ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS (MET202)
SYLLABUS
MODULE-1
THERMODYNAMICS
➢ Originated from Greek roots
Therme: heat & Dynamics: Power or Energy
➢ It is the science of energy transfer and its effect on the physical
properties of a substance. It deals with the relation ship
between heat, work and properties of a system.
Role of Thermodynamics &
Applications
➢ Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat
and temperature and their relation to energy and work.
➢ TD is applicable to various topics in Science & Technology
and various aspect of human life.
Eg: IC engines, Steam Engines, Gas turbines, Refrigeration&Air
conditioning, Temperature measurement, temperature
variations of human body etc.
Macroscopic & Microscopic Approach
Substances are made of large number of particles known as molecules. The
properties of the substance naturally depend on the behavior of these particles.
Behavior of substance can be studied by two approaches.
1. Macroscopic approach 2. Microscopic approach
Macroscopic approach (Classical TD)
Microscopic approach (Statistical TD)
➢ A more elaborate approach, based on the
average behaviour of large group of individual
molecule is known as microscopic approach.
MACROSCOPIC APPROACH MICROSCOPIC APPROACH
Certain quantity of matter is Matter is composed of many
considered molecules
The events occurring at molecular Behavior of individual molecule is
level is not considered considered
Concerned with the effect of many Behavior of matter is described by
molecules summing up the behavior of
individual molecules
These effect can be perceived by Difficult to measure.
human senses.
CONTINUUM
• Continuum is a kind of idealization of the continuous description of matter
where the properties of matter are considered as the continuous function of
space variables.
• Here the matter is considered as continuous and homogeneous. It assumes
continuous distribution of mass within the matter or system with no empty
space.
• The continuum idealization allows us to assume the properties vary
continuously with no jump discontinuities.
• This idealization approach is valid as long as the size of the system we deal
with is large relative to the space between the molecules.
Defining Density
Thermodynamic System
Control mass & Control Volume
Examples
Control mass : Cylinder fitted with piston, Control volume: Nozzle, turbine, compressor
Types of System
Thermodynamic Property
• Characteristics of a system by which its physical conditions are described
are known as the properties of the system. Eg: pressure, temperature.
• 2 types of properties : Extensive and Intensive property.
State, path, process & cycle
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• Mechanical Equilibrium : When there is no unbalanced force within the
system or between the system and surroundings.
• Thermal Equilibrium : when there is no temperature difference within the
system or between the system and surroundings.
• Chemical Equilibrium : If there is no chemical reaction or transfer of matter
within the system or between the system and surrounding.
Quasi-Static Process
Path function & Point function
Path function
The value of path function depends on the path the system follows during a
change of state or process. It does not depends on the end states of the
system. They are in exact differential.
Eg: work transfer, heat transfer
Point Function
These are thermodynamic properties whose value depends on the end states of
the system during a process. It is independent of the path followed. They
are exact differential.
Eg: Pressure, temperature, all properties of TD system
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• Zeroth law deals with thermal equilibrium and it provides a
means for temperature measurement.
Temperature Measurement
• Thermometry is the art of measuring temperature with
scientific methods.
• Usually temperature measurement is done using temperature
scales. While forming a temperature scale, usually an
instrument called thermo meter is selected . A set of rules are
adopted for assigning numerical value to the temperature.
Temperature & Temperature Scales
• Temperature is the degree of
hotness or coldness. It is the
physical quantity that decides the
direction of heat flow.
• 3 types of temperature scales
➢ Celsius (0C)
➢ Fahrenheit (0F)
➢ Thermodynamic scale
Kelvin scale (K)
Rankine scale (0R)
• Absolute zero is the
theoretically defined
lowest temperature.
International Temperature Scale
• Based on six fixed temperature points dependent upon
physical properties of certain materials, a temperature standard
known as international temperature scale is adopted.
Temperature points 0C K
Gold point (Temp. of equilibrium between solid and 1063 1336.13
liquid gold)
Silver point (Temp. of equilibrium between solid and 960.8 1233.96
liquid silver)
Sulphar point (Temp. of equilibrium between liquid 444.6 717.6
sulphar and its vapour)
Steam point 100 373.16
Ice point 0 273
Oxygen point (Temp. of equilibrium between liquid -182.97 90.19
oxygen and vapour)
Constant Volume Gas Thermometer
Ideal Gas Temperature