Scribd
Upload
3 views18 pages

Short Notes On Module 1

The document covers key concepts in Engineering Physics, focusing on the electromagnetic spectrum, quantum physics, and phenomena such as black-body radiation and the Compton effect. It introduces the de Broglie hypothesis, explaining matter waves and the wave function, along with the conditions required for wave functions. Additionally, it discusses the Stern-Gerlach experiment, which led to the discovery of spin angular momentum in particles.

Uploaded by

shazam4748
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views18 pages

Short Notes On Module 1

The document covers key concepts in Engineering Physics, focusing on the electromagnetic spectrum, quantum physics, and phenomena such as black-body radiation and the Compton effect. It introduces the de Broglie hypothesis, explaining matter waves and the wave function, along with the conditions required for wave functions. Additionally, it discusses the Stern-Gerlach experiment, which led to the discovery of spin angular momentum in particles.

Uploaded by

shazam4748
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Engineering Physics

Module-1
EM Spectrum (Radiation)
Need for Quantum Physics
Black-body Radiation
Black-body Radiation
Black-body Radiation
Planck’s Hypothesis
Compton Effect
• Arthur Compton directed X-
rays at a sample of graphite,
and found that the frequency
of the scattered light was a
different frequency
• The scattered photon and the
recoil electron depart the
collision in different
directions.
• Due to conservation of
energy, the scattered photon
must have a smaller
frequency.
• This is the Compton effect.
 Compton’s experiments showed that, at
any given angle, one additional frequency
of radiation is observed

o  1cos
h
mec
de Broglie hypothesis
The wavelength of a particle is given
by the same relation that applies to a
photon:

ℎ
λ=
𝑝
The de Broglie Wavelength of an Electron and a Baseball

Determine the de Broglie wavelength of (a) an electron moving at a speed


of 6.0x106 m/s and (b) a baseball (mass = 0.15 kg) moving at a speed
of 13 m/s.

 h p  6.6310 34
J s
9.110 kg6.010 m s 1.210 10
31 6 m

 h p  6.6310 J s 3.310
34
34
0.15kg13m s m
Matter Waves
• The wavelength of a particle can be expressed as,
1
K mv 
2 p 2
p 2Km
2 2m
h
  h  hc
p 2Km 2Kmc2

For electrons experiencing a potential V
ℎ
λ=

2𝑚𝑒𝑉
The wavelength associated with matter wave is
de Broglie wavelength
Need to introduce Wave function (Ψ)!!!
 What is that oscillates when we refer to
Matter Waves ??
 Probability of finding the particle oscillates
 Square of the wave function, Ψ(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕) 𝟐 ,
is related to the probability of finding a
particle at a given point in space at a given
time.
Consequences of wave nature of particle
Single-slit diffraction:

1 = angle between central max. and first minimum


if 1 is very small, 1 =  / a (RADIANS!)

tan1 = py / px
So, 1 = py / px py / px =  / a
There is uncertainty in py = py py a > h

Can we fix this by making the slit width (a) smaller?


No, because making the slit smaller makes central max wider
Wide slit, narrow slit,
py is well py could be
defined (~0) anything
Conditions on the Wave Function

 Ψ must be single valued and


continuous in the region of
interest.
 First time and spatial derivatives
of Ψ must be continuous.
 Ψ must be finite everywhere and
should vanish (Ψ → 0) at infinite
potentials.
 Ψ should be normalizable.
Magnetic moment in a magnetic field
 Magnetic moment of a moving charged particle
𝑞
𝜇= 𝐿. Here, L is the orbital angular momentum.
2𝑚
 When magnetic dipole of magnetic moment 𝜇 is
placed in a magnetic field 𝐵, it tries to align itself in the
direction of 𝐵. And the corresponding potential
energy is U = - 𝜇.𝐵
 Force experienced by the magnetic dipole 𝐹 = 𝛻𝑈.
𝑑𝐵
 When a non-uniform magnetic field ( ≠ 0 )is
𝑑𝑥
applied, magnetic dipole experiences a force and gets
deflected.
Stern-Gerlach experiment

 When a beam of Ag atoms had been subjected to a non-


uniform magnetic field along z-axis, they were found to
be deflected in two different directions on the screen.
The intensity distribution is shown on the right.
Stern-Gerlach experiment
 Since Ag has one electron in the outermost orbital
(5s1), it is expected that there should not be any
deflection because 𝜇 = 0, so is 𝐹 . But, two distinct
spots were observed.
 This observation led to the discovery of new internal
angular momentum, which is referred as Spin Angular
momentum.
 The quantized Spin Angular momentum along the
𝑞
direction of applied field is expressed as μ𝑧 = 𝑔 𝑆.
2𝑚
1
 S is Spin and takes two values ± .
2

You might also like