MODULE 3
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Phases in Collective bargaining
Types of Collective bargaining
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Industrial Safety
Increasing number of accidents involving workers has drawn our attention
towards safety measures in the factories.
Accidents not only affect workers loosing their livelihood but also
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employers in terms of compensation to be paid to the workers.
Accidents are a significant cause of dispute between workers and
management.
ACCIDENT:
• An accident which ends in a death, or which results in a prolonged
disability to the injured is a major one.
• A mere incision or a deep scratch , say, on the leg or the shoulder, may or
may not immediately disable the worker, but he or she may develop
disability later.
SAFETY:
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• Safety, in simple terms, means freedom from the occurrence or risk of
injury or loss. Industrial safety or employee safety refers to the protection of
workers from the danger of industrial accident.
• An Accident then, is an unplanned and uncontrolled event in which an
action or reaction of an object, a substance, a person or a radiation results in
personal injury
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Accident happened because of:
1. Poor leadership from the top
2. Inadequate supervision
3. Insufficient attention to the design of safety into the system.
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4. An unsystematic approach to the identification, analysis and elimination of
hazards.
5. Poor training facilities and employee motivation
Five basic principles must govern the safety programmes of an organization:
1. Trace out the root cause of Accident.
2. Identify the potential hazards
3. Continuous monitoring the safety performance
4.
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Assuring the accountability of employee and employer for safety
performance in the working areas.
5. Assuring the continuous training and education on eliminating safety
hazards and prevention of accidents
A safety programme generally contains 6 Elements:
1. Strategic Choice
2. Development of Safety Policy
3. Organization for safety
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4. Analysis of Causes for Accidents
5. Implementation of the Programme
6. Evaluation of Effectiveness by Safety inspection and safety audit
Need for safety measures in industry
Safety measures result in improving the conditions under which workers
are employed and work.
It improves not only their physical efficiency, but also provides protection
to their life and limb.
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Factors giving rise to the need for safety measures are:
• rapid industrialization with its complexities in manufacturing process and
layout
• expansion or modifications in existing factories
• setting up of new industries involving hazards not known earlier
• lack of safety consciousness on the part of both workers and management
• inadequate realisation of the financial implications of accidents.
Safety Measures
Fencing of Machinery
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Work on or near Machinery in Motion
Employment of Young Persons on Dangerous Machines
Striking Gear and Devices for cutting off Power
Self-acting Machine
Casing of New Machinery
Hoists and Lifts
Lifting Machines, Chains, Ropes and Lifting Tackles
Revolving Machinery
Pressure Plant
Floors, Stairs, and Means of Access
Pits, Sumps, openings in floor etc.
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Excessive Weights
Protection of Eyes
Precautions against Dangerous Fumes and use of Portable Light
Explosive or Inflammable Dust, Gas etc
Precautions in case of fire
Safety of Building and Machinery
Safety measures and efficiency of workers
Efficiency results in increasing the average output per worker. It is reflected
in increased productivity.
Safety measures are concerned not only with the physical efficiency, and
safety of the workers, but also his general well being.
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Climatic factors, illiteracy, low standard of living may also affect the
efficiency adversely, but the poor working conditions happen to be the main
reasons.
Working environment in the factory is not conducive to increased
efficiency of worker.
Under unhealthy surroundings, we cannot expect workers to put in hard and
sustained work.
Factors Affecting Employee Work Environment & it’s Relation with
Employee Productivity
The physical aspects of a workplace environment can have a direct impact on
the productivity, health and safety, comfort, concentration, job satisfaction
and morale of the people within it.
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Important factors in the work environment that should be considered include
building design and age, workplace layout, workstation set-up, furniture and
equipment design and quality, space, temperature, ventilation, lighting, noise,
vibration, radiation, air quality
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1. Noise
Too much noise, such as sound from equipment, tools, and people’ s
conversation, may prevent workers concentrating on their jobs, consequently
decreasing their productivity.
In general, noise can influence employees while doing their work and the
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impact can be both positive and negative.
If there is soft background sound, which is coming from instrumental music,
and there is an employee who has to tackle claims from some inpatient
customers, the background sound in turn, will assist him/her to become more
relaxed in solving the customer’s problems.
In contrast, if the sound background is quite hard, which may develop from
the telephone ringing and loud conversation among people in the same room,
this situation can hamper both the employee and customers.
There are several methods for controlling the noise in the office : proper
contraction, sound-absorbing materials, sound-absorbing devices, and
masking.
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2. Lighting
Working in dim or overbright work environments can result in eyestrain,
headaches, irritability and, inevitably, reduced productivity.
Light sources, including the sun, can create unwanted reflections, glare and
shadows in the workplace that can cause discomfort and distraction, and can
interfere with the performance of visual tasks.
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Low levels of lighting can cause depression, which for some people may be
severe.
There are two kinds of light that are available to office: natural light and
artificial light.
A poor lighting system may reduce employee performance as well as
productivity, because those who have to work related with reading might
have a serious problem with their vision, which in turn may cause fatigue
or eyestrain.
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In addition, those employees who work in a better quality of lighting are
likely to create faster work with fewer errors, compared to those work in
a poor lighting.
3. Colour
Colour plays a very important role on the human body, mind, and spirit,
because it can impact both productivity and wellness.
Three factors which administrative Office Managers need to aware of before
choosing an appropriate color for the office environment these are: work
functions, physical location, and type of emotion desire .
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Activities which need more concentration, such as accounting - blue and
Creative work, such as, advertising, software design, and fashion design -
red and orange.
An intelligent choosing of color environments in turn will enhance
creativity, as well as productivity, while at the same time reducing fatigue
and other health problems
4. Air Quality
Poor air quality can raise a negative impact on employee health in the form of
respiratory problems, headaches, and, fatigue, which in the long periods will
reduce productivity.
The air quality contains four factors that are: temperature, humidity, ventilation,
and cleanliness
• High Temperature Levels - Employee lethargy and tiredness as a result of
increased body temperature lead to possible efficiency decreases.
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• Low Temperature Levels - Low Temperature Levels decrease in efficiency due
to cooler body heat and shivering.
• High Humidity - In itself may not be a direct problem, but it does increase our
susceptibility to high temperature levels as evaporation of body sweat is
impeded.
• Low Humidity - Levels have a debilitating effect on our ability to breathe and
swallow without discomfort as our mouths and noses can become dry due to the
increased level of evaporation in the surrounding environment
5. Office Furniture
Ergonomics of office furniture is important because an employee has to
work with them for the entire time that he is on office, and if they are
uncomfortable and not user friendly, their working style and efficiency gets
hampered considerably, in turn affecting the overall organizations,
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Non-ergonomic office furniture can also lead to health problems of
employees, which again has an adverse effect on the productivity.
Ergonomic office furniture ensures that each employee gels well with the
things around him, like desks, chairs, computer alignment and even
environmental factors.