Q1 - Make separate lists of numeric and string
variables.
Answer:
Looking at the 'Type' column in the SPSS Variable View, the variables are divided
into two primary formats:
String Variables (Text/Alphanumeric): gender, prcode.
Numeric Variables (Numbers only): job_kind, work_loc, typcont,
recno, nprcode, salary, hours, age, [Link], filter_$.
Q2 - Make separate lists of Nominal, Ordinal, and Scale
variables.
Answer:
According to the 'Measure' settings in the dataset, the variables fall into these
measurement levels:
Nominal (Unordered Categories): gender, prcode, job_kind, work_loc,
typcont, [Link], filter_$.
Ordinal (Ranked Categories): No variables are assigned this measurement level.
Scale (Continuous Numerical): recno, nprcode, salary, hours, age.
Q3 - For categorical (type numeric) variables, identify the
coding scheme used to represent different categories.
Answer:
The coding schemes for the numeric categorical variables are defined in the
Values column of the SPSS Variable View. By inspecting these values, the following
coding schemes are used in the dataset:
job_kind (Nature of Job):
0= Private Sector, 1 = Public Sector, 2 = Self Employed
work_loc (Location of Work):
0= Rural, 1 = Urban
typcont (Type of Contract):
1= Permanent Contract, 2 = Fixed Term Contract, 3 = Temporary Contract
[Link] (Age Groups): (in years)
1= 15 to 24, 2 = 25 to 34, 3 = 35 to 44, 4 = 45 to 54, 5 = 55 to 64
filter_$ (Filter Variable):
0= Not Selected, 1 = Selected
Q4 - Whether missing values have been defined for any
variable(s). Describe.
Answer:
A review of the 'Missing' column within the Variable View confirms that missing data
parameters are not set for any variable in this dataset; every variable shows 'None'.
Consequently, all inputs are read as valid by the system, and no specific placeholder
codes are active.
Q5 - Create a new variable [Link] using following
coding scheme:
{
age . group= 1if age is15 24 years ¿ 2if age is 25 ¿ 34 years ¿ 3 if age is35 ¿ 44 years ¿ 4 if age is 45 ¿ 54 years ¿ 5 i
¿
Answer:
To execute this in SPSS, use the 'Recode into Different Variables' function. Here is
the detailed procedure:
Navigate to Transform > Recode into Different Variables.
Move the age variable into the center pane.
In the Output Variable section, assign the Name [Link] and click Change.
Open the Old and New Values menu.
Select Range, input the required age brackets (e.g., 15 through 24), assign the
corresponding New Value (e.g., 1), and hit Add for all five groups.
Apply the changes and update the 'Values' column in the Variable View to label
the new numeric codes.
Q6 - By using SPSS output, answer the following
questions. Write down the Detailed procedure in SPSS
to get the required output. Also circle the component of
output used to answer a particular question.
a) What is the average salary of persons?
Answer:
The average salary of the persons in the dataset is 9414.9799.
SPSS Procedure:
Navigate to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Descriptives. Move the salary
variable into the variables pane on the right and click OK to generate the output.
Output:
b) What is average age of persons?
Answer:
The average age of the persons in the dataset is 33.83.
SPSS Procedure:
Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Descriptives. Select the age variable,
transfer it to the Variable(s) list, and press OK.
Output:
c) How many individuals have permanent contract?
Answer:
There are 7202 individuals who have a permanent contract.
SPSS Procedure:
Access Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies. Insert the typcont variable
into the box, ensure the "Display frequency tables" option is ticked, and run it.
Output:
d) What percentage of individuals have fixed term
contract?
Answer:
8.1% of the individuals have a fixed-term contract.
SPSS Procedure:
Open Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies. Select the typcont
variable, confirm the frequency tables box is checked, and execute the
command.
Output:
e) Report the average hours worked for male and
females?
Answer:
On average, males worked 48.6627 hours, and females worked 41.0475
hours.
SPSS Procedure:
Use Analyze > Compare Means > Means. Place the hours variable into the
Dependent List and the gender variable into the Independent List, then click OK.
Output:
f) What percentage of Females aged more than 35
years, have permanent contract?
Answer:
66% of females aged over 35 have a permanent contract.
SPSS Procedure:
1. First, apply a filter via Data > Select Cases. Choose "If condition is satisfied" and
input the logic: gender = "Female" & age > 35.
2. Next, run Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies for the typcont
variable.
3. Finally, reset the dataset by returning to Select Cases and choosing "All cases"
for future accuracy.
Output:
g) What percentage of males aged less than 35 years
are self-employed?
Answer:
62.8% of males aged under 35 are self-employed.
SPSS Procedure:
1. Set a data filter by going to Data > Select Cases, selecting "If condition is
satisfied", and typing: gender = "Male" & age < 35.
2. Perform Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies on the job_kind
variable.
3. Clear the filter afterward by selecting "All cases" in the Select Cases menu.
Output:
h) Report the percentages of male and females who
work in urban areas?
Answer:
66.7% of males and 72.5% of females work in urban areas.
SPSS Procedure:
Navigate to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs. Set work_loc as the
Row(s) and gender as the Column(s). Open the Cells menu, check "Column
percentages", hit Continue, and then OK to run the analysis.
Output:
i) What is most common age group in male and in
females?
Answer:
The most common age group for both males and females is 25 to 34 years
SPSS Procedure:
Access Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs. Put [Link] into the
Row(s) box and gender into the Column(s) box, then click OK.
Output:
j) What is most common age group?
Answer:
Overall, the most common age group in the dataset is 25 to 34 years.
SPSS Procedure:
Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies. Select the [Link]
variable, make sure frequency tables are enabled, and hit OK.
Output:
k) What are the average working hours for different
contract types?
Answer:
The average working hours based on contract type are as follows:
Contract Type: Permanent Contract ; Workers average: 43.8750
hours
Contract Type: Fixed Term Contract ; Workers average: 49.2509
hours
Contract Type: Temporary Contract ; Workers average: 50.7632
hours
SPSS Procedure:
Choose Analyze > Compare Means > Means. Set hours as the Dependent
variable and typcont as the Independent variable to generate the comparison
report.
Output:
l) Compare average salaries of male and females?
Answer:
On average, males and females have a salary of 9369.6729 and 10025.1183
in PKR respectively.
SPSS Procedure:
Go to Analyze > Compare Means > Means. Click Reset to clear any old settings,
then put the salary variable in the Dependent List and the gender variable in the
Independent List before executing.
Output:
m) Compare the average salaries of people working
in urban and rural areas?
Answer:
People working in urban areas have an average salary of PKR. 10131.3726,
while those in rural areas average PKR. 7953.2703.
SPSS Procedure:
Navigate to Analyze > Compare Means > Means. Reset the dialog box, then assign
salary to the Dependent List and work_loc to the Independent List before
clicking OK.
Output:
n) Create a cross tabulation of job_kind and
[Link]. Is there a significant association
between these variables. Report chi^2 statistic and
associated p-value.
Answer:
Yes, there is a significant association between the nature of the job and age
group (chi^2 = 1949.431^a, p-value = 000).
SPSS Procedure:
Open Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs. Place job_kind into the
Rows and [Link] into the Columns. Click the Statistics button, tick the "Chi-
square" option, click Continue, and then OK.
Output:
o) Create a cross tabulation of typcont and [Link]. Is
there a significant association between these variables.
Report chi^2 statistic and associated p-value.
Answer:
Yes, there is a significant association between the type of contract and age
group (chi^2 = 2158.168^a, p-value = 000).
SPSS Procedure:
Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs and reset the tool. Set
typcont as the Row variable and [Link] as the Column variable. Under
Statistics, select "Chi-square", hit Continue, and run the test.
Output:
Q7 - From the following information: Try to detect coding
scheme used for provinces (i.e. which codes is assigned to
represent different provinces).
Punjab Sindh KP Baluchistan
8354 5429 3351 2671
Answer:
A direct frequency analysis of the prcode variable is not helpful because it contains
complex 9-digit identifiers. However, geographic codes often use the leading digit to
signify the primary region. By extracting just the first digit of every prcode, the
resulting frequency counts perfectly match the distribution provided in the question's
table.
Therefore, the coding scheme assigned to the provinces is:
Code 1 = Punjab (Count: 8354)
Code 2 = Sindh (Count: 5429)
Code 3 = KP (Count: 3351)
Code 4 = Baluchistan (Count: 2671)
Detailed SPSS Procedure:
1. Extract the Leading Digit: Navigate to Transform > Compute Variable.
2. Define the New Variable: In the Target Variable box, type a new name (e.g.,
Province_Code). Click the Type & Label button and change the variable
type to String so it can process the text-extraction command.
3. Apply the Formula: In the Numeric Expression box, input the formula
[Link](prcode, 1, 1). This tells SPSS to pull only the first character
from the string. Click OK to create the new variable.
4. Verify the Frequencies: Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >
Frequencies. Select your newly created Province_Code variable, ensure
frequency tables are enabled, and click OK to generate the counts and
confirm the coding scheme.
Output:
prov_digit
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Valid 1 8354 42.2 42.2 42.2
2 5429 27.4 27.4 69.6
3 3351 16.9 16.9 86.5
4 2671 13.5 13.5 100.0
Total 19805 100.0 100.0