'She hang up the clothes' should 'More cleverer' is incorrect, use

Spotting Errors Series

be 'She hangs up the clothes' 'cleverer' or 'much cleverer'
Articles (a, an, the) (present tense) Fast vs. Fastly
United Kingdom Buy 'Fastly' is not a word, use 'fast'
Use 'the' with 'United Kingdom' 'By' (present tense) should be as an adverb
Pronunciation of 'U' in 'United' 'bought' (past tense) with
Prepositions
is 'y' (consonant sound) 'yesterday'
Prevent ... From
Prime Minister of India Did + V1
'Prevent the hand sanitizer'
Use 'the' instead of 'a' for a 'Did ke came' should be 'Did
requires 'from'
specific person come'
'He didnt went' should be 'He Famous About vs. Famous For
Second Floor
didn't go' Use 'famous for'
Use 'on' for floors
Subject-Verb Agreement In Spite Of
Use 'the' for a specific floor
Correct usage is 'In spite of ' or
30 miles
MBA Degree 'Despite'
Use 'is' when it represents a
Use 'an' before 'MBA' due to Due to
single unit (distance)
vowel sound

[Link]
The box containing the apples Correctly used before a noun
Silver Grey Pen
Subject is 'box' (singular), so There
Use 'the' when referring to a
use 'was' Meaning 'at that place' vs.
specific item previously
mentioned The time scale of prokaryotic possessive adjective
Subject is 'time scale' 'Their' (possessive) should be
Verb Forms
(singular), so use 'has' used for 'their outfits'
Will have + V3 'There' (expletive) should be
Consumption of alcohol
'She will have participate' used to introduce 'Lokpal'
Subject is 'consumption'
should be 'She will have 'There' (expletive) should be
(singular), so use 'stimulates'
participated' used to introduce 'were time'
Humeans
Model Verbs + V1 Plural subject, use 'have
From
'Would passes' should be 'Would changed' Used with 'prevent'
pass'
Fires in California Of
'Can left' should be 'Can leave'
Subject is 'fires' (plural), so Used with 'in spite'
'Will help' is correct use 'are sounding'
Quantifiers
'To use' is correct Some people
Little vs. Few
'To make' is correct Plural subject, use 'are'
Use 'little' for uncountable
'Can has' should be 'Can have' V5 nouns (rice)
Put 'She hang up' should be 'She
Conjunctions
'Putted' is not a word, forms are hangs up'
And
'put', 'put', 'put' Adjectives and Adverbs
Connects similar tenses (V2 and
Hang Good vs. Well V2)
Meaning 1: To execute by 'Played good' should be 'Played
hanging (past: hanged) Nouns
well' (adverb modifying verb
Meaning 2: To suspend (past: 'played') Arabian Nights
hung) Considered singular as it is the
Comparative Adjectives
title of a book

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Statistics Subject Pronouns after
Prepositional Errors
Prepositions
Treated as singular when it is a Transitive Verbs and
subject of study Prepositions require objective
Prepositions
case pronouns.
Pronouns Transitive verbs (e.g., 'discuss',
'We' is a subject pronoun,
'describe') do not take
Yours 'us' is the object.
prepositions before their direct
Correct possessive pronoun 'I' is a subject pronoun, 'me' object.
is the object.
Them When 'discussion' is a noun, it
'Them selves' should be Reflexive Pronouns as Subjects can be followed by 'about'.
'themselves' (reflexive Reflexive pronouns (e.g., Prepositions with 'Radio' and
pronoun) myself ) cannot be sentence 'Television'
subjects. Use 'on' for 'radio',
They
Use subjective case pronouns 'television', and 'campus'.
Subjective pronoun used as
(e.g., I) for subjects. 'In the radio' or 'at the radio' is
objective pronoun 'them'
Pronoun Agreement incorrect.
Other Common Errors
'One' is singular, requiring a Prepositions with 'Blind'
Consider singular verb. Use 'in' when referring to
Does not take 'as' when used as blindness in one eye.
Verb Usage and Agreement
a verb
Subject-Verb Agreement with 'As 'Blind to' means to ignore.
One of
well as' Prepositions with 'Gilty' and
Followed by a plural noun and 'Accused'
When joined by 'as well as',
'the'
the verb agrees with the first Use 'of ' with 'guilty' and

[Link]
Hardly subject. 'accused'.
Means 'almost not', avoid double If joined by 'and', the verb 'For' is incorrect in these
negatives agrees with both subjects. contexts.
Treating children with respect Verb Tense for Habitual Actions Prepositions with

Present continuous ('is 'Overwhelmed'

Passive voice needed ('treated')
spending') is for temporary Usually followed by 'with'.
English Grammar and Usage actions. Can be followed by 'by' in the
Errors
Simple present ('spends') is for sense of being defeated.
Pronoun and Determiner Usage permanent or habitual actions. Prepositions with Comparative
There vs. Their vs. They're Verb Tense with 'So that' Adjectives

'Their' is a possessive adjective 'Should' is for advice, not Adjectives like 'inferior',
and needs a noun. purpose. 'superior', 'junior', 'senior',
'prior', 'prefer' take 'to'
'There' introduces a subject or 'Could' can indicate purpose.
instead of 'than'.
indicates a place. 'Might' is often preferred to
Prepositions with 'For'
It's vs. Its indicate purpose in the past.
'For joy' is incorrect; use 'with
'It's' means 'it is' or 'it has'. Verb Agreement with 'One of '
joy'.
'Its' is a possessive adjective 'One of ' is followed by a plural
and needs a noun. noun. Prepositions with 'Neeedy'

The verb agrees with 'one' 'Neeedy' is an adjective,

Your vs. Yours
requires 'the' to become a
'Your' is a possessive adjective (singular).
noun phrase.
and needs a noun. Verb Agreement with 'A lot of '
'The needy' refers to all
'Yours' is a pronoun and does If the noun is countable, use a
needy people.
not need a noun. plural verb (e.g., 'are').
If the noun is uncountable, use Articles and Noun Phrases
Every vs. Which
'Every' is an adjective and a singular verb (e.g., 'was'). Articles with Vowel Sounds
cannot function as a subject. Verb Agreement with 'Every' Use 'an' before a word starting
'Which' can function as a 'Every' requires a singular with a vowel sound.
pronoun and can be a subject. verb.

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 Noun Phrases with Ordinal and When 'for' is used with a Subject is "contrast"
Cardinal Numbers period of time that has passed, (singular), so verb is "is"
The order is usually Ordinal + the present perfect tense is (singular)
Cardinal (e.g., 'the first two'). often used. People (plural) as subject
Singular vs. Plural Nouns with Word Choice and Meaning "People" is plural, requires
Quantifiers Difference between 'Affect' and plural verb
'Chapters' is plural. 'Effect' One of + plural noun
'Ones' can replace plural Difference between 'Sympathy' Verb agrees with "one"
nouns. and 'Empathy' (singular)
Abstract Nouns vs. Adjectives English Grammar Corrections Fight (singular) as subject
'Angry' is an adjective. Prepositional Usage The verb should be singular

'Anger' is an abstract noun. "pre" means before, "before" present tense, "is seen"

Adjective and Adverb Usage means before Noun and Pluralization

Comparative Degree with Using "pre" with "before" is Compound nouns and

'As...As' redundant (superfluous) pluralization

When 'as...as' is used for "for" is used for duration Plural of "break-in" is "break-

comparison, the "since" is used for a point in ins"

adjective/adverb should be in time Plural of "spoonful" is

its positive form. "spoonfuls"
Distance vs. Further Information
Superfluous Words "further" refers to additional Question Tags

'Proceeds' implies going back, information Sentence: "Your eldest sister

lives in a big city..."

[Link]
so 'proceeds before' is "farther" refers to physical
redundant. distance Main verb is "lives" (present
'Return back' is also tense)
Anger towards self or a situation
redundant. Positive sentence requires a
Use "with" when angry with a
Conjunctions and Sentence negative tag
person
Structure Correct tag is "doesn't she?"
Use "at" when angry about a
Conjunctions and Case matter or situation Sentence: "Every Saturday my
Agreement mother prepares pudding..."
Location of activities
Conjunctions connect words of Main verb is "prepares"
"in the sphere of knowledge"
the same grammatical type. (present tense)
is correct
Subject connects to subject Positive sentence requires a
('You and I'). "at the sphere" is incorrect negative tag
Object connects to object Relationship with opposition Correct tag is "doesn't she?"
('You and me' after a "the opposition" refers to a
preposition). specific opposition party
Tense Usage

Idiomatic Expressions "an opposition" is generally Duration vs. Point in Time

'In the blink of an eye' means incorrect in this context "for" is used with durations
very quickly. (e.g., two hours)
Reaching a place on time
"since" is used with specific
Negation "on time" means punctual
points in time (e.g., January)
Double Negatives "in time" means before the
Past Perfect vs. Simple Past
'Unless' and 'until' are deadline
When two past actions occur,
negative words. Subject-Verb Agreement the earlier one is in Past
Do not use another negative
Crew as a singular noun Perfect and the later one in
(like 'not') with them.
The verb should agree with Simple Past
Tense and Aspect Example: The doctor came
"crew" (singular) not the
Present Perfect with 'For' and sailors (object of preposition) AFTER the patient HAD passed
Past Time away (Patient died first, then
Contrasting elements
doctor came)

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Present Perfect Continuous vs. A statement about a recurring "Children" is plural, so the
Present Continuous with event or general truth should reflexive pronoun should be
"since/for" be in the present tense. plural.
Sentences with "since" or Example: "The fight of the Correct: "themselves"
"for" indicating duration often cobra and the mongoose is a
Incorrect: "himself "
require Present Perfect classic drama often seen in
Continuous or Past Perfect India." Verb Forms
Continuous The verb "is" (present Gerunds as objects of
Example: "We are living here tense) is correct. prepositions
since the summer" is incorrect. Prepositions are followed by
Past Perfect vs. Present Perfect
Correct tense is "We have nouns or gerunds (verb + -ing
If a past action is recalled in
been living here since the acting as a noun).
the past, the action of the
summer of last year." Example: "for making such a
thieves leaving should be in
Conditional Sentences (Type 2 & silly mistake"
the Past Perfect.
3) Example: "He finally recalled Past Participle with "had"
Type 2 (Unreal present): If + that the thieves had left from "Had" is followed by the past
Simple Past, ... would + base the front door." participle (third form of the
verb Conjunctions and Sentence verb).
Type 3 (Unreal past): If + Past Structure Correct: "had taken"
Perfect, ... would have + past Usage of "Either/Or", "Or",
Incorrect: "had took"
participle "Otherwise", "Else"
Base form of verb with modal
Error in Type 3: "If he had paid "Either" is used with "or" to
verbs
attention... he train not miss." present two options.

[Link]
Modal verbs (e.g., shall, will)
Correct: "If he had paid "Or", "Otherwise", "Else" can
are followed by the base form
attention to the be used to indicate an
announcement, he would not of the verb (V1).
alternative consequence.
have missed the train." Correct: "school shall
Example: "You must reach
reopen"
Parallelism in Tense the airport on time, or you
Incorrect: "school shall
If the main verb of a sentence will miss your flight."
reopended"
is in the past tense, subsequent
Adverb placement
verbs describing related Inversion
Adverbs like "seldom" modify
actions should also be in the Inversion in interrogative
verbs.
past tense. sentences
The sentence requires a verb. In questions, the auxiliary verb
Example: "As a journalist, I
covered many important "Contented people seldom or modal verb comes before
stories and interviewed complain." the subject.
numerous individuals which Adjective and Adverb Usage Example: "When will
allowed me..." Comparative degree with Nisha..." (correct)
Correct: "...which allowed "much" "When Nisha will..."
me..." (past tense) "Much" is followed by a (incorrect in this context)

Conditional clauses with "when" comparative adjective. Grammar and Sentence

In conditional clauses Correct: "much faster" Correction
introduced by "when", "if ",
Incorrect: "much fast" Verb Tense Errors
etc., the future tense is not
Vowel sound at the beginning of
used. Conditional Sentences
a word
Example: "He will come and Two future tenses are not
Use "an" before words starting
receive you at the station used in conditional sentences
with a vowel sound.
when you will arrive." If clause is in simple present,
Correct: "...when you Correct: "an oculist"
main clause is in future (will)
arrive." Pronoun Usage Example: If you ask, the
Present Tense for General Reflexive pronouns with plural teacher will help you (Error
Truths subjects in 'the teacher will help you')

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 Example: When Mayank Example: When I was in fifth Example: The committee
comes, I shall go with him to grade, I used to ride on my red recommended that the bill
the circus (Error in 'I shall bicycle should be passed
go') Past Tense with 'by' clause Correction: passed (simple
Correction: When Mayank Example: By next year, they past after recommend,
comes, I will go with him to will have built their new tower 'should' is optional)
the circus Past Tense with 'When'
Correction: will have built
If clause is in simple present, (future perfect) Example: Mr. Rao asked the
main clause is in future (will) newcomer to his office if he
Past Tense with 'when' clause
Example: If the charge that will mind
Example: The book market was
he conspired to raise a Correction: would mind (past
been operated by some readers
building is valid, there will be tense of 'will')
in the street when they reach
a great deal to answer for
there Past Tense with 'When'
Conspired should not be in
Correction: was operated Example: The supervisor
past tense as the charge is
(passive past tense) wanted to known the pros and
present
Past tense with 'while' cons
There was should be there
Example: While driving, Correction: to know
will be to answer for (future
Sateesh always switchable (infinitive after 'wanted')
implication)
Perfect Tenses with 'since' and phone and kept it in the Past Tense with 'When'
'for' dashboard Example: The manager told her
Use of present perfect Correction: switches (present that she should be a bit more
continuous for actions started tense for habit) and keeps careful while execute the

[Link]
in the past and continuing till Past Tense Correction orders of the company
now Example: I had walked for most Correction: executing
Example: I am walking in the of the day to Kanpur and then (gerund after 'while')
Cross Road Garden since get on the train by Mumbai Past Tense with 'When'
morning Example: Our neighbor was
Correction: got
Correction: I have been always told us funny jokes and
walking Past Tense with 'Yesterday'
stories
Use of future perfect Example: After working so
Correction: told (simple past,
continuous for actions that will much in the fields yesterday,
active voice)
be continuing for a duration by did you took a break
Past Tense with 'When'
a future time Correction: did you take
Example: The warriors were
Example: By next year, we Past Tense with 'When' reluctant to withdraw and
will be living in Bengaluru Example: When I was in fifth prevail
for eight years grade, I used to ride on my red Correction: withdrew and
Correction: We will have bicycle prevailed
been living
Past Tense with 'Then' Past Tense with 'When'
Past Perfect Tense Example: The warriors were Example: Early in the 17th
Used for an action completed reluctant to withdraw and century, English men brought
before another action in the prevail many things that were alien to
past Correction: withdrew and Indian culture
Example: Jashith had written prevailed (parallel past tense Correction: brought (past
the application before you verbs) tense)
came
Past Tense with 'Then' Past Tense with 'When'
This sentence implies two
Example: The atmosphere Example: The construction of a
past actions, the earlier one
become tense as heated words new business school has led to
(writing application) should
were exchanged a sudden rise of population in
be in past perfect
Correction: became our area
Use of 'used to' for past habits
Past Tense with 'When' Correction: led (past tense)

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 Past Tense with 'When' Example: My friend shall Correction: to understand

Example: They were laid in the completed her task by then (infinitive for general

sun the entire morning till Correction: shall complete necessity/advice)

Sudarshan came Example: The teacher will Adjective and Adverb Errors
Correction: lying (present certainly help you Adverb modifying adjective
participle, active voice) Correction: The teacher will Example: The judges were
Past Tense with 'When' certainly help you (correct) unimpressed
Example: How was to have Example: You will help me this Correction: unimpressed
believed that young woman weekend (adjective)
Correction: was it foolish to Correction: You will help me
Adverb modifying verb
have believed this weekend (correct)
Example: Sang beautifully
Example: Ranveer could not
Passive Voice Errors Correction: beautifully
went
Incorrect use of passive voice (adverb modifying 'sang')
Correction: could not go
Example: The investigation Adverb modifying verb
Example: Would you like to
conducting by the research Example: Warriors were
have some fries
team reluctant
Correction: Would you like to
Correction: conducted (past
have some fries (correct) Correction: reluctant
participle in passive
(adjective)
Modal verb + have + past
construction)
participle Subject-Verb Agreement Errors
Example: The p*n was brought
a cup of coffee for Naina Example: Mr. Rao asked the Plural subject with plural verb
newcomer to his office if he Example: Judges were
Correction: brought (active

[Link]
will mind unimpressed
voice)
Correction: would mind (past Correction: Judges were
Example: Our neighbor was
tense of will) unimpressed (plural subject,
always told us funny jokes and
stories Gerund and Infinitive Errors plural verb)

Correction: told (active voice) Gerund after prepositions Parallelism Errors

Missing 'be' verb in passive Example: You need to read the Parallel structure in lists or
voice newspaper regularly to be compound verbs
Example: Judges were update with current affairs Example: Open and put
unimpressed Correction: to be updated Correction: open and put
Correction: Judges were (past participle as adjective) (parallel verbs)
unimpressed (correct Example: While driving, Example: Withdraw and
passive) Sateesh always switches his prevail
Redundant 'be' verb in passive phone
Correction: withdrew and
voice Correction: driving (gerund prevailed (parallel past tense
Example: A book market was after 'while') verbs)
been operated by some readers Bare infinitive after certain
Preposition Errors
in the street verbs
Verbs like 'make', 'let', 'bid', Preposition after verb
Correction: was operated
'help' take bare infinitive Example: Prevel over
Modal Verb Errors
Example: The instructor made Correction: Prevailed over
Modal verb + infinitive (V1) the students to solve (meaning to overcome)
Example: Mayank will come, I Correction: solve (bare Example: Prevel on
shall go with him to the circus infinitive)
Correction: Prevailed on
Correction: When Mayank Infinitive vs. Gerund (meaning to convince)
comes, I will go with him to Example: It is imperative to Word Choice Errors
the circus understand the rising
Distinguishing between similar
Example: Laasha should importance of Artificial
words
holding a meeting Intelligence in the public
Lie (to recline) vs. Lay (to
Correction: should hold sector
place)

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 Example: They were laid in Analysis: 'is/am/are' + V3 Analysis: 'was overtook' is
the sun indicates passive voice. incorrect passive form.
Correction: lying (present Analysis: 'was' + V3 indicates Correction: 'was soon
participle of 'lie') passive voice. overtaken' (past participle V3).
Distinguishing between similar Correction: The sentence should Correction for 'Avika hope
words be active as the man committed getting a distinction in English.'
Raise (to lift or increase by the theft. Rule: For incomplete actions or
itself ) vs. Rise (to lift or Remove 'was'. future desires, use infinitive.
increase something) The sentence will become Correction: 'Avika hopes to get'
Example: The construction of passive because he was caught. or 'Avika hopes for getting'.
a new business school has led Distinction between 'to rise'
Conditional Sentence Analysis: 'If
to a sudden rise of population (intransitive) and 'to raise'
you have remained calm, you
Correction: raised would have easily saved this (transitive)
(population increased due situation.' 'Rise': to go up by itself.
to construction)
Structure: 'If ' + 'had' + V3 'Raise': to lift or cause to
Verb Form Errors increase by someone.
Second part: 'would have' + V3
Static verbs not taking '-ing' Example: When we cook garlic,
Possibility: 'could have' or
form the sulfur molecules 'rise'
'might have' can also be used.
Example: My aunt Gita is (spread) in the air.
knowing my friend Verb Tense and Form Errors Correction for 'Smartphone has
Correction: knows (static verb Correction for 'Have you ever lead to substantial tolling in both
'know') spoke to anyone about your duration and quality of sleep.'
Example: The scooter which I problems?' Error: 'lead' is V1, needs V3

[Link]
am using these days is Correct form: 'Have you ever after 'has'.
belonging to my brother spoken...'
Correction: 'has led'.
Correction: belongs (static Correction for 'He was unable to
Correction for 'Shyam felt to
verb 'belong') help me because he had been
find the words to tell him that
failed to arrange the money.'
Correct verb form after 'did' everything he had done so far...'
Error: 'had been failed' implies
Example: Did you took a break Error: 'felt to find' is incorrect.
passive, but the subject failed
Correction: did you take himself. Correction: 'failed to find'.

Past participle usage Correction: 'He had failed' Correction for 'That will truly

Example: Judges were (active voice). been a milestone to celebrate.'

unimpressed Correction for 'Walking on the Error: 'will' (modal verb)

road, a rickshaw hit him.' needs V1, not 'been' (V3).
Correction: unimpressed
(past participle as adjective) Problem: Implies the rickshaw Correction: 'will truly be'.
was walking. Correction for 'I look forward to
Hypothetical Sentences
Correction: 'While he was meet you.'
Use of 'I wish' walking' Rule: Phrasal verbs like 'look
I wish + simple past (for unreal
Correction for 'His father forward to', 'with a view to',
present)
prevented him to go abroad for 'accustomed to' take gerund (V-
I wish + past perfect (for higher studies.' ing).
unreal past) Rule: 'Prevent' is followed by Correction: 'look forward to
Example: I wish he had listen 'from'. meeting'.
to his mother's advice
Rule: 'From' is a preposition, Correction for 'She will have
Correction: listened requires a gerund (V-ing). participate in the dance
Correction: 'prevented him competition by the time her
Active and Passive Voice Errors
from going'. father returns from the tour.'
Sentence Analysis: 'The man Correction for 'He tried to run Error: 'will have' needs V3.
who had committed this theft away but was soon overtook by
Correction: 'will have
last night was caught this some policemen.'
participated'.
evening.'

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Correction for 'Luckily, I Error: 'hang' is V1, needs V-s Correction for 'You can have
managed to get a room in the for singular present tense accused me of being lazy.'
hostel and move in there.' subject 'She'. Error: 'can have accused' is not
Error: 'move in' should be past Correction: 'She hangs up'. standard English.
tense to match 'managed'. Correction for 'He had been Correction: 'You can accuse' or
Correction: 'and moved in improve.' 'You could have accused'.
there'. Correction for 'Stella usually
Error: 'had been' requires V3
Correction for 'The university (passive) or V-ing (past perfect manages the waste material and
has put off the semester continuous). dispose it.'
examinations for the second Correction: 'had been Error: 'dispose' needs to match
time.' improving' (past perfect the verb form of 'manages'.
Error: 'has' needs V3, but continuous). Correction: 'and disposes it'.
'putting' is V-ing.
Correction for 'Are you sure that
Fixed Preposition Errors
Correction: 'has put off '. you will be broadcast the news.'
Rule: 'Lead' is followed by 'to',
Correction for 'The tree branch Error: 'will be broadcast' is
not 'against'.
his living room's window.' passive, but the sentence
Example: 'lack of vitamins and
Error: 'braked' is not a word; structure suggests active.
minerals leads to
'break's past is 'broke'. Options: 'will be broadcasting'
complications'.
Correction: 'broke'. (future continuous) or 'will
Rule: 'Resulted' is followed by
broadcast' (simple future).
Correction for 'Will Ramia had 'in' when indicating
Correction for 'The school
completed that work by 2025.' consequence.
authorities are decided.'
Error: 'Will' (modal verb) Example: 'This resulted in his
cannot be followed by 'had'. Error: 'are decided' implies

[Link]
failure'.
passive without an agent.
Correction: 'Will Ramia Rule: 'Please' is followed by
Options: 'are deciding' (present
complete' or 'Will Ramia have 'with' when satisfied with
continuous) or 'have decided'
completed'. something.
(present perfect).
Correction for 'We will have Example: 'The recruiters were
been known the result of the Correction for 'Is he here to
pleased with John's domain
CAT exam next week.' have been investigating the
knowledge'.
murder...'
Error: 'will have been known' Rule: 'For' is used for duration,
Error: 'to have been
is passive and incorrect for 'since' is used for a point in time.
investigating' implies a past
future perfect active. Example: 'for 10 years'
continuous action that is
Correction: 'We will have (duration).
ongoing.
known' (active voice). Rule: Prices are usually
Correction: 'to investigate'
Correction for 'I am sure Helena preceded by 'at'.
(simple infinitive for purpose).
would...'
Correction for 'As it grew dark, it Example: 'at a moderate price'.
Error: 'would' (modal verb)
street.' Rule: 'In protest' is the correct
cannot be followed by V5
prepositional phrase.
('wods'). Error: Incomplete sentence.
Example: 'submitted their
Correction: 'would' + V1 (e.g., Implied correction: 'As it grew
resignation in protest'.
'would know'). dark, it started to
rain/snow/etc.' Subject-Verb Agreement Errors
Correction for 'If you have faith
in God, everything will turns out Correction for 'Sheetal always Rule: The verb agrees with the
right.' become nervous when she gets subject, not the object of a

Error: 'turns' is V-s form, instructions from her physics preposition.

needs to be V1 or V2 for simple teacher.' Example: 'lack' (singular

future. Error: 'become' needs V-s for subject) + 'leads' (singular
singular present tense subject verb).
Correction: 'will turn out right'.
'Sheetal'.
Correction for 'She hang up the Fixed Prepositions
Correction: 'Sheetal always
clothes in the closet every day.' On Protest
becomes nervous'.
Incorrect: On protest

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 Correct: In protest Idiom: To the best of one's ability Requires plural verb

Complain Betweeen vs. Among Except

Complain to a person Between for two people/things Is a preposition

Complain about a thing Among for more than two Beyond

people/things
Complain of a thing Beyond one's means
Betweeen + Pronoun Case
Stay Grammar and Vocabulary for
Requires objective case (e.g.,
Stay in (a flat) Exams
'between him and me')
Stay at (a specific room) Excited Subject-Verb Agreement
During vs. While 'The number of ' vs. 'A number
Excited about something
of '
During is a preposition During The number of + plural noun +
While can be a preposition or
Can be followed by a noun singular verb
conjunction
Under A number of + plural noun +
Persist plural verb
Used for shelter/protection
Requires 'in' 'One of ' construction
Persist in doing something Rule of Proximity
One of + plural noun + singular
(gerund) Verb agrees with the subject
verb
closer to it
Insist 'Many a' construction
Applies with correlative
Requires 'on' conjunctions (either...or, Many a + singular noun +
Insist on doing something neither...nor, not only...but also) singular verb

[Link]
(gerund) Subjects joined by 'as well as'
In the morning
Since/For Verb agrees with the first
Used for general time
Used with perfect tenses subject
No denying
Perturb 'Either' as a subject
Idiom: Cannot be denied
Either (of ) + plural noun +
Means 'disturb'
Confide singular verb (referring to
Years Old two)
Confide in someone (trust them)
In 'a X-year-old girl' (adjective),
Confide to someone (share 'A lot of ' / 'All of '
use singular 'year'
secrets) With uncountable nouns (e.g.,
In 'She is X years old' (predicate
Visible food, water), use singular verb
adjective), use plural 'years'
With countable nouns (e.g.,
Food vs. Foods Visible to the eyes
students), use plural verb
Food (uncountable) for general Rich
Indefinite pronouns (e.g., no
category Rich in something one, everyone, everything)
Foods (countable) for different
Jury Take singular verb
types
Can be treated as singular or 'Every' and 'Each' as
One of plural determiners
Followed by a plural noun Take to heart Take singular verb
Angry Idiom: To be deeply affected by Collective nouns (e.g., crowd)
Angry at/about something criticism or insult Singular verb (when acting as
Trouble deciding a single unit)
Angry with/at a person
Having trouble deciding (direct Compound subjects referring to
In Need Of
gerund) a single unit
Requires a noun or gerund Having trouble in deciding (with Singular verb
In need of repair preposition)
Subject introduction with 'There'
In need of repairing Having trouble deciding on
Verb agrees with the
(choosing)
To the Best of noun/pronoun that follows
Both...and

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 Singular verb if singular Consist of Vocabulary Enhancement
noun follows
Comprise (no preposition in
Synonyms and Related Terms
Plural verb if plural noun active voice)
Reprimand, chide, scold
follows
Await (no preposition) (synonyms for 'take to task')
Parallelism with conjunctions
(e.g., 'and') Wait for Updated, informed (synonyms
for 'abreast')
Verb form should match the Prepositions with surfaces
Finally, ultimately, eventually
element it connects On (for surfaces like wall,
(synonyms for 'in the long
If followed by V1, preceding floor, bank, beach, floor)
run')
should be V1 Over (for things not in contact,
If followed by V5, preceding above) To assemble (to gather)
should be V5 Prepositions with To pray (act of worship)
Durational phrases as single direction/location
Hills (small mountains)
units By hand (physically) Perception (way of seeing or
Singular verb for time periods Through (used for medium, not understanding)
treated as one unit (e.g., 'five physical delivery)
Word families
minutes')
Time ranges
Invest (verb)
Prepositional Phrases and
From X to Y
Phrasal Verbs Investing (gerund/noun)
Between X and Y
Phrasal verbs and their correct Grammatical Analysis of
prepositions Word Choice and Usage Sentences

Held up (delayed temporarily) Transitive vs. Intransitive verbs Subject-Verb Agreement and

[Link]
Hold on (wait)
Offer (as a verb) is transitive Prepositions
and takes a direct object
Take to task (to reprimand) Singular Subject Requires
Noun vs. Verb forms Singular Verb
Perist (on)
Offer (noun) can be used with
Perception is singular
Keep an eye on (to watch prepositions like 'for'
carefully) Human mind is singular
Uncountable nouns
Keep abreast of (to stay The box (containing the apples
informed) Furniture (no plural form) from the valley of Kashmir) is
Betide (verb, implies Collocations and Idiomatic singular
something happening) Expressions A time is singular
Betray (verb) In the long run (ultimately) The time scale of prokaryotic is
singular
Refrain from At the long run (incorrect)
Abstain from 30 miles is a singular distance
To turn out (to prove)
The Arabian Nights (a book
Prohibit from To make someone feel welcome
title) is singular
Prevent from Adjective vs. Adverb usage
The cellphone is singular
Debar from Near by (adjective) India's claim (to be a world
Stop from Near-by temple (adjective leader in pharmaceuticals) is
modifying noun) singular
Beside (next to)
Determiners with specific nouns The ball (that I kicked) is
Besides (in addition to)
'The' with specific or singular
On foot (walking)
previously mentioned nouns Plural Subject Requires Plural
Invest in The temple near by (specific Verb
Correct prepositions with temple)
Human minds are plural
specific verbs/nouns Active vs. Passive voice
Very (as a verb) is plural
construction
Accused of
'Posted' as V3 in a relative Bacteria are plural
Gilty of clause (e.g., 'the notice that the Many farmers are plural
Different from office posted')

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These games are plural 'In common' not 'on common' Pluralization
Land management choices are 'Below the ground' or 'under 'People' refers to nations,
plural the ground' not 'above the 'persons' for individuals

Hums are plural ground' 'Thousands of miles' not

'In a pair of cycling shorts' 'thousands of mile'
Prepositional Phrases not 'wearing a pair of cycling
Prepositions govern objects, Specific Word Usage
shorts'
not subjects 'AHEAD' is an adverb
'Instead of ' not 'insted'
'Statistics' can be singular
Prepositions followed by 'Heal the sick' not 'heal of the
(subject) or plural (data)
objects sick'
'All the farmers' implies
After 'of ' 'Drawn to' for attraction specific farmers
After 'in' 'Release into the air' not
'Committing' implies intention
'release on the air'
After 'from'
Grammar Rules Explained
After 'with' Determiners
Subject-verb agreement
'Each' can be an adjective or
After 'on'
pronoun, 'every' is an Preposition usage
After 'at' adjective Comparative and superlative
After 'about' Use 'each' before 'of the two' degrees

After 'into' 'A lot of ' or 'lots of ' not 'alot' Adjective vs. Adverb usage
After 'through' 'Little' for uncountable, 'few' Pluralization rules
After 'under' for countable
Idiomatic expressions

[Link]
Comparative and Superlative
After 'below' Common Errors
Degrees
After 'to' Incorrect preposition usage
'Different from' and 'superior
Correct prepositions for to'/'inferior to'/'junior Subject-verb disagreement
specific phrases to'/'senior to' not 'than'
Incorrect use of
Comparative degree requires comparative/superlative
'Good at' for skills
comparative form degrees
'Good in' for studies
Adjectives and Adverbs Confusion between adjectives
'Dispose of ' not 'dispose
'Perfectly' is an adverb, and adverbs
double f '
'perfect' is an adjective Errors in pluralization
'Distracted by' not 'distracted
from' or 'distracted by' Adverbs modify verbs Misuse of idiomatic phrases
'Highly' and 'high' are
'Put a cap on' for control Adjective and Adverb Errors
adverbs
'By dint of ', 'by means of ', 'by
Height vs. Extent
virtue of ' not 'with dint of ' 'High' indicates height
Highly
'All over the world' not 'all Idiomatic Expressions and
ahead the world' Means 'to a great extent' or
Phrases
'very much'
'Famous for' not 'famous
'Give devil his due'
about' Incorrect usage when
'Heard in the news' referring to physical height
'Go through the books' not
'go under the books' 'One to one' for interaction High
'Easy for Rita' not 'easy in 'On watch' for being vigilant Refers to physical height
Rita'
'Fuel to fire' to provoke Hard vs. Hardly
'Inside trees' not 'on trees'
for stored carbon 'Put off ' for postpone Hard

'In a shop' or 'to a shop' not 'Fired up' to be energetic Means 'very difficult'
'into a shop' 'Come to terms with' for Means 'roughly' or 'forcefully'
'On radio', 'on TV', 'on the acceptance
Hardly
phone' not 'in radio' 'Get involved in'
Means 'scarcely' or 'barely'

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 Is an adverb of frequency Means 'after the scheduled Incorrect; 'enormous' is an
time' adjective
Good vs. Well
Latey Correct usage for adverbial
Good modification would be
Means 'recently' or 'in recent
Always functions as an 'enormously'
times'
adjective
Articles
Of Late
Well
Definite Article 'The'
Phrase meaning 'recently'
Can function as an adjective
Adverbs of Manner Used with superlative degrees
Can function as an adverb
Formed by adding '-ly' to an Miscellaneous
Adjective Degrees and Modifiers adjective
Quick vs. Quickly
Positive Degree with 'Very' Example: 'quick' (adjective) ->
'Quick' is an adjective
Used with adjectives like 'quickly' (adverb)
'Quickly' is an adverb
'good', 'smart', 'brave' Formed by adding '-ly' to a noun
Quit vs. Quite
Comparative Degree with 'Than' Resulting word is an adjective
Requires comparative Example: 'man' (noun) -> 'Quit' means to stop
adjectives (e.g., 'stronger', 'manly' (adjective) 'Quite' means 'to a
'cheaper') considerable extent'
Phrases for Adverbs of Manner
Double Comparatives e.g., 'in a manly way', 'in a Further vs. Farther
Avoid using 'more' with cowardly manner' 'Farther' refers to physical
adjectives that form distance
Conjunctions and Adverbs
comparative by adding '-er' 'Further' refers to additional

[Link]
(e.g., 'cheaper' not 'more Lest or more abstract concepts (e.g.,
cheaper') Used with 'should' or further information, further
Avoid using 'more' with subjunctive mood studies)
adjectives that already have a Implies a warning or fear of a
Vivid
comparative form (e.g., negative consequence
An adjective meaning
'warmer' not 'much warmer')
No sooner 'producing powerful feelings
'In Enough' Usage or strong, clear images in the
Used with 'than'
Adjective following 'enough' mind'
Takes inversion (verb before
should be in positive degree subject) Grammar and Language Errors
'Enough' usually comes after
Hardly/Scarcely Adverb Usage
the adjective
Used with 'when' The child was gazing longingly
Superlative Degree
Takes inversion if at the at the toy.
Used with 'than' when
beginning of the sentence Longingly is an adverb
comparing two items and
modifying the verb 'gazing'.
referring to the highest degree 'Even' vs. 'Even though'
He worked hardly to make the
Used with 'the' before it (e.g., 'Even' can be an adverb
event a success.
'the grandest', 'the most 'Even though' is a conjunction
Hardly means 'scarcely' or
luminous') expressing contrast
'barely'; 'hard' should be used
Modifiers with Verbs Unnless to mean 'diligently'.
Adverbs modify verbs Inherently negative, do not use
Conjunctions and Connectors
Adjectives modify nouns or with 'not'
No other option but to work hard.
pronouns Intensifiers and Quantifiers
Correct usage: 'No other option
Static Verbs Too Much than to work hard'.
Can be followed by adjectives
Followed by a noun So and That Combination
to describe the subject
Much Too So is an adverb, used before
Adverbs of Time and Frequency adjectives or other adverbs.
Followed by an adjective
Late Such is an adjective, used
In enormous
before nouns.

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 Example: 'Such an outstanding Mothers-in-law: Plural is When I entered the drawing
performance' not 'So an 'mothers-in-law', pluralizing room.
outstanding performance'. the main word 'mother'. 'Me' is an object pronoun. 'I'
It is nothing else but his Daughters-in-law: Plural is is a subject pronoun and
foolishness that he resigned. 'daughters-in-law', pluralizing should be used here.
Correct usage: 'It is nothing the main word 'daughter'. A misunderstanding crept
else but' or 'It is nothing but'. between he and his sister.
Uncountable Nouns
'He' is a subject pronoun.
Comparative and Superlative Furniture: Uncountable noun,
'Him' is an object pronoun
Degrees hence singular form and
and should be used after the
More severe cyclone in the Bay singular verb are used. No
preposition 'between'.
of Bengal. plural form 'furnitures'.
Comparison is between two or Advice: Uncountable noun. Use Me and my friends.
more cyclones; 'most severe' 'piece of advice' for singular When listing oneself and
might be appropriate if it's the count. No plural form 'advices'. others, put oneself last and
most severe overall. Information: Uncountable use subject pronouns.
The average staff cost at a public noun. No plural form Correct: 'My friends and I'.
sector bank is high than at its 'informations'. Reflexive Pronouns
private sector counterpart. Statistics: Can be singular (as a
Children slept themselves.
When 'than' is used, the subject) or plural (as data).
'Slept' is an intransitive verb
comparative degree 'higher' is Context is key. 'Statistics is his
here. Reflexive pronoun
required. favorite subject'.
'themselves' is not needed as
Her handwriting is definitely Noun-Adjective Agreement the action does not transfer to
more beautiful than your. an object.

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Two dozen mangoes.
'Your' is a possessive adjective
When a number precedes I availed the opportunity.
and needs a noun. 'Yours' is a
'dozen', 'dozen' acts as an 'Avail' is a transitive verb that
possessive pronoun and does
adjective and remains often requires a reflexive
not need a noun.
singular. pronoun and the preposition
Correct options: 'than your
The first five girls. 'of '. Correct: 'I availed myself
handwriting' or 'than yours'.
Correct order: Ordinal of the opportunity'.
This story is quite interesting but
number ('first') followed by Possessive Pronouns and
I have read much interesting
cardinal number ('five'). Adjectives
stories than this.
Possessive Nouns My and Mine Distinction
When 'than' is used, 'more'
should be used instead of 'My' is a possessive adjective,
The earth's temperature.
'much' for comparative requires a noun after it.
Possessive case for 'earth' is
adjectives. 'Mine' is a possessive
'earth's'.
pronoun, does not require a
Nouns and Their Usage My friend whose leg was
noun after it.
fractured has recovered.
Compound Nouns Pluralization My gratitude.
'Whose' is the correct
Breakin's (thefts): The plural is 'Gratitude' is a noun. 'My' is
possessive relative pronoun
formed by adding 's' to the the correct possessive
here.
main word, which is 'break'. adjective to modify it.
Nouns and Pronouns Together
Passer-bys: Plural is 'passers-
What is the name of the whom Relative Pronouns
by', pluralizing the main word
autobiography? This is the album who I found
'passer'.
Autobiography is a noun. in the garage.
Cupsful: Plural is 'cupsful',
'Whom' is an object pronoun. 'Who' is used for people.
pluralizing the main word
They cannot be used together. 'Which' or 'that' should be
'cup'.
'Whose' (possessive used for objects like an
Sons-in-law: Plural is 'sons-in-
pronoun/adjective) is needed. album.
law', pluralizing the main word
'son'. Pronoun Usage Adjective and Adverb Usage
Subject and Object Pronouns Adjective after Linking Verb

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 The personality of Anahita did When referring to languages The carefully crafted
not help her much in the as subjects of study, 'the' is personality.
campaign. usually omitted. 'English' and 'Crafted' is a past participle
The adjective 'careful' should 'French' are subjects here. acting as an adjective. It should
be 'carefully' to modify the Verb Usage be modified by an adverb.
past participle 'crafted', Correct: 'carefully crafted'.
Agreement with Subject
which acts as an adjective. Conditional Sentences
Everyone stayed when I
Adjective vs. Adverb after 'Too' Without the greenhouse effect,
entered the drawing room.
Her failure in life is too much 'Everyone' is a singular the earth's temperature would
painful for me. be below freezing.
pronoun, so the verb should
'Too much' is used before be singular: 'stayed'. This is a second conditional
nouns. 'Too' is used before structure, indicating an unreal
Verb after 'Than'
adjectives. 'Painful' is an or hypothetical situation.
It is best to be silent then to
adjective. Correct: 'too
speak in anger. Grammar and Language Concepts
painful'.
When 'than' is used for Articles and Language Names
Adjective vs. Adverb
comparison, it is often
Languages and Articles
An institution is the judiciary,
followed by an infinitive ('to
especially the Supreme Court, Generally, articles are not used
speak'). The structure 'to be
with a wide realm and a wise with languages.
silent then to speak' is
legacy. Exception: 'The English' refers
grammatically acceptable in
'Wide' is an adjective to the people of England.
this comparative context.
modifying 'realm'. 'Wise' is Exception: 'The French' refers
Intransitive Verbs
an adjective modifying to the people of France.

[Link]
'legacy'. The sentence Enter the room. Article 'a' vs. 'an' -
structure implies these 'Enter' is usually intransitive Pronunciation Rule
adjectives are correct. when referring to entering a Used before words starting
physical space and does not with a vowel sound.
Adjective Modifying Noun
take a preposition like 'into'. Used before words starting
Much to technology.
Vocabulary and Word Choice with a consonant sound.
'Much to' is typically followed
Amused vs. Amusing Example: 'a European' (Y
by an adjective or an adverb.
sound is a consonant sound).
'Too much' is used before a She was quite amused.
noun. Context suggests 'too Example: 'an honest man' (H is
'Amused' (past participle)
silent, starts with a vowel
much technology'. describes the person's feeling.
sound).
Articles and Determiners 'Amusing' (present participle)
describes something that Noun Pluralization and Usage
Use of 'A/An'
causes amusement. Uncountable Nouns
There is a evidence that much
to technology. Timely Advice Work (as in job, task, labor) is
'Evidence' starts with a vowel Your advice was timely. uncountable.
sound, so 'an' should be used 'Timely' is an adjective Example: 'I have a lot of work
instead of 'a'. modifying 'advice'. to do.'

Use of 'This/These' Figurative Language and Idioms Equipment is uncountable.

This kind of novels. Plural 'equipments' is

High Ambition
incorrect.
'This' is used with singular
His ambition is always high.
nouns. 'These' is used with Advice is uncountable.
'High ambition' is a common
plural nouns. Correct: 'This Cannot use 'an advice'.
and correct phrase. 'Highly'
kind of novel' or 'These kinds
would modify an adverb or Use 'a piece of advice' or
of novels'.
adjective, not the noun simply 'advice'.
Use of 'The' 'ambition' directly in this Poetry is uncountable.
The English on French English. context.
Cannot use plural 'poetries'.
Misplaced Modifiers
Irregular Plurals

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 Tooth -> Teeth Example: 'somebody else's'. When a relative pronoun (e.g.,
who, whom, that) refers to a
Example: 'three teeth'. Incorrect: 'somebody's
subject, subsequent verbs
else'.
Ox -> Oxen refer to that subject.
Repetitive Nouns joined by
Incorrect: 'oxes'. Example: 'A man who was
prepositions
accused... was not welcomed'.
Mouse -> Mice Nouns joined by prepositions
Redundant use of 'he' is
Incorrect: 'mouses'. (e.g., 'page after page') should
avoided.
be singular.
Criterion -> Criteria
Plural Pronoun Usage
Example: 'page after page'.
Phenomenon -> Phenomena Use 'ones' as the plural of
Incorrect: 'pages after
Stratum -> Strata 'one' when referring to
pages'.
multiple items.
Incorrect: 'stratums'. Example: 'door to door'.
Example: 'five active
Foot -> Feet
Pronouns and Agreement employees and four lazy
Example: '50 feet'. ones'.
Reflexive Pronouns
Child -> Children Use 'yourself ' when the Incorrect: 'four lazy one'.
Incorrect: 'childs'. subject is 'you' and refers back Verbs and Verb Forms
to 'you'.
Nouns that are always Plural Verb Agreement (Subject-Verb
Example: 'Put yourself in my Agreement)
Whereabouts refers to
position'.
location/ ठिकाना. The verb agrees with the main
Incorrect: 'Put you in my subject, not a noun in a
Incorrect: 'whereabout'.
position'. prepositional phrase.
Nouns that are always Singular

[Link]
Personal Pronoun Object Form Example: 'Motivating
Offspring refers to children. After prepositions and certain employees' is difficult
Cannot be made plural by verbs (like 'let'), the object (gerund 'motivating' is
adding 's'. form of the pronoun is used. singular).
Incorrect: 'Motivating
Incorrect: 'offsrings'. Example: 'Let me'.
employees' have become
Nouns used in specific contexts Incorrect: 'Let I'.
difficult.
Works can mean Example: 'Three of us'. Example: 'Driving vehicles' is
creations/literary works.
Incorrect: 'Three of we'. my hobby (gerund 'driving' is
Example: 'The works of singular).
Possessive Pronouns and
Kalidasa'.
Determinative Use Incorrect: 'Driving vehicles'
Nouns with specific plural forms are my hobby.
The possessive of 'one' is
for compound words
'one's'. Verb Forms and Their Usage
Spoonful -> Spoonsful (plural
Example: 'One should keep Disapprove is a verb.
applies to the main word).
one's promise'.
To use it after a preposition
Handful -> Handsful.
Incorrect: 'One should keep like 'of ', convert it to a noun:
Cupful -> Cupfuls. his promise'. 'disapproval'.
Possessive Nouns Reciprocal Pronouns 'Let' is a verb that takes an
When two people share a home 'Each other' is used for two object.
or possession, the possessive is people/things. Example: 'Let me'.
usually on the second noun. 'One another' is used for more 'Resemble' does not take a
Example: 'Ram and Sita's than two people/things. preposition.
house'. Example: 'Six partners' use Example: 'She resembles her
Incorrect: 'Ram's and Sita's 'one another'. mother'.
house'. Incorrect: 'Six partners' use Incorrect: 'She resembles to
If 'else' is used with a pronoun 'each other'. her mother'.
(e.g., somebody, anyone), the Pronoun Agreement with
Adjectives and Determiners
possessive apostrophe goes Antecedent
with 'else'. Quantifiers

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 'Several' is followed by a Requires a gerund (ing form) Past Participle as Adjective
plural noun.
Process of (rethinking) Imposed (dress code)
Adjective Usage
Requires a gerund (ing form) Functions as an adjective
'Such' is followed by a noun. describing the noun
Conditional Sentences
Example: 'Such obstacles'. Verb-Adverb Placement
Type 1 (Present condition,
Idioms and Phrases Future result) Adverb of frequency
placement
By leaps and bounds As soon as he retires (simple
present) Before the main verb
Meaning: rapidly or very
quickly. He will go (simple future) Between auxiliary and main
verb
Daggers drawn Error: 'will' used in the 'as
soon as' clause Will do never wrong
Meaning: in a state of open
hostility or enmity. Type 3 (Past unreal condition, Incorrect: 'Will never do
Past unreal result) wrong'
Conjunctions and Negation
If he had requested (past Verb-Noun Confusion
Avoiding Double Negatives perfect)
Using 'nothing' and 'never' in Believe (verb) vs. Belief (noun)
We would have helped
the same clause is incorrect. Error: 'formally believe'
(conditional perfect)
(adverb modifying noun)
Example: 'Nothing ever Error: 'We had help' instead
stopped him'. Correction: 'formally
of 'We would have helped'
believes' (adverb modifying
Incorrect: 'Nothing never
Conditional clauses with 'If ' verb)
stopped him'.
If I recover (simple present) Verb-Adjective Usage
Sentence Structure and Flow

[Link]
I will go (simple future) Good (adjective) vs. Well
Redundancy
Error: 'I have recovered' (adverb/adjective)
Avoid unnecessary repetition
(present perfect) instead of Error: 'respond good'
of pronouns.
'I recover' (simple present) (adjective for verb)
Example: 'A man who was
Correction: 'respond well'
accused... was not welcomed' Verb Tense and Form
(adverb for verb)
(no need for 'he'). Present Perfect Tense (has/have
+ V3) Past Participle for Passive Voice
English Grammar and Sentence
The sector has undergone The campaign was admirable
Structure Analysis
V3 form of undergo is Correct when used as an
Pronoun Usage
undergone adjective
Reciprocal Pronouns
Error: 'underwent' (past The campaign was admired
each other (for two people) tense) used with 'has' Correct for passive voice
one another (for more than Corrected: 'has undergone' (indicated by 'by')
two people) or 'underwent' (depending
Adjectives and Adverbs
Incorrect usage: 'one on context)
Adverbial Phrases
another' used for two girls Past Perfect Tense (had + V3)
Bag and baggage
Gerunds and Participles We had help
Functions as an adverbial
Gerunds as Subjects Incorrect form for
phrase
Peanuts as a source of income conditional sentence
Cannot be preceded by a
Gerunds are always singular Past Tense preposition ('with')
Underwent (past tense of
Participles as Adjectives Adverb of Manner
undergo)
Imposed (dress code) as an Efficiently (managing)
adjective Used for past events
Modifies the verb 'manage'
Adjective can be modified by Present Continuous Tense
Adverb vs. Adjective in
an adverb (recently) Is holding Descriptions
Gerunds after Prepositions Can be used for future
Constant flow (noun phrase)
With a view to (avoiding) arrangements

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 Error: 'constantly' (adverb) Correction: 'from Error: Inverted structure
modifying 'flow' (noun) tomorrow' ('Why does he worry')
Correction: 'constant' Articles Correction: Standard word
(adjective) modifying 'flow' order ('Why he worries')
Article 'a' vs. 'an'
Conjunctions and Sentence Word Order in Complex
Connectors 'An airport' Sentences
Correct use before a vowel
Redundant Conjunctions If clause placement
sound
Suppose...if Can come at the beginning or
Omission of Articles end of the sentence
Both 'suppose' and 'if '
convey a similar conditional 'Go to bed' Nouns and Pluralization
meaning Article 'the' is omitted when
Pluralization errors
referring to the general act of
Remove 'if ' for conciseness
sleeping 'Indication' vs. 'Indications'
In case...if Article 'a' precedes singular
Plural Nouns and Articles
Both 'in case' and 'if ' convey nouns
a similar conditional meaning 'A clear indication'
Phrasal Verbs and Idioms
Correct when singular noun
Remove 'if ' for conciseness
follows Lead to
Coordinating Conjunctions
Comparisons Past tense: led
(Degree)
Comparative Degree V3 form: led
And connecting adjectives
Better than Bag and baggage
Parallel structure required
Smooth and easy (both Used for comparing two Meaning: with all belongings

[Link]
positive) things Miscellaneous Errors
Smoother and easier (both Superlative Degree
Punctuation
comparative) Most intelligent
Missing punctuation
Error: 'smooth and easier' Used for comparing more
Lack of full stop at the end of
And connecting adjectives than two things
a sentence
(superlative) Comparison with 'as...as' Spelling
Most intelligent and most As enthusiastic and
talented Campaign
cooperative as
Correct parallel structure Error: 'as that of his Correct spelling

Prepositions opponents' Article Usage in General

Comparison is between Naturalization process
Incorrect Preposition Usage
'supporters' and
Error: Missing article before
At relation to 'opponents' (plural)
'naturalization'
Incorrect phrase Correction: 'as theirs' or
Correction: 'The
Correction: 'in relation to' 'as those of his opponents'
naturalization process'
or 'in connection with' Sentence Structure and Word
Order Grammar and Verb Usage
Worry over
Pronoun and Subject-Verb
Correct preposition with Subject-Verb Agreement
Agreement
'worry' The city needs
Everyone is singular
Amoung with Singular subject 'city'
Subject is 'everyone', verb
requires singular verb
Incorrect phrase should be singular
'needs'
Correction: 'along with' Object of preposition 'us' does
Inversion in Declarative
Prepositions with Time not affect verb agreement
Sentences
'Since' usage Why he worries
Verb Tense and Form
Connects past to present Declarative sentence with a Past Tense Usage
Cannot be used for future period at the end It was clear from the way they
events ('since tomorrow') were behaving

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 Tear's past tense is 'tore', V3 is Has/Have followed by V3 'Raze' means to destroy
'torn'
Had followed by V3 Conditional Sentences
Simple past tense for actions in
Modal verbs (will, shall) are Two future tenses should not
the past
followed by V1 be used in a conditional
Sentences in simple past
Verb 'know' is a stative verb, sentence
should use simple past verbs
does not take '-ing' form The part with 'if ' should be in
Present Tense Usage
Find's past tense is 'found' simple present
My aunt knows my friend
One part can be simple present,
Rudransh very well Seek's past tense is 'sought'
another simple future
Routine habits use simple V1 form is needed after 'to'
One part can be simple present,
present (infinitive)
another future continuous
They always take an hour's V1 form is needed after 'does',
walk before breakfast 'do', 'did' Error Identification
V1 form is needed after modal Identifying verb tense errors
Future Tense Usage verbs
Identifying subject-verb
Nand will leave for the airport
V3 form is needed after 'has', agreement errors
as soon as the taxi arrives
'have', 'had'
Identifying active/passive
Conditional sentences can
V3 form is needed after 'is', voice errors
have simple present in one
'am', 'are', 'was', 'were' for
Identifying articles and
part and simple future in
passive voice
another determiners errors

The new project is too big for Active vs. Passive Voice Specific Examples and
the trainee to handle on his The clerk who spoke rudely to Explanations
the customer yesterday has

[Link]
own Example: 'It was clear from the
Next year, this day, I will be been suspended
way they were behaving'
having a conference The software detected an
This sentence is grammatically
anomaly caused by the virus
correct
Perfect Tenses
The technician has found it
Example: 'The clerk who spoke
Our soldiers have been making
extremely difficult to fix the
a clean sweep of fish and rudely to the customer yesterday
error
has been suspended'
poultry on the route
The pianist was brought a cup
My friend Ragini shall have Verb agreement with 'clerk'
of coffee for Naina
completed her task by then Example: 'My aunt Gita is
I am giving a speech on
He said that he had wanted to knowing my friend Rudransh
emerging economic dynamics
read a novel by Ayn Rand very well'
The coach said that Shreyas Sentence Structure and Correction: 'My aunt Gita
had been practicing on the Correction knows'
lawn tennis court Subject-Predicate Separation Example: 'This day next year I
will have a conference'
Continuous Tenses Word Choice and Usage
Correction: 'This day next year
I will be driving you to the 'Such the number of ' is
I will be having a conference'
station in the morning incorrect
Example: 'The software detected
While my wife was cooking, I Should be 'such a number of '
an anomaly caused by the virus'
was writing a book or 'such numbers of '
'Caused by the virus' indicates
I am giving a speech on '10 year ago' should be '10
passive voice
emerging economic dynamics years ago'
Example: 'My friend Ragini shall
When you are travelling with 'To' as an adverb meaning 'too
completed her task by then'
us much' needs an adjective or
Correction: 'My friend Ragini
adverb to modify
Verb Forms and Auxiliaries shall have completed'
'The French' used for the
Is/Am/Are followed by V3 for Example: 'The blind man can
language does not require 'the'
passive voice perform wonderfully well even
Is/Am/Are can be followed by 'A great deal' requires 'a' though he was old'
adjectives 'Raise' meaning to destroy is
Correction: 'even if he is old'
incorrect

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 Example: 'I will driving you to He is going to Goa Unless you hurry
the station in the morning'
Past Tense Errors Specific Grammar Rules
Correction: 'I will be driving'
The police man walked along
or 'I will drive' Since and For
the road
Example: 'The teacher will For is used for duration
An old man sat down and read
certainly help you if you will ask
his book For the last three years
her'
Present Tense Errors Use of 'for the better'
Correction: 'if you ask her'
Sugar and honey taste sweet Change for the better
Example: 'Smith will be learning
French when they are arriving' Future Tense Errors Stative Verbs

Correction: 'when they arrive' He will give you good advice if Test takes an adjective
Example: 'All her knowledge of you ask him Sugar and honey taste very
English are very limited' Verb Agreement Errors sweet
Correction: 'All her knowledge Tornadoes give Hardly and Any
of English is'
My sister is coming Hardly any petrol
Example: 'I have waiting as for
Verb Forms Bare Infinitives with 'make'
my exam result'
Correction: 'I have been B.V.3 is used after 'be' Made to improve
waiting' Vocabulary and Phrasal Verbs
I will not be late
Example: 'The immense talent
V.1 is used after modal verbs Phrasal Verbs
we having at our disposal is
impressive' Last night I played my guitar Bustowed on

[Link]
Correction: 'The immense V.3 without auxiliary verb Exam Strategies and Tips
talent we have'
We seen a good film Focus on important rules
Example: 'They have always
V.3 after 'have' Practice sessions for errors
taken an hour's walk before
breakfast' Importance of knowing tense
I had taken
and verbs
Correction: 'They always take' Prepositions
Tiredness can lead to errors
Example: 'If the charge that he Owings to
conspired to raise a building is Avoid overthinking small errors
Owing to illness
valid' Importance of teacher-student
Correction: 'If the charge that On relationship
he conspired to raze a building' On the East coast Reviewing past papers (2022,
Example: 'It will take five 2021)
Sentence Structure and Syntax
minutes to preparing a cup of Content Updates and Availability
tea' Conditional Sentences
YouTube classes will be recorded
Two futures in one conditional
Correction: 'to prepare' for 4-5 days
sentence are not allowed
Example: 'Rohit had eaten the Important concepts like 'since
pie before we gets home' Inversion and for' will be covered
Correction: 'before we got Ajit asked me how I could solve eBook available for purchase
home'
Subject-Verb Agreement Price: ₹175
Example: 'We won't leave you
The burning of fossil fuels is
alone in trouble when you Validity: 5 years
causing pollution
travelling with us' Grammar and Error Analysis
Use of Articles
Correction: 'when you are
Verb Forms and Usage
travelling' The United States

Conjunctions Gerunds and Participles

English Grammar Concepts and
Exam Errors While vs. When Using '-ing' form
When 'while' acts as a
Verb Tense and Usage When you hurry
preposition, '-ing' is used to
Present Continuous for Future Unless make a verb a noun.

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 In conditional sentences, one Modal Verbs Used for general truths and
part is simple present and the facts (e.g., 'Water freezes at
'Could' is used in past tense
other is simple future. zero degrees Celsius').
conditional situations like 'If
I were to climb...' Used for habitual actions
Passive Voice
'Can' and 'could' already (e.g., 'The news reporter
Sentences can go into passive
highlights...').
voice (e.g., 'The prisoners are indicate ability, so avoid using
kept inside'). 'able' or 'capable' with them. Simple Past Tense
'Teachers are expected to 'May' and 'might' indicate Used for completed actions in
mentor' is correct; 'expecting' possibility, so avoid using the past (e.g., 'The pilot
or 'expected' would be used 'possible' with them. followed...', 'The cat drank...').
after 'are'. Subjunctive Mood Present Perfect Tense
The sentence 'The pilot 'I wish I had helped him with 'Treasure Island has always
followed another airplane' is homework last night' implies been my favorite book'
in the past tense. regret for a past inaction. indicates a state continuing
'The road was wide and 'If he were to climb the tree from the past to the present.
shaded by rows of tall trees' and bring the kitty down, the Past Perfect Tense
uses passive voice. child would be happy' is a
'I wish I had helped him with
'Electric heaters were hypothetical past situation.
homework last night' uses
provided' is passive voice
Verb Agreement past perfect for a regretted
because heaters are not self-
'The prisoners are kept' past action.
acting.
(plural subject, plural verb). Future Tense
Past Tense
'The news newspaper has a In conditional sentences, one
Sentences like 'The pilot

[Link]
bigger circulation' (singular part can be simple present
followed another airplane'
subject, singular verb). and the other simple future.
are in the past tense.
'One of the other of those
'As the moon came up over Nouns and Pronouns
men has stolen...' (singular
Himalayan peaks, I saw...' is Pluralization Rules
verb after 'one of ').
in the past tense.
'The students were tired' 'One of ' requires a plural noun
'The cat drank the milk or pronoun following it (e.g.,
(plural subject, plural verb).
before we returned home' is 'one of the metals', 'one of the
'The Doctors' is plural, so the
in the past tense. books', 'one of the girls').
verb should be 'come' not
Present Tense 'comes'. 'Neither of ' requires a plural
General statements use 'Gym Corbett's books' are noun or pronoun following it.
simple present tense (e.g., plural, so the verb should be 'Do', 'does', 'did' are followed
'Water freezes at zero 'bring' not 'brings'. by the base form (V1) of the
degrees Celsius'). verb, not a plural noun.
Use of 'did' with verbs
'The news reporter 'Do', 'does', 'did' are followed 'Those men' is a plural noun.
highlights' is a correct simple by the base form (V1) of the 'Works' is usually a noun
present tense construction. verb. meaning 'creations' or
'Gym Corbett's books bring to 'Why didn't you submit' is 'compositions' (e.g., 'The works
light...' uses simple present correct because 'did' already of Shakespeare'); generally,
tense for general truth. indicates past tense. use 'work' for tasks.
'The air in the city is so Use of 'has', 'have', 'had' with Pronoun Usage
polluted that it causes...' uses verbs In comparisons, compare like
simple present for a general
'Has', 'have', 'had' are with like (object with object,
effect.
followed by the third form subject with subject).
'Here comes the doctor' uses (V3) of the verb. 'Them' is used when the
simple present tense.
subject (prisoners) is acted
Tenses
Irregular Verbs upon, not when they are
Simple Present Tense
The past tense of 'drink' is performing the action.
'drank'.

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 Pronouns refer to preceding Placement of Adverbs 'As' can be used to introduce a
nouns; 'they' refers to clause of manner or
'Almost always' can be used
'prisoners'. comparison.
before the verb.
Collective Nouns Articles
Prepositions
'Equipment' is a collective Definite Article 'The'
noun and does not have a
Common Prepositional Errors
'The Himalayan peaks' uses
plural form. 'While' can function as a
the definite article before a
preposition, followed by '-ing'.
Abstract Nouns specific mountain range.
Do not use 'back' with 'return'
'Success' is a noun; 'succeed' is 'The latter' refers to the second
as 'return' already implies
the verb. of two items mentioned.
going back (superfluous).
Adjectives and Adverbs 'On her birthday' is correct for Indefinite Articles 'A', 'An'
occasions. 'A' is used before words
Adverb Usage
'Betwixt' and 'between' are starting with a consonant
'Properly' is an adverb
prepositions. sound.
modifying 'mentor'.
'Into' indicates movement 'An' is used before words
'Quietly' modifies the verb
towards the inside of a place. starting with a vowel sound.
'handled'.
'Easily' modifies the verb
'By' is used to indicate the Sentence Structure
agent in a passive construction.
'handled'. Subject-Verb Agreement
'Beside' means 'next to';
'Fast' can be both an adjective The verb must agree with the
'besides' means 'in addition to'.
and an adverb. subject in number.
'To' is used with 'extended'
'Hardly' means 'almost not' or Conditional Sentences
(e.g., 'extended his leave to one
'scarcely', indicating very little;

[Link]
more week'). Structure: If clause (simple
'hard' means with great effort.
present) + main clause (simple
'In' is used with 'work' for a
'Too' is an adverb that modifies future).
department (e.g., 'work in the
adjectives or other adverbs.
computer department'). Structure: If clause (past
'Miserably' is an adverb subjunctive) + main clause
'On time' means punctual; 'in
modifying the verb 'played'. (conditional past).
time' means before the
Adjective Usage deadline. Use of 'that'
'Mischievous' is an adjective 'In homework' and 'with 'That' is used when certain; 'if '
describing a child. homework' are both is used when uncertain.
'Polluted' is an adjective acceptable. Adverbial Phrases of Place
describing air. 'For' is used to indicate Sentences can start with
'Tired' is an adjective duration (e.g., 'for a long adverbial phrases of place
describing students. hour'). (e.g., 'Here comes the doctor').
'Valuable' is an adjective Prepositions with specific Redundancy (Superfluous
describing metal. verbs/phrases words)
'Happy' is an adjective 'Believe in oneself ' means to 'Return back' is redundant;
describing a child. have faith in oneself. 'return' alone is sufficient.
Comparative and Superlative 'Extended' is followed by 'to'. 'Repeat again' is redundant;
Degrees
Conjunctions 'repeat' alone is sufficient.
Use comparative degree 'Can't be able' is redundant;
('bigger') when comparing two Coordinating Conjunctions
'can't' or 'be able' is sufficient.
things. 'And' joins similar grammatical
structures. Active vs. Passive Voice
Use superlative degree
Determine if the subject
('biggest') when comparing 'But' joins contrasting ideas.
performs the action (active) or
more than two things.
Subordinating Conjunctions receives the action (passive).
'The latter' refers to the second
'If ' and 'that' are often
of two people or things Vocabulary and Word Usage
mutually exclusive in certain
mentioned, used for Word Meanings
sentence structures.
comparison.

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 'Valuable' means having great 'Equipment' is an uncountable Use a plural noun after 'one
worth. noun. of '.
'Mischievous' means causing Active/Passive Voice Confusion Use a singular verb after 'one
or showing a fondness for Sentences requiring an of '.
causing trouble in a playful
external agent for the action Each/Every/Either/Neither
way.
should be in the passive voice. These determiners are always
'Polluted' means contaminated singular.
Misuse of 'that' vs. 'if '
with harmful substances.
'That' for certainty, 'if ' for When used as subjects, they
'Tired' means in need of sleep
uncertainty. take singular verbs.
or rest; weary.
There + Verb
'Hardly' means by very little; Grammatical Errors and
Corrections The verb agrees with the noun
almost not at all.
that follows 'there'.
'Hard' means with great effort Modal Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs
or intensity. Either/Neither of + Plural Noun
Cannot/Can't
'Latter' refers to the second of Use a plural noun after 'either
Correct usage: I can't complete of ' or 'neither of '.
two things mentioned.
the work
'Former' refers to the first of Use a singular verb.
two things mentioned. Can/Could + Able
All + Noun
'Watch' (noun) can mean Avoid using 'able' with 'can' or
'All' with uncountable nouns
surveillance or keeping track. 'could' as they already indicate
takes a singular verb.
'Miserably' means in a very ability.
'All' with countable nouns
unhappy or unfortunate May/Might + Able
takes a plural verb.
manner. Can use 'able' with 'may' or

[Link]
Compound Subjects
'Succeed' is a verb; 'success' is 'might'.
a noun. When subjects are joined by
May/Might + Possible
'and', use a plural verb.
'Beside' means next to; Avoid using 'possible' with
'besides' means in addition to. When subjects are joined by
'may' or 'might'.
'or' or 'nor', the verb agrees
Word Choice Do/Does/Did + Verb with the closer subject.
'Most of the time' is used Use the base form (V1) of the
instead of 'most of the times'. Prepositions
verb after do, does, or did.
'The latter' is used to refer to 'Keep an eye'
Has/Have/Had + Verb
the second of two items Correct phrase is 'keep an eye
Use the past participle (V3) of
mentioned. on'.
the verb after has, have, or
'Called' is used with 'vaccine' 'Explain to'
had.
in this context; 'known as' is
Use 'explain to' when
also common. Model Verbs (e.g., Will, Shall, explaining to a person.
Would) + Verb
Specific Error Types Use 'explain about' when
Always use the base form (V1)
Redundancy explaining a matter.
of the verb.
Avoid using 'back' with 'Offer'
Cannot use 'had' or 'is' directly
'return'. after model verbs. The verb 'offer' does not
Avoid using 'again' with require a preposition like 'for'
Use 'have' after model verbs
'repeat'. when followed by a direct
(e.g., Will have, Would have).
Avoid using 'able' with 'can' or object (guests).
Use 'be' after model verbs (e.g.,
'could'. 'Inspite'
Will be, Would be).
Incorrect Verb Forms Requires 'of ' ('inspite of ').
Subject-Verb Agreement
Use V1 after 'do', 'does', 'did'. 'Despite'
Gerunds as Subjects
Use V3 after 'has', 'have', Does not take 'of '.
'Participating' can function as
'had'.
a noun (gerund) and take a 'Consist'
Noun Pluralization singular verb.
Takes 'of '.
'One of ' is followed by a plural
One of + Plural Noun
noun. 'Comprise'

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 Does not take 'of '. 'Fast' vs. 'Fastly' Use 'how many' for countable

'Fastly' is not a word. 'Fast' can nouns (e.g., number of items).

'Composed'
function as both an adjective Common Errors in Exams
Takes 'of '.
and an adverb.
Phrasal Verb Errors
'Waiting'
Articles Many exam errors are based
Takes 'for'.
'The' with Sports on incorrect phrasal verbs.
'Awaiting' Do not use 'the' before general Commonly Confused
Does not take 'for'. sports names like 'football'. Words/Phrases

Possessives Memorizing common phrases

'Home' as Adverb
and their correct usage is
When 'home' is used as an 'Your' vs. 'Yours'
important.
adverb indicating direction, no 'Your' is a possessive adjective
preposition (like 'to') is Redundant Words
and needs a noun after it.
needed. Avoid using redundant words
'Yours' is a possessive pronoun
'Refrain' like 'more better'.
and does not need a noun after

Always followed by 'from'. it. Use of 'as'

The word following 'from' Tenses 'Consider' does not take 'as'.
should be in gerund form (V- Present Perfect Continuous 'Regard' takes 'as'.
ing).
Use present perfect continuous
Grammar and Language Concepts
'On foot' tense when an action started in
The correct idiom for traveling the past and continues to the Parts of Speech
by foot is 'on foot'. present, especially with 'since' Adjectives

[Link]
or 'for'.
'On Sundays/Mondays' Verb's Third Form as Adjective
Use 'on' for specific days of the Figurative Language and Idioms
Crafted (from craft) can
week. 'Break a leg' function as an adjective
'Every Tuesday/Monday' Idiom meaning 'good luck'. Adjective vs. Adverb
Do not use 'on' with 'every'
Pronoun Case Hard vs. Hardly
when referring to a day.
'You and I' Hard: to work hard
'On the wall'
When acting as a subject, use (meaning to work
Use 'on' when something is diligently)
'you and I'.
attached to a surface.
Hardly: meaning almost not
'Me and my friends'
Adjectives and Adverbs The correct order is to list the
or barely

Comparative Adjectives other person(s) first, then 'I' Late vs. Lately
'More better' is incorrect. (e.g., 'my friends and I'). Late: meaning at a late time
'Better' is already comparative. Uncountable Nouns Lately: meaning recently or
'Manner' can be used with in recent times
'Furniture'
comparative adjectives (e.g.,
Is an uncountable noun and Quiet vs. Quietly
much wiser, much more
does not have a plural form Quiet: meaning silent
beautiful).
('furnitures'). Quietly: meaning to a
'So' vs. 'Such'
Conjunctions and Connectors significant extent
'So' is an adverb and is
typically followed by an 'Although/Though' Wise vs. Wisely

adjective or another adverb. Can be followed by 'yet' or a Wise: adjective

'Such' is an adjective and is comma to show contrast.
Wisely: adverb
typically followed by a noun. Question Formation
Adjective Placement
Adverb modifying a Verb Quantifiers in Questions
Adjective after Noun
The word modifying a verb Use 'how much' for
In 'Wise enough', 'enough'
should be an adverb, not an uncountable nouns (e.g., fine
comes after the adjective
adjective (e.g., 'lovingly' amount).
'wise'
instead of 'loving').

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 'Man' used in a general sense Used to describe an action
Definite and Indefinite
(mankind) does not take 'the' completed before another
Articles
Pronouns past action
'The' before adjectives to
signify plural nouns Relative Pronouns Simple Past Tense

'What' cannot precede a Used after 'since' to denote

The rich (all rich people)
the point in time when the
noun
The poor (all poor people)
past action occurred
'That' can precede a noun
'A' vs. 'An' Modal Verbs
'Either', 'Neither', 'Every',
'A' before consonant sounds Modal + Be + Verb-ing
'Each'
'An' before vowel sounds (Present Continuous)
'Either' is used for two
Article Usage with options Modal + Have + Verb-ed (Past)
Nationalities and Languages 'Every' functions as an Prepositions
'French' refers to the adjective and cannot be a
language 'At' with 'Good'
subject
'Good at' is the correct idiom
'The French' refers to the 'Each' is used for individuals
people of France (e.g., good at painting)
within a group
Single Article for Compound 'Off ' with 'Dispose'
Verbs
Adjectives Describing One 'Dispose of ' is the correct
Transitive and Intransitive
Item phrasal verb
Verbs
'A black and white shawl' 'Of ' with 'Accused'
Rise (intransitive: to go up)
implies one shawl with both
vs. Raise (transitive: to lift up) 'Accused of ' is the correct
colors idiom
Lie (to recline) vs. Lay (to

[Link]
Ordinal vs. Cardinal Numbers
place) 'Of ' with 'Deprived'
Ordinals (e.g., first, second) 'Deprived of ' is the correct
usually precede cardinals Verb Agreement
idiom
(e.g., one, two) Subject-Verb Agreement with
Collective Nouns 'Of ' with 'By virtue'
'The first five girls'
'By virtue of ' means because
Bacteria are...
Adverbs of or due to
Subject-Verb Agreement with
'Too' vs. 'Very' Relative Pronouns 'To' in Phrasal Verbs
'Too' + adjective implies a 'Look forward to' is followed
The verb agrees with the
negative or excessive degree antecedent of the relative by a gerund (-ing form)
'Very' + adjective implies a pronoun 'With a view to' is followed by
positive or neutral degree a gerund (-ing form)
Subject-Verb Agreement with
'Too much' vs. 'Much too' 'Not Only...But Also' Beside vs. Besides
'Too much' is followed by a The verb agrees with the
Beside: next to (location)
noun subject closer to it
Besides: in addition to
'Much too' is followed by an Subject-Verb Agreement with (inclusion)
adjective Negative Conjunctions
Conjunctions
Adverb modifying Verb Verb agrees with the subject
that is affirmed (e.g., Ravi, Correlative Conjunctions
'Hardly' used before the verb
to mean 'barely' not his friends, was Neither...Nor
shouting)
Nouns Either...Or
Verb Tenses
Singular and Plural Forms Vocabulary and Idioms
Present Perfect Continuous
Bacterium (singular) vs. Idiomatic Expressions
Tense
Bacteria (plural)
Used with 'since' to indicate Green-eyed: jealous
Worm (singular) vs. Vermin
an action started in the past
(plural, referring to pests) Green-eyed monster: jealousy
and continues to the present
John-decide: to show partiality
Collective Nouns
Past Perfect Tense or favoritism

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 For the sake of: for the benefit Incorrect pronoun antecedent Example: by virtue of his
of someone or something agreement power
In course of time: eventually; Verb Form Errors Rule: 'With reference to' is a
after a period of time correct prepositional phrase
Using the wrong tense
By dint of: by means of; Example: With reference to
Incorrect past tense or past
through the force of your letter
participle forms
With a view to: with the Rule: 'Man' as a general term for
intention of Redundancy humanity does not take 'the'
Keep an eye on: to watch or Avoid using unnecessary Example: Man is a social
monitor words or phrases animal
In reference to: concerning; Misplaced Modifiers Rule: 'The poor' is plural and
regarding Phrases or clauses that are not takes a plural verb
On behalf of: representing or placed close to the word they Example: The poor are...
acting for someone modify
Rule: 'Too' + adjective + 'to' +
Word Usage Double Negatives infinitive structure
Disposition (noun) vs. Dispose Using two negative words in Implies a negative or
(verb) the same clause impossible situation
Disposition (temperament) vs. Specific Grammar Rules and Rule: 'What' before a noun is
Disposal (act of getting rid of ) incorrect
Exceptions
Range (noun) vs. Arrange Rule: 'As long as' indicates a Use 'that' instead
(verb) condition Rule: 'Lie' (to recline) vs. 'Lay'
Offshore vs. Onshore Structure: As long as (to place)

[Link]
Word Pairs with Similar [condition], [consequence] Present: lie, lay
Spellings/Meanings Rule: General statements are
Past: lay, laid
Quiet (silent) vs. Quite (to a typically in the present tense
Past Participle: lain, laid
great extent) Example: As long as there is
corruption in India, there can Rule: 'Beside' (location) vs.
Later (time) vs. Latter (second
be no progress 'Besides' (in addition to)
of two)
Example: Beside the tree
Sentence Structure and Errors Rule: 'Neither' requires 'nor'
(location), Besides English (in
Subject-Predicate Agreement Example: Neither...nor addition to)
Plural subjects require plural Rule: 'Either' requires 'or'
Exam Preparation Tips
verbs Example: Either...or Practice marathon sessions for
Singular subjects require Rule: 'In order to' is followed by exams like CHSL
singular verbs the base form of the verb Focus on recurring error types
Parallelism Example: in order to complete in exams
Elements in a series or Rule: 'To' as part of a phrasal Pay attention to phrasal verbs
comparison should be in the verb followed by a gerund and their correct usage
same grammatical form Examples: look forward to, with Understand the nuances of word
Article Errors a view to pairs with similar

Missing articles where Rule: 'Enough' after adjectives spellings/meanings

required (e.g., before and before nouns Regularly revise grammar

professions) Example: big enough, enough chapters through sentence

Incorrect article usage (a vs. water examples

an) Rule: 'Enough' takes the positive Join comprehensive batches that
degree of adjectives cover grammar, vocabulary, and
Unnecessary articles
practice
Example: big enough, not
Word Order Errors For new batches, catch up on
bigger enough
Adverb placement missed recorded lectures
Rule: 'By virtue of ' means
Adjective placement 'because of ' Grammar and Usage Errors
Pronoun Errors Prepositions with Certain Words

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
Called Ask after (inquire about well- Discipline, integrity, and
being) morality
Does not take 'a'
Ask for (demand) If considered as separate
Known entities, take plural verb (are)
For
Can take 'a' (known as) Many
Used for duration with perfect
Appointed continuous tenses (for 5 years) Plural subject, takes plural
Does not take 'a' verb (Many... have)
Since
Elected Used for point in time (since 5 Verb Forms and Tenses
years ago) Causative Verbs (Make, Let,
Does not take 'a'
Appoint, Elect)
Satisfied Beyond
Take bare infinitive (without
Takes 'with', not 'by' (satisfied Used for scope or limit (beyond
'to') (made him type)
with the attitude) recognition)
Remember
Dedicated Comparatives and Superlatives
Remember + to + infinitive:
Takes 'to' (dedicated to) Eldest remember an action to be done
Died Used for more than two Remember + gerund:
people/things remember an action already
Takes 'of ' for diseases (died of
illness) Elder done

Used for two people/things Remember + to have + past

Used to
participle: for completed
If adjective, followed by Higher
actions in the past
gerund (getting used to Used with 'the' for comparative
driving) Hurt

[Link]
clause (The higher you go, the
cooler it is) Irregular verb: hurt, hurt, hurt
Need (as modal verb)
(no 'hurted')
Followed by base verb (need Cooler
tell) Found
Used with 'the' for comparative
clause (The higher you go, the Past tense of find (found a
Arrive
cooler it is) ladder)
Takes 'at' for places (arrive at
the station) Founded
Subject-Verb Agreement
Past tense of found (establish)
SIT This
(founded an empire)
Takes 'at' for desks (sit at the Singular subject, takes
desk) Has/Have/Had (Auxiliary)
singular verb (This is...)
Followed by past participle
Prevent Books
(have mended)
Takes 'from' (prevent from Plural subject, takes plural
Has/Have/Had (Main Verb -
going) verb (Books... have)
Possession)
Instruct One of the books Indicates possession (I have a
Takes 'to' for instructions Takes singular verb (This is car)
(listen carefully to only one of the books that
Past Perfect Tense
instructions) has...)
Used for action completed
Found Neither...nor before another past action (If I
For finding an object, use Verb agrees with the noun had seen...)
'found' closest to it (proximity rule)
Simple Past Tense
Teach (editor was...)
Used for a completed action in
Takes 'to' for instructions A pack of wolves the past (He got sick)
(teach to do) Singular collective noun, takes Present Perfect Continuous
Ascertain singular verb (A pack... was) Tense
Takes 'to' for instructions Each student Used for actions that started in
(ascertain to do) Singular subject, takes the past and continue to the
Ask singular verb (Each student... present (have been living)
listen) Conditional Sentences

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 Type 2 (Hypothetical present): Frail In declarative sentences with
If + simple past, would + base 'how', inversion is not
Weak and delicate
verb required unless after certain
Type 3 (Hypothetical past): If + Fragile adverbs (How you will...)
past perfect, would have + past Easily broken No sooner
participle
Method Requires inversion (verb
Infinitive before subject)
The way something is done
Used to indicate purpose
Adopted Phrasal Verbs
(encouraged reading)
Past participle, used to describe Fall through
Word Usage and Choice a method that has been adopted Meaning: to become
Fastly Adopting unsuccessful, to fail

Not a word, use 'fast' Gerund or present participle, Fall behind

Brevely actively taking up a method Meaning: to move slower than

Appreciation others, to fail to keep up
Adverb of manner, modifies
verbs (fought bravely) Recognition and enjoyment of Fall down

Brave the good qualities of someone Meaning: to drop to the ground

or something
Adjective, modifies nouns Fall along
Pronoun Agreement
Fewer Meaning: not a standard
Whose phrasal verb, possibly a typo or
Used for countable nouns
Possessive pronoun, refers to misuse
Less the antecedent (situation for
Take after

[Link]
Used for uncountable nouns 'its')
Meaning: to resemble someone
Little It
Look after
Indicates a small amount Singular pronoun, refers to a
Meaning: to take care of
(uncountable) singular antecedent (situation)
someone or something
Few Conjunctions and Sentence
Ask after
Indicates a small number Structure
Meaning: to inquire about
(countable) No sooner...than someone's well-being
Sittings Requires inversion (verb
Ask for
Refers to sessions or periods of before subject)
Meaning: to demand or request
sitting Followed by 'than' something
Surroundings Hardly/Scarcely...when Fall through
Refers to the area around a Requires inversion (verb Meaning: to fail or become
place before subject) unsuccessful
Pensive Followed by 'when' Articles
Adjective, describes a state of
And A
thought
Connects elements of the same Used before singular,
Pensively grammatical type and tense countable nouns starting with
Adverb, describes how an
When a consonant sound
action is done thoughtfully
Can introduce a subordinate An
Unprecedented clause indicating time Used before singular,
Never done or known before If countable nouns starting with
Unfortunatley a vowel sound
Introduces a conditional clause
Adverb, expresses regret or Parallelism
Word Order and Inversion
bad luck Conjoined elements should be in
How
Unlucky the same grammatical form
Does not always indicate a
Adjective, experiencing bad
question (How will you keep...)
luck

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 Example: 'wrote an account' 'When' for longer durations,
Subject-Verb Agreement
and 'appreciated' (both past 'while' for shorter or during
Plural subjects require plural
tense verbs) Conjunctions
verbs (no 's')
Determinants Singular subjects require Connect similar grammatical
This singular verbs (with 's') structures (adjective-adjective,

Be aware of distant verbs from adverb-adverb)

Singular demonstrative
determinant, used for singular subjects Tenses
nouns (this situation) Determining singular/plural 'Since' links past to present
These with 'There'
'Since' followed by simple past
Plural demonstrative Check the noun following
Past perfect for actions
determinant, used for plural 'There'
completed before another past
nouns (these words) Singular after 'a' (e.g., 'Many
action
a')
Idiomatic Expressions
Articles
Prevention is better than cure Verb Forms
'An' used before vowel sounds
Meaning: It is better to prevent Past participle used as
'A' used before consonant
adjective (e.g., 'added')
a problem than to fix it after it sounds
has happened 'be' verb + verb-ing (active
voice) Word Usage
Exam Oriented Content
'be' verb + verb-3 (passive 'Bed and breakfast' can refer
Exam Preparation Tips voice) to a place with lodging and
'to' followed by base verb breakfast
Understanding Exam Patterns
(infinitive) 'Abounded in' and 'abounded
Focus on new fashion

[Link]
'to' followed by verb-ing with' have specific uses
questions in the market
(gerund) 'Cobbler' can refer to a dish
Pattern changes, not syllabus
changes Past tense for past events 'Ill nature' is a noun phrase
Familiarize with trending Nouns 'Grateful' vs 'greater'
question types Some items are considered
Specific Error Examples and
Elimination Strategy singular (e.g., 'cutlery',
Corrections
Eliminate incorrect options to 'crockery')
Sentence 1: "The bed and
find the correct one Gerunds as nouns
breakfast at the end of the town
Focus on identifying what is
Adjectives and Adverbs was known."
wrong
Adjectives modify nouns Correction: Implies a place for
Time Management lodging and breakfast
Adverbs modify verbs or
Quickly solve questions adjectives Sentence 2: "She had a habit;
Don't panic with longer Adverb needed to describe a here, 'was' should have been
sentences verb used."

Building Confidence Pronouns Correction: Implies past tense

Face your fears 'Its' (possessive adjective) Sentence 3: "The added benefit
requires a following noun is correct, 'added' acts as a past
Understand the value of each
participle."
question (e.g., three marks for Prepositions Sentence 4: "Me any I will not
one question)
Prepositions require a noun or attend the function."
Practice Resources noun phrase after them
Correction: 'You and I are not
Attend classes for error 'Accociated with' is correct, not supposed to attend the
practice 'associated from' function'
Utilize Telegram for free
'Resulted in' is correct Rule: Pronoun order (You
classes and updates
'Based on' is correct before I)
Refer to playlists for previous
'Because of ' used for noun Sentence 5: "Cutlery and
papers
phrases crockery are singular."
Grammar Concepts and Rules
'Between' used for two items

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
Sentence 6: "He stood this Correction: 'It has been' Sentence 24: "Think of the mock
fascinating document until he (present perfect) is linked to as."
thoroughly understood them." simple past after 'since'. Correction: 'Think of the mock
Correction: 'He stood this Sentence 15: "3 weeks with as one.'
fascinating document until he four." Reason: 'One' followed by a
thoroughly understood it' Implied context: 'Why not use singular noun.
Reason: 'Document' is singular, 'four' with '3 weeks'?' Sentence 25: "Australian vowel
so 'them' should be 'it' Sentence 16: "The main reason sound requires 'an'."
Reason: Sentence is in past through the growth of caste Correction: 'An Australian'.
tense, 'stood' is correct. system."
Sentence 26: "To be B.E."
Sentence 7: "He acts as if he Correction: 'The main reason
Correction: 'To be' followed by
were." behind the growth of caste
'ing' or 'verb-3'.
Implied correction: Irregular system.'
verb usage Reason: 'Behind' is the Sentence 27: "Associated from."
Sentence 8: "Highway to be appropriate preposition here. Correction: 'Associated with.'
shutting." Sentence 17: "Growing vs. Sentence 28: "Great before
Correction: 'Highway to be Grow." 'than'."
shut' Correction: 'Growth' (noun) is Correction: 'Greater'
Reason: Passive voice required more appropriate than (comparative degree) before
'growing' (gerund) when 'than'.
Sentence 9: "He stuffed turkey
simply stating the growth of Sentence 29: "Because vs.
the stuffed turkey burn beyond
the caste system. Because of."
recognition."
Correction: 'The stuffed turkey Sentence 18: "This resulted at." 'Because' is a conjunction

[Link]
burned beyond recognition.' Correction: 'This resulted in.' (followed by subject + verb).

Reason: 'Burned' is past tense Sentence 19: "Which ultimately 'Because of ' is a prepositional
for the action. effects." phrase (followed by noun
Sentence 10: "The peach phrase).
Correction: Needs a verb form,
cobblers made by." (incomplete e.g., 'affects'. Sentence 30: "The gap... have
sentence) widened."
'Effect' is a noun, 'affect' is a
Implied correction: Needs a verb. Correction: 'The gap... has
subject and verb completion widened.'
Sentence 20: "A dog."
Sentence 11: "There is 30 Reason: 'Gap' is the singular
Correction: 'A dog' with a
delicate representatives." subject.
singular verb vs. 'dogs' with a
Correction: 'There are 30 Sentence 31: "That boy
plural verb.
delicate representatives' possesses."
Sentence 21: "Picture is plural,
Reason: '30 representatives' is Correction: 'That boy
but the verb used is singular
plural possesses.'
(was)."
Sentence 12: "Present tense Reason: 'Boy' is singular,
Correction: If referring to one
used for a past event (last requires 'possesses'.
picture, use 'was'. If multiple,
summer)." Sentence 32: "They had been lost
use 'were'.
their senses."
Correction: Use past tense Sentence 22: "The circulating
Correction: 'They had lost their
Sentence 13: "Which is correct: dog's picture was circulated."
senses.'
'it's' or 'its' in context." Correction: Passive voice
Reason: Past perfect active
Correction: Use 'its' when a needed for 'circulated'.
voice.
possessive adjective is needed Implied: 'The picture of the lost
before a noun. Sentence 33: "I and you are not
dog was circulated.'
supposed."
Correction: Use 'it's' for 'it is' Sentence 23: "Rapid and
or 'it has'. Correction: 'You and I are not
creatively."
supposed.'
Sentence 14: "It has been... since Correction: 'Rapidly and
last summer." Reason: Pronoun order (You
creatively.'
before I).
Reason: Adverbs needed to
modify a verb ('think').

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 Sentence 34: "Will have to learn 'between' used for Past Perfect Tense
ha of life or let learn." cooperation/unity
Used for an action completed
Correction: 'Everyone will 'of ' after 'despise' before another past action.
have to learn the realities of
Error: 'despite of ' Conditional Sentences
life, sooner or later.'
Correction: 'despite' or 'in Type 1 (Real condition): If +
Meaning: Learn from
spite of ' Simple Present, Future
experience.
'to' used with 'fall' Simple.
Sentence 35: "My friend become
terribly upset." Type 2 (Unreal condition): If +
Example: 'failed to pay'
Simple Past, Conditional
Correction: 'My friend became 'from' used with 'suffering' Simple (would + V1).
terribly upset.'
Error: 'suffering for' Type 3 (Past unreal
Reason: Past tense for a past
Correction: 'suffering from' condition): If + Past Perfect,
event.
Conditional Perfect (would
Sentence 36: "USA is aiming at 'to' used with 'access'
have + V3).
double its bilateral trade." Example: 'access to the
Mixed conditionals
Correction: 'USA is aiming at premises'
doubling its bilateral trade.' 'of ' after 'complain' Passive Voice
Reason: 'Aiming at' is followed Formed with 'be' + past
Usage: 'complain of ' or
by a gerund (verb-ing). participle.
'complain about'
Sentence 37: "Growing Example: 'I would be
'of ' after 'chance'
cooperation between India and attacked' (Passive of 'I would
Example: 'chances of
UK has been manifested in all attack')
recovering'
walks of life." Gerunds and Infinitives

[Link]
'with' used to surround
Meaning: 'Manifested' means Gerunds (-ing form of verb)
oneself
shown or displayed.
as subjects.
Example: 'surround
Examples: History, Polity, Example: 'Biting presents...
ourselves with'
Culture, Language. is a difficult task'
Exam Preparation Content Subject-Verb Agreement
'to' + infinitive
Agreement with singular
Grammar and Error Detection subjects Example: 'to move', 'to pay'

Articles and Determiners Example: 'The price... is Modal Verbs

Use of 'a' with 'many a' increasing' Modal + V1 (base form of

When 'many a' is used, the Example: 'cooperation... has verb).

noun and verb are singular. been manifested' Example: 'would cook'
Example: 'Many a man has Agreement with plural subjects Modal + be + V3 (passive).
been...', 'Many an hour has Example: 'Many men are...' Example: 'would be
passed...'
Example: 'Many students attacked'
Use of 'a' before singular were...' Transitive Verbs
nouns
Agreement after correlative Require a direct object; do not
Example: 'a man', 'an hour' conjunctions take prepositions like 'for' or
Prepositions Verb agrees with the noun 'to' immediately after.
Prepositional phrases and their closer to it (e.g., not/only... but
Example: 'offer guests'
effect on verb agreement also, either... or, neither... nor).
Nouns and Pronouns
The verb agrees with the Identifying the true subject
subject, not the object of the Subject can be far from the Plural Nouns

preposition. verb, separated by Nouns following 'many',

Example: 'The price of edible prepositional phrases. 'few', 'a few', 'the few' are
items... is increasing' (Subject usually plural.
Verb Tense and Form
is 'price') Example: 'many men', 'a
Simple Past Tense few students', 'the few
Specific preposition usage Used with time expressions books'
like 'last Sunday'. 'premises' is plural.

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 Pronoun Agreement Meaning: In every aspect or 'society' (noun).
Pronouns must agree in area of life.
'social' (adjective).
number and gender with 'it's high time'
'individual' (adjective/noun).
their antecedents. Used with the simple past
Example: 'The students... tense or 'to' + infinitive. 'development' (noun).
they' 'improvement' (noun).
'take advantage of '
Example: 'loved ones' 'hotel' (noun).
'fall to pay'
(plural antecedent requires
'lean to' 'guest' (noun).
plural pronoun/verb).
'lean on' 'breakfast' (noun).
Object Pronouns
Used as objects of verbs or 'be afraid to' 'stay' (noun/verb).
prepositions. 'wanted' (verb).
'restort to'
Example: 'Susma and me' 'whisper' (noun/verb).
Specific Word Usage
Adjectives and Adverbs 'UK', 'USA', 'US' - article 'the' is 'afraid' (adjective).
Comparative and Superlative used. 'dosing' (adjective).
Degrees
'furious' as an adjective. 'baby' (noun).
Comparative: 'less', 'warmer'
'irritated' as an adjective. Exam Strategy and Practice
Superlative: 'least'
'fearless' as an adjective.
Placement of Adverbs
Importance of Practice
'feeble' as an adjective. Error detection improves with
Adverbs modify verbs,
'feeble' as an adjective. practice.
adjectives, or other adverbs.
Practice helps revise concepts

[Link]
Example: 'absolutely 'feeble' as an adjective.
without needing to reread
furious' (adverb modifying 'premises' (plural) - meaning
notes.
adjective) complex/area.
Mixed practice of errors is
'luckily' modifies the verb 'access' (noun) - meaning
crucial for improvement.
'survive' entry.
Time management during
Double Comparatives 'human capital' - often
exams.
Avoid using two comparatives singular in context.
Increase speed to solve more
together. 'make' (verb) - used to form
questions.
adjectives.
Error: 'much more warmer'
Example: 'make it an ideal... Types of Practice Sessions
Correction: 'much warmer' base' Marathon sessions for
Conjunctions and Connectors 'bribe' (verb) vs 'bribery' previous papers.
Correlative Conjunctions (noun). Topic-specific error practice

Pairs like 'not only... but also', 'nepotism' (noun). (e.g., tenses, prepositions).

'either... or', 'neither... nor', 'spirit' (noun) vs 'spirited' Vocabulary practice (A-Z
'so... that', 'such... that'. (adjective). vocabulary batch).

Relative Pronouns 'least' (superlative adjective). Grammar batch.

'that' requires a preceding Phrasal verb practice.
'less' (comparative adjective).
noun or pronoun as
'work out' (phrasal verb). Cloze test practice.
antecedent.
P.Q.R.S. (Sentence
'what' used when there is no 'survive' (verb).
rearrangement) practice.
preceding antecedent. 'progress' (noun/verb).
Exam Level and Difficulty
Coordinating Conjunctions 'commitments' (noun). Questions are often based on
'and' connects similar
'recover' (verb). previous papers.
grammatical structures (e.g.,
'chances' (plural noun). Sentences can be lengthy;
object to object).
practice with longer sentences.
'careful' (adjective) vs 'caring'
Idioms and Phrases (adjective). Some exam sets may contain
'in all walks of life' 'No Error' questions.
'loved ones' (noun phrase).

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 Teacher's Role and Motivation Let Jentry
Is a verb with the same form Is a plural noun
Providing extensive practice.
for past tense (V2) and past
Explaining concepts in detail. Should not have an 's' added
participle (V3): let, let, let
Motivating students through Requires a plural verb
Followed by an object
engagement and
Article 'a'/'an'
encouragement. Will be + verb (-ing)
Used before singular countable
Asking for likes and Indicates an action in progress
nouns
participation. at a specific time in the future
Can also precede a noun
Expressing disappointment Will be + verb (V3) modified by an adjective
with incorrect answers to Indicates a future passive
Article 'the'
encourage better performance. action
Used before specific or unique
Grammar and Language Usage Past Perfect (had + V3)
nouns
Rules Used for an action completed Not used with general terms
before another past action
Conjunctions and Prepositions for sports or activities
Simple Past (V2) Part of Speech and Article Usage
Lest
Used for completed actions in An article (like 'the') is
Requires 'should' as the modal
the past
verb typically followed by a noun or
Present Perfect (have/has + V3) an adjective modifying a noun
When it comes to
Used for actions that started in
Followed by a gerund (verb + - Adjectives and Adverbs
the past and continue to the
ing) Adverbial Phrases
present, or have a present
Indicates discussion of a

[Link]
result On foot (meaning walking)
specific topic or activity
Active vs. Passive Voice Not 'by foot'
PrḣḲḙ
Sentences that describe actions Comparative and Superlative
Always followed by 'to' done to the subject should be in Degrees
Not followed by 'on' passive voice Cannot use 'more' with a
For (preposition) Example: Sentences should comparative adjective (e.g.,

Used before a noun or gerund not be written (passive) 'more better' is incorrect)
instead of Sentences should 'Worse' is the comparative of
to indicate purpose or benefit
not write (active) 'bad', 'worst' is the superlative
From
Verb 'Enter' Adverbs modifying adjectives
Used with 'to' to indicate a
range or duration Can be used as a gerund or Adverbs like 'enough'
part of an infinitive phrase modifying adjectives usually
Between
Does not require a preposition come after the adjective
Used with 'and' to indicate a
like 'in' or 'to' when used as a
range or relationship between Example: clever enough
verb of motion
two entities Adverbs modifying verbs
Raise vs. Rise
In Words like 'fast' can function
Raise (transitive): to lift or as both adjectives and adverbs
Not used with specific days of
move something to a higher
the week when 'every', 'each', 'Fastly' is not a recognized
position; requires an object
'next', or 'last' is present English word
Rise (intransitive): to move
On Adjective vs. Noun Modifiers
upward; does not take an object
Used with specific days of the When a noun follows an
Verb 'Find'
week adjective that indicates
Past tense and past participle is quantity or degree (e.g., 'so'),
Verb Forms and Tenses 'found' an article might be needed if
Come Verb 'Lead' the noun is singular and
When followed by 'to' + verb Past tense and past participle is countable
(V1), it can mean 'to do 'led' Pronouns
something' or 'to arrive'
Nouns and Articles Possessive Pronoun for 'One'

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 Is 'one's' Exam Preparation Strategy Model verbs (e.g., 'can', 'will')
are followed by the base form
Specific Exam Batches and
Vocabulary and Word Usage of the verb (V1)
Offers
'In', 'On', 'At' with time/place 'Can' followed by 'been'
Mains Batch (third form of verb) is
Keep an eye on (idiom)
Starts August 7th on incorrect
Not 'keep an eye in' Unacademy Avoid using 'back' with
'Fine' for monetary penalty Focus on aggressive practice 'return' (superfluous)
Requires 'amount' or 'how Includes Passages, Cloze Avoid using 'swing' for past
much', not 'how many' Tests, and Puzzles (PGRS) tense of 'swing'
Dress a wound Recommended for 3 months Avoid using 'into' when
Means to apply a bandage or jumping over something
30% Offer on Unacademy
dressing to a wound 'Begins' (V2) is the past tense
Applicable for the Mains
'Appraise' vs. 'Apprise' of 'begin'
batch
Avoid 'pay more for it' when
Appraise: to evaluate or assess For specific exams referring to pricing a product
Apprise: to inform or notify CP Common verbs like 'request'
Immune to Mains batch is highly do not take prepositions
Does not exist; should be beneficial directly before their object
'immune from' or 'immune to' MTS Avoid using 'then' after
in specific contexts related to 'prefer'; use 'to'
Maharashtra Recruitment
disease resistance 'Accused' is followed by 'of ',
Exam
not 'for'
Common Errors and Idioms

[Link]
General Study Tips
'Head better' is followed by the
Cannot be able to Focus on previous year
base form of the verb (V1), not
Redundant; use 'cannot' or 'be questions (PYQs)
infinitive
able to' separately Practice grammar and
'Look into' means to
Can/Could + Able vocabulary extensively
investigate, not 'look within'
Redundant, as 'can' and 'could' For recognition, dedication and
sincerity are key Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs
already imply ability
'For the sake of ' means 'for the
More + Comparative Adjective E-book for Sale
reason of '
Contains Grammar, Vocabulary,
Redundant (e.g., 'more better' 'Look forward to' is a
is incorrect) Comprehension, Cloze Tests,
prepositional phrase, followed
Parajumbles, Idioms
Fastly by a noun or gerund (-ing
Price: ₹175 form)
Not a valid English word; use
'fast' as an adverb Validity: 5 years 'Depend on', not 'depend to'
By foot English Grammar Rules and 'Launch of ' is used for new
Incorrect; the correct idiom is Errors products, not 'launch to'
'on foot' 'In spite of ' and 'despite' are
Subject-Verb Agreement
prepositions, not conjunctions
The + General Activity/Sport The main subject of a sentence
determines verb agreement, Use conjunctions like
Generally not used for sports
'although' or 'though' when a
or common activities in a not the object of a preposition
clause follows
general sense Sentences joined by 'as well as'
agree with the first subject 'Prevent from', 'protect from',
'So' vs. 'Such'
'stop from', 'debar from' are
'So' is an adverb, often 'The number of ' takes a plural
followed by gerund (-ing form)
followed by an adjective or noun and a singular verb
'Ask someone' does not take
another adverb Verb Usage 'from' before the object
'Such' is an adjective, used 'Dispose' means to throw away
'Refer to', not 'refer about'
before a noun or noun phrase or sell

Exam and Preparation Related Articles (a, an, the)

Content

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]
 'The inflow' is the subject, not Sentences with a subject and Unacademy Offerings
'funds' verb form a clause; use
30% Discount
'The number of visitors' is conjunctions, not prepositions,
correct for a fair to connect clauses On Unacademy platform

'The few things' implies a The number of visitors at the Mains Batch
small but specific quantity, fair was more than expected
Available for 3 months
while 'few things' implies The team was searching for
almost none reasons for their poor
Use 'a' with countable nouns, performance (treating 'team'
'little' with uncountable nouns as a singular unit)
'Little time' is correct as time The common wealth games
is uncountable opening ceremony had
'Few knowledge' is incorrect spectacular cultural
as knowledge is uncountable performances

Use 'the' before countable My grandmother used to make

nouns when the context is such lovely pickles when she
specific (e.g., 'the simplest was in Visakhapatnam
way') You had better not try to feed
the animals in the zoo
Adverbs and Adjectives
Deterioration of unauthorized
'Too much' is followed by a
apartment complexes is
noun; 'much too' is followed by
becoming a lesson for land
an adjective
encroachers
Use adverbs to modify verbs

[Link]
A Delhi-bound aircraft had to
(e.g., 'rowed thoroughly')
make an emergency landing
Conjunctions The neighborhood was getting
'Not only... but also' is the disturbed
correct correlative conjunction
Vocabulary and Idioms
Use 'if ' or 'only if ' for
Idioms and Phrases
conditional statements, not 'but
if ' For the sake of
'Although' or 'though' are used Look forward to
for contrast, not 'in spite of '
For the reason of
with a clause
'No sooner... than' is used for Specific Word Meanings
immediate sequence of events Dispose: to throw away or sell
Voice (Active/Passive) Inflow: the entry of funds
Leaves falling from trees is an Aggressive practice: intense
active process and frequent practice
Tenses Superfluous: unnecessary
'Had fallen ill' or 'was taken
Make out: to understand
ill' for past illness
Deduplication: removing
Past perfect tense ('had') for
redundancy
an event prior to another past
event Event and Schedule Information

Delhi Meetup 2.0

Miscellaneous Errors
Avoid repeating a subject after Date: August 5th

a preposition (e.g., 'funds' after Includes felicitation of past

'in') year students
Avoid repeating words with Mains Batch Start Date
similar meaning (superfluous)
August 7th
'Return back' is redundant

This is a class notes pdf. It may contains class info. [Not for sale]