous time system:- y(t) = e t x(t)
Here output y(t) depends upon the present input x(t).
Discrete time system: y(n) = |x(n)|
Here output y(n) depends upon the present input x(n).
Non causal system:-
A continuous time system (or) a discrete time system is said to be non-causal
system if its output depends upon future input also.
Stable and Unstable System
Stable system:
A continuous time system (or) a discrete time system is said to be stable if every
bounded input produces bounded output.
The input is said to be bounded if there exists some finite number Kx.
The output is said to be bounded if there exists some finite number Kx.
Unstable system:-
If a continuous time system (or) DT system produces unbounded output for
bounded input then the system is said to be unstable system.