1. A star circuit and its equivalent delta are shown.

The resistance between terminals a and b in the star circuit with c open is 10 Ω.
The resistance between terminals a and b with c open in the delta circuit in ohms is
(A) 5√3
5
(B)
√3
(C) 10
10
(D) 3

Ans: (C)
Given, in the star (Y) circuit: Thus,
• All three resistors are equal to R. 𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅𝑏𝑐 = 𝑅𝑐𝑎 = 15𝛺
• With terminal c open, the resistance With terminal c open, the resistance between a
between a and b is and b is:
𝑅𝑎𝑏(star) = 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 2𝑅 • Direct branch: 15𝛺
Given, • Alternate path through c:
2𝑅 = 10𝛺 15 + 15 = 30𝛺
𝑅 = 5𝛺 Hence,
For an equivalent delta (Δ) circuit with equal star 15 × 30 450
𝑅𝑎𝑏(delta) = 15 ∥ 30 = = = 10𝛺
resistors, 15 + 30 45
𝑅𝛥 = 3𝑅 = 3 × 5 = 15𝛺 Therefore, the required resistance is 10.

2. An e.m.f. of 1.5 kV is induced in a coil when a current of 4 A collapses uniformly to zero in 8

ms. The inductance of the coil is
(A) 3 H
(B) 2 mH
(C) 1/3 H
(D) 5 H

Ans: (A)
Given, Substituting the given values,
• Induced e.m.f., 𝑒 = 1.5 kV = 1500 V 4
1500 = 𝐿 ×
• Initial current, 𝐼 = 4 A 8 × 10−3
• Final current, 0 A 1500 = 𝐿 × 500
1500
• Time, 𝑡 = 8 ms = 8 × 10−3 s 𝐿= =3H
Using the formula for induced e.m.f., 500
𝛥𝐼 Therefore, the inductance of the coil is 3 H.
𝑒=𝐿
𝛥𝑡
3. The maximum power that can be transferred to the load 𝑅𝐿 (in watts) in the circuit shown is
(A) 50
(B) 100
(C) 200
(D) 40

Ans: (A)
Using Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ Step 3: Maximum Power
Step 1: Find Thevenin Resistance 2
𝑉𝑡ℎ
Deactivate the current source (replace it with an open 𝑃max =
4𝑅𝑡ℎ
circuit). Substituting the values,
The only resistance seen from terminals 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 𝑅𝑡ℎ = 8𝛺 402
Step 2: Find Thevenin Voltage 𝑃max =
4×8
Open-circuit the load 𝑅𝐿 . 1600
= 32 = 50 W
The 5 A current flows entirely through the 8𝛺 resistor.
Therefore, the maximum power
Therefore, 𝑉𝑡ℎ = 𝐼𝑅
transferred to the load is 50 W.
𝑉𝑡ℎ = 5 × 8 = 40 V

4. In the circuit shown, the frequency of the sinusoidal source is about

(A) 100 Hz
(B) 25 Hz
(C) 50 Hz
(D) 16 Hz

Ans: (D)
Given, Given,
• Source voltage, 𝑉 = 100∠30∘ V 𝐿 = 0.1 H, 𝑋𝐶 = 10𝛺
• Current, 𝐼 = 10∠30∘ A At resonance,
Hence, the impedance is 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 10
𝑉 100∠30∘ 2𝜋𝑓(0.1) = 10
𝑍= = = 10∠0∘ 𝛺 10
𝐼 10∠30∘ 𝑓=
Since the impedance angle is 0°, the circuit is at 2𝜋 × 0.1
resonance. 𝑓 ≈ 15.9 Hz
Therefore, 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 𝑓 ≈ 16 Hz
Therefore, the frequency of the source is 16 Hz.

5. The graph shown in the figure represents. (R, L and C have constant values)
(A) Impedance Vs frequency in an RLC series circuit
(B) |𝑋𝐶 | Vs frequency
(C) |𝑋𝐿 | Vs frequency
(D) Current Vs frequency in an RLC series circuit

Ans: (B)
For a capacitor,
1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
Since 𝐶 is constant,
• As the frequency (𝑓) increases, the capacitive reactance |𝑋𝐶 | decreases.
• At very low frequencies, |𝑋𝐶 | is very high.
• At very high frequencies, |𝑋𝐶 | approaches zero.
The given graph shows a decreasing curve that starts with a high value and gradually approaches zero as
the frequency increases. This characteristic matches the variation of capacitive reactance with
frequency.
Therefore, the graph represents |𝑋𝐶 | Vs frequency.

6. Which of the following two-port parameters is dimensionally different from the other three?
(A) 𝑧11
(B) ℎ11
(C) Transmission parameter 𝐵
(D) ℎ22

Ans: (D)
The dimensions of the given two-port parameters are:
• 𝑧11 = Input impedance = Ohms (Ω)
• ℎ11 = Input impedance = Ohms (Ω)
• Transmission parameter 𝐵 = Ohms (Ω)
• ℎ22 = Output admittance = Siemens (S) or mho (𝛺−1 )
Thus, 𝑧11 , ℎ11 , and transmission parameter 𝐵 have the unit Ohm (Ω), whereas ℎ22 has the unit Siemens
(S).
Therefore, ℎ22 is dimensionally different from the other three.

7. In the circuit shown in figure the switch is on position 1 long enough to establish steady state
and switched to position 2 at 𝑡 = 0. The current 𝐼 for 𝑡 ≥ 0 is
(A) 0
(B) 5𝑒 −0.02𝑡
(C) 5𝑒 −50𝑡
(D) √100.04 𝑒 −50𝑡

Ans: (C)
Initially, the switch is at position 1 for a long time, so the circuit reaches steady state.
At steady state, the inductor acts as a short circuit.
Hence, the initial current is
𝑉 50
𝐼0 = = =5A
𝑅 10
At 𝑡 = 0, the switch is moved to position 2, disconnecting the source. The resistor and inductor form a
closed loop, and the current decays exponentially.
The current in an RL circuit is
𝑅
𝐼(𝑡) = 𝐼0 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡
Substituting the given values,
10
𝐼(𝑡) = 5𝑒 −0.2𝑡
𝐼(𝑡) = 5𝑒 −50𝑡
Therefore, the current for 𝑡 ≥ 0 is 5𝑒 −50𝑡 .

8. Refer to the circuit shown in figure.

If 𝑉(𝑠) and 𝐼(𝑠) are the Laplace transforms of 𝑣(𝑡) and 𝑖(𝑡), then
𝐼(𝑠)
=
𝑉(𝑠)
𝑠
(A) 𝑠2 +𝑠+1
𝑠+1
(B) 𝑠
𝑠
(C)
𝑠+1
𝑠2 +𝑠+1
(D) 𝑠

Ans: (A)
For the given series RLC circuit, Taking the LCM,
• Inductor, 𝐿 = 1 H 𝑠2 + 𝑠 + 1
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑠𝐿 = 𝑠 𝑍(𝑠) =
𝑠
• Resistor, 𝑅 = 1 𝛺 Hence,
𝑍𝑅 = 1 𝐼(𝑠) 1
=
• Capacitor, 𝐶 = 1 F 𝑉(𝑠) 𝑍(𝑠)
1 1 𝑠
𝑍𝐶 = = = 2
𝑠𝐶 𝑠 𝑠 +𝑠+1
The total impedance is Therefore,
𝑍(𝑠) = 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝐶 𝐼(𝑠) 𝑠
= 2
1 𝑉(𝑠) 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 1
=𝑠+1+ Hence, the correct answer is Option (A)
𝑠

9. A balanced delta connected load draws 20 kW at a power factor of 0.8 leading. If the line
voltage is 800 V rms, the magnitude of rms value of line current will be
(A) 18.04 A
(B) 25 A
(C) 14.43 A
(D) 13.25 A
Ans: (A)
Given, Substituting the given values,
• Power, 20000 = √3 × 800 × 𝐼𝐿 × 0.8
𝑃 = 20 kW = 20000 W 20000
𝐼𝐿 =
• Line voltage, √3 × 800 × 0.8
𝑉𝐿 = 800 V 20000
• Power factor, =
1108.5
cos𝜙 = 0.8 𝐼𝐿 ≈ 18.04 A
For a balanced three-phase circuit, Therefore, the magnitude of the rms value of
𝑃 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos𝜙 the line current is 18.04 A.

10. The average power delivered to an impedance (4 − 𝑗3) 𝛺 by a current 𝑖(𝑡) = 5cos(100𝜋𝑡 +
100∘ ) A is
(A) 50 W
(B) 62.5 W
(C) 125 W
(D) 44.2 W

Ans: (A)
Given, The average power is
• Impedance, 2
𝑃 = 𝐼rms 𝑅
𝑍 = 4 − 𝑗3 𝛺 Substituting the values,
Hence, 5 2
𝑅=4𝛺 𝑃 =( ) ×4
√2
• Current, 25
= 2 × 4 = 50 W
𝑖(𝑡) = 5cos(100𝜋𝑡 + 100∘ ) A
The rms value of current is Therefore, the average power delivered
5 is 50 W.
𝐼rms = A
√2

11. The time constant for the given circuit will be

1
(A) 4 s
(B) 4 s
(C) 9 s
1
(D) 9 s
Ans: (B)
To find the time constant, 𝐶1 = 1 + 1 = 2 F
1. Deactivate the independent source. This 2 F capacitor is in series with the 1 F
o The 3 A current source is capacitor.
replaced by an open circuit. 2×1 2
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = = F
2. Find the equivalent resistance seen by 2+1 3
the capacitor. 4. Time constant
The two 3 𝛺 resistors are in series. 𝜏 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝐶𝑒𝑞
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 3 + 3 = 6 𝛺 2
𝜏 =6× =4s
3. Find the equivalent capacitance. 3
The two left-side capacitors are in parallel: Therefore, the time constant is 4 s.

12. The circuit shown in the figure is in steady state. When the switch is closed at 𝑡 = 0, assuming
that the inductance is ideal, the current through the inductor at 𝑡 = 0+ is equal to

(A) 0.5 A
(B) 1 A
(C) 2 A
(D) 0 A

Ans: (B)
Before the switch is closed (𝑡 = 0− ), the circuit is in steady state.
At steady state, an ideal inductor behaves as a short circuit.
Hence, the current through the inductor is
𝑉
𝐼(0− ) =
𝑅
Substituting the given values,
10
𝐼(0− ) = =1A
10
The current through an ideal inductor cannot change instantaneously.
Therefore, 𝐼(0+ ) = 𝐼(0− ) = 1 A
Hence, the current through the inductor at 𝑡 = 0+ is 1 A.

13. If each branch of a delta circuit has impedance of √3𝑍, then each branch of equivalent star
circuit has an impedance
(A) 3𝑍
(B) 3√3𝑍
𝑍
(C) 3
𝑍
(D)
√3
Ans: (D)
For a balanced Delta-to-Star (Δ-Y) Since,
transformation, √3 1
𝑍𝛥 =
𝑍𝑌 = 3 √3
3 Therefore,
Given, 𝑍
𝑍𝛥 = √3𝑍 𝑍𝑌 =
√3
Substituting, Therefore, each branch of the equivalent star
√3𝑍 𝑍
circuit has an impedance 3.
𝑍𝑌 = √
3

4 3
14. The Z matrix of a two-port network is given by [𝑍] = [ ] The element 𝑌22 of the
3 6
corresponding Y matrix of the same network is given by
(A) 0.267
(B) –0.267
(C) 0.42
(D) 0.5

Ans: (A)
The Y matrix is the inverse of the Z matrix. Now,
[𝑌] = [𝑍]−1 1 6 −3
[𝑌] = [ ]
Given, 15 −3 4
Hence,
[𝑍] = [4 3]
3 6 4
First, find the determinant: 𝑌22 =
15
|𝑍| = (4 × 6) − (3 × 3) 𝑌22 = 0.267
= 24 − 9 = 15 Therefore, the value of 𝒀𝟐𝟐 is 0.267.

15. Assuming ideal elements in the circuit shown below, the voltage 𝑉𝑎𝑏 will be

(A) 0 V
(B) 3 V
(C) 5 V
(D) –3 V

Ans: (B)
The circuit is a single loop containing: The voltage drop across the resistor is
• A 1 A current source 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 = 1 × 2 = 2 V
• A 2 Ω resistor The voltage source provides
• A 5 V voltage source 5V
Since the current source forces the loop Applying KVL around the loop,
current, 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 5 − 2
𝐼 =1A 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 3 V
Therefore, the voltage 𝑉𝑎𝑏 is 3 V.

16. In the figure, the admittance values of the elements in Siemens are 𝑌𝑅 = 0.5 + 𝑗0, 𝑌𝐿 = 0 −
𝑗1.5, 𝑌𝐶 = 0 + 𝑗0.3 respectively. What is the value of 𝐼 as a phasor when the voltage 𝐸 across the
elements is 10∠0∘ V?

(A) 5 − 𝑗18
(B) 0.5 + 𝑗1.8
(C) 5 − 𝑗12
(D) 1.5 + 𝑗0.5

Ans: (C)
The total admittance is the sum of the individual admittances.
𝑌 = 𝑌𝑅 + 𝑌𝐿 + 𝑌𝐶
Substituting the given values,
𝑌 = (0.5 + 𝑗0) + (0 − 𝑗1.5) + (0 + 𝑗0.3)
𝑌 = 0.5 − 𝑗1.2 S
The source current is
𝐼 = 𝑌𝐸
Given,
𝐸 = 10∠0∘ V
Therefore,
𝐼 = (0.5 − 𝑗1.2) × 10
𝐼 = 5 − 𝑗12 A
Therefore, the value of the phasor current is 5 − 𝑗12 A.

17. The lowest and highest critical frequencies of RC driving point impedance respectively are
(A) a pole and a pole
(B) a zero and a zero
(C) a pole and a zero
(D) a zero and a pole

Ans: (D)
For an RC driving point impedance:
• The lowest critical frequency is always a zero.
• The highest critical frequency is always a pole.
This is a fundamental property of RC driving-point impedance functions, where the poles and zeros are
real, simple, and interlace on the negative real axis.
Therefore, the lowest critical frequency is a zero, and the highest critical frequency is a pole.

18. In the circuit given below, the value of 𝑹 required for the transfer of maximum power to the
load having a resistance of 3 Ω is

(A) 3 Ω
(B) 6 Ω
(C) 2 Ω
(D) Zero

Ans: (D)
For maximum power transfer to the 3 Ω load, 100 × 3 𝑅∥6 2
𝑅𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝐿 = 3𝛺 𝑃𝐿 = ( )
(𝑅 ∥ 6 + 3)2 𝑅 + 6
The Thevenin resistance seen by the load is the or, more directly,
parallel combination of 𝑅 and 6 Ω. 300𝑅 2
6𝑅 𝑃𝐿 =
𝑅𝑡ℎ = 𝑅 ∥ 6 = (𝑅 + 9)2 (𝑅 + 6)2
𝑅+6 This expression is maximum when
For maximum power transfer,
𝑅 = 0𝛺
6𝑅
=3 Thus, short-circuiting the upper branch
𝑅+6 bypasses the 6 Ω resistor, making the source
6𝑅 = 3(𝑅 + 6)
6𝑅 = 3𝑅 + 18 directly feed the 3 Ω load and yielding the
3𝑅 = 18 maximum load power.
𝑅 = 6𝛺 Therefore, the required value of 𝑅 is Zero.
However, the load power is

19. In the figure given below, the value of 𝑅 is

(A) 5.0 Ω
(B) 7.5 Ω
(C) 10.0 Ω
(D) 2.5 Ω

Ans: (B)
Given, Their equivalent resistance is
• Supply voltage, 10 × 10 100
𝑅𝑃 = = = 5𝛺
𝑉 = 100 V 10 + 10 20
• Total current, The total resistance is the series combination of
𝐼 =8A 𝑅 and 5𝛺.
The total circuit resistance is 𝑅 + 5 = 12.5
𝑉 100 𝑅 = 12.5 − 5
𝑅𝑇 = = = 12.5𝛺 𝑅 = 7.5𝛺
𝐼 8
The two 10 Ω resistors are connected in Therefore, the value of 𝑅 is 7.5 Ω.
parallel.

20. In the circuit of the figure, the magnitudes of 𝑽𝑳 and 𝑽𝑪 are twice that of 𝑽𝑹 . Given that 𝒇 =
𝟓𝟎 Hz, the inductance of the coil is

(A) 5.30 H
(B) 31.8 mH
(C) 1.32 H
(D) 2.14 mH

Ans: (B)
Given, 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝑅 = 2 × 5 = 10𝛺
• Resistance, Also,
𝑅 = 5𝛺 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
• Frequency, Substituting the given values,
𝑓 = 50 Hz 10 = 2𝜋(50)𝐿
• |𝑉𝐿 | = 2|𝑉𝑅 | 10
𝐿=
Since the circuit is series, 100𝜋
𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 𝐿 = 0.0318 H
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿 𝐿 = 31.8 mH
Given, Therefore, the inductance of the coil is 31.8 mH.
𝐼𝑋𝐿 = 2(𝐼𝑅)
21. In a series RLC circuit, 𝐿 = 15 mH, 𝐶 = 0.015 𝜇F, 𝑅 = 80𝛺 The impedance of the circuit at
the resonance frequency is
(A) (0.015 𝐹)𝜔 𝛺
(B) 80 𝛺
1
(C) (𝜔×0.015) 𝛺
(D) (15 mH)𝜔 𝛺

Ans: (B)
For a series RLC circuit, at resonance,
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
Hence, the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel each other.
Therefore, the impedance becomes purely resistive.
𝑍=𝑅
Given,
𝑅 = 80𝛺
Thus,
𝑍 = 80𝛺
Therefore, the impedance of the circuit at resonance is 80 Ω.

22. In a linear two-port network, when 10 V is applied to Port 1, a current of 4 A flows through
Port 2 when it is short-circuited. When 5 V is applied to Port 1, a current of 1.25 A flows through
a 1 Ω resistance connected across Port 2. When 3 V is applied to Port 1, the current through a 2 Ω
resistance connected across Port 2 is
(A) 0.34 A
(B) 0.44 A
(C) 0.54 A
(D) 0.64 A

Ans: (B)
Treat Port 2 as the Thevenin equivalent of the 5
𝑅𝑡ℎ = 𝛺
two-port network. 3
Step 1: Find the Thevenin voltage For 𝑉1 = 3 V,
When Port 2 is short-circuited, 5
𝑉𝑡ℎ = 𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝑅𝑡ℎ = 1.2 × =2V
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 4 A at 𝑉1 = 10 V 3
3 Step 2: Current through the 2𝛺 load
For 𝑉1 = 3 V, 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 4 × 10 = 1.2 A
𝑉𝑡ℎ
Similarly, for 𝑉1 = 5 V, 𝐼=
𝑅𝑡ℎ + 2
5 2 2 6
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 4 × =2A = = =
10 5 11 11
With a 1𝛺 load, 3+2 3
𝑉𝑡ℎ 𝐼 ≈ 0.545 A
𝐼= = 1.25 A
𝑅𝑡ℎ + 1 𝐼 ≈ 0.54 A
𝑉
Also, 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 𝑡ℎ = 2 A Among the given options, the closest value is
𝑅𝑡ℎ
0.54 A.
Hence, 𝑉𝑡ℎ = 2𝑅𝑡ℎ
Note: The calculation gives 0.54 A, which
Substituting,
2𝑅 corresponds to Option (C). If the official key
1.25 = 𝑅 𝑡ℎ+1
1.25 marks Option (B), it is likely a printing/key error.
𝑡ℎ
𝑅𝑡ℎ + 1.25 = 2𝑅𝑡ℎ
23. What will be the shape of current in the circuit?

(A) Sine wave

(B) Triangular wave
(C) Ramp
(D) Sinusoid superimposed on a ramp

Ans: (D)
The applied voltage is the sum of a DC source The first term,
and a sinusoidal source. 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑡,
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 + 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 𝐿
For an inductor, is a ramp due to the DC voltage.
𝑑𝑖 The second term,
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐿 𝑉𝑚
𝑑𝑡 − cos𝜔𝑡,
Therefore, 𝜔𝐿
𝑑𝑖 𝑉𝑑𝑐 + 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 is a sinusoidal component due to the AC source.
= Hence, the current consists of a sinusoidal
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
Integrating, waveform superimposed on a ramp.
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑚 Therefore, the correct answer is Option (D).
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑡− cos𝜔𝑡 + 𝐶
𝐿 𝜔𝐿

24. In steady state, what will be the capacitor (𝑪𝟐 ) voltage (if 𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝟐 ) in the circuit given
below?

(A) 𝑉/2
(B) 𝑉
(C) 0
(D) 𝑉/𝑅𝐶

Ans: (C)
In the given circuit, the resistor 𝑅 is connected in parallel with capacitor 𝐶2 .
At steady state (DC conditions):
• Capacitors behave as open circuits.
• The resistor provides a discharge path for 𝐶2 .
Hence, any charge accumulated on 𝐶2 eventually discharges through 𝑅.
Therefore, the voltage across 𝐶2 becomes
𝑉𝐶2 = 0 V
The remaining supply voltage appears across 𝐶1 .
Therefore, the capacitor 𝐶2 voltage in steady state is 0 V.

25. What will be the rise in the capacitor voltage per second?

(A) 1 V/s
(B) 0 V/s
(C) 2 V/s
(D) 106 V/s

Ans: (D)
Given, 𝑑𝑉 𝐼
=
• Current source, 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝐼 =2A Substituting the given values,
• Capacitor, 𝑑𝑉 2
=
𝐶 = 2 𝜇F = 2 × 10−6 F 𝑑𝑡 2 × 10−6
For a capacitor, = 106 V/s
𝑑𝑉 Therefore, the rise in the capacitor voltage per
𝐼=𝐶 second is 106 V/s.
𝑑𝑡
Hence,

26. What will be the average power drawn from the voltage source?

(A) 𝐼𝑅
(B) 0
𝑉𝑚2
(C) 𝑅
𝑉𝑚2𝐼
(D) 𝜋

Ans: (B)
The ideal current source forces a constant current 𝑰 through the circuit.
The voltage source is
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡
The instantaneous power supplied by the voltage source is
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡) 𝐼
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡
The average value of a sine wave over one complete cycle is zero.
Hence,
1 𝑇
𝑃avg = 𝐼 ( ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡) = 0
𝑇 0
Therefore, the average power drawn from the voltage source is 0.

27. If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 , what should be the voltage magnitude to have zero current through 𝑅3 ?
(A) 2.5 V
(B) 5 V
(C) –2.5 V
(D) –5 V

Ans: (B)
For zero current through 𝑅3 ,
𝐼𝑅3 = 0
Hence, the voltage across 𝑅3 must be zero.
This means the voltage at the junction of 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 must be equal to the bottom reference node.
Since 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 , the midpoint voltage is the average of the two source voltages.
Let the right-side source voltage be 𝑉.
Then,
5+𝑉
𝑉mid =
2
For zero current through 𝑅3 ,
𝑉mid = 5 V
Therefore,
5+𝑉
=5
2
5 + 𝑉 = 10
𝑉 =5V
Therefore, the required voltage is 5 V.

28. A series RL circuit is excited at 𝑡 = 0 by closing a switch as shown in the figure. Assuming
𝑑2 𝑖
zero initial conditions, the value of 𝑑𝑡 2 at 𝑡 = 0+ is
 𝑉
(A) 𝐿
𝑉
(B) − 𝑅
(C) 0
𝑅𝑉
(D) − 𝐿2

Ans: (D)
For the series RL circuit, 𝑑𝑖 𝑉
𝑑𝑖 =
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
𝑉 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 Therefore,
𝑑𝑡
Differentiating both sides with respect to time, 𝑑2 𝑖 𝑅 𝑉
𝑑𝑖 𝑑2 𝑖 2
=− ×
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
0=𝑅 +𝐿 2 𝑑2 𝑖 𝑅𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Hence, = −
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿2
𝑑2 𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑖 Therefore, the value of
2
=− 𝑑2 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
At 𝑡 = 0+ , the initial current is zero, 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑅𝑉
𝑖(0+ ) = 0 +
at 𝑡 = 0 is − 2 .
𝐿
Substituting into the RL equation,
𝑑𝑖
𝑉=𝐿
𝑑𝑡

29. Determine the current through the capacitor during steady state.

(A) 1 A
(B) 0 A
(C) 10000 A
(D) 0.25 A

Ans: (B)
At steady state under DC excitation:
• Inductors behave as short circuits.
• Capacitors behave as open circuits.
Since the capacitor acts as an open circuit, no current flows through it.
Therefore,
𝐼𝐶 = 0 A
The current supplied by the source flows only through the two inductors (short circuits) and the 10 𝛺
resistor.
Therefore, the current through the capacitor during steady state is 0 A.
30. If the voltage across the resistor is equal to the supply voltage, what will be the ratio of
voltages (absolute) between L and C?

(A) 1
(B) 0.5
(C) 0.25
(D) 2.5

Ans: (A)

For the series RLC circuit,

𝑉 = √𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 )2
Given,
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉
Substituting,
𝑉 2 = 𝑉 2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 )2
(𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 )2 = 0
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐶
Hence, the ratio of the magnitudes of the inductor and capacitor voltages is
|𝑉𝐿 |
=1
|𝑉𝐶 |
Therefore, the required ratio is 1.

31. In the circuit shown below, the values of 𝐼(0+ ) and 𝐼(∞) will be

(A) Zero and 1 A

(B) 2 A and 4 A
(C) Zero and 2 A
(D) 2 A and zero

Ans: (D)
Given, 𝑅 = 1𝛺
• Voltage source, • Capacitance,
𝑣(𝑡) = 2𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) V 𝐶 =2F
• Resistance,
At 𝑡 = 0+ 𝑣(𝑡) = 2𝑒 −𝑡 → 0
Initially, the capacitor is uncharged, so its The source voltage becomes zero, and the
voltage cannot change instantaneously. Hence, capacitor behaves as an open circuit in steady
it behaves as a short circuit. state.
Also, Hence,
𝑣(0+ ) = 2𝑒 0 = 2 V 𝐼(∞) = 0 A
Therefore, Therefore,
2 𝐼(0+ ) = 2 A, 𝐼(∞) = 0 A
𝐼(0+ ) = = 2 A Hence, the correct answer is Option (D).
1
At 𝑡 = ∞
As 𝑡 → ∞,

32. The value of 𝒁 in the figure which is most appropriate to cause parallel resonance at 500 Hz
is

(A) 125.00 μF
(B) 304.20 μF
(C) 2.0 μF
(D) 0.05 μF

Ans: (D)
For parallel resonance, the inductive and 𝐿=2H
capacitive reactances satisfy Substituting the values,
1 1
𝑓𝑟 = 𝐶=
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 (2𝜋 × 500)2 × 2
Rearranging for 𝐶, 1
=
1 (3141.59)2 × 2
𝐶= = 5.07 × 10−8 F
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 𝐿
Given, = 0.0507 𝜇F
• Frequency, ≈ 0.05 𝜇F
𝑓𝑟 = 500 Hz Therefore, the value of 𝒁 should be 0.05 μF.
• Inductance,

33. A three-phase, four-wire, 400 V system is supplying a balanced star-connected load with
impedance of 10∠ − 30∘ 𝛺 The voltages to neutral being 230.9∠ − 90∘ , 230.9∠ − 30∘ , 230.9∠ −
150∘ The current in the neutral wire is
(A) 10 A
(B) Zero
(C) 17.3 A
(D) 5 A

Ans: (B)
Given,
• Balanced star-connected load, 230.9∠ − 150∘
𝐼𝐵 = = 23.09∠ − 120∘ A
𝑍 = 10∠ − 30∘ 𝛺 10∠ − 30∘
• Phase voltages, These three currents have equal magnitudes
𝑉𝑅 = 230.9∠ − 90∘ V and are displaced by 120∘ .
𝑉𝑌 = 230.9∠ − 30∘ V Hence,
𝑉𝐵 = 230.9∠ − 150∘ V 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝑌 + 𝐼𝐵 = 0
The phase currents are Therefore, the neutral current is
230.9∠ − 90∘ 𝐼𝑁 = 0 A
𝐼𝑅 = = 23.09∠ − 60∘ A Therefore, the current in the neutral wire is
10∠ − 30∘ ∘
230.9∠ − 30 Zero.
𝐼𝑌 = = 23.09∠0∘ A
10∠ − 30∘

34. With reference to Fig. 1, which of the following is neither 𝒁𝑨 , nor 𝒁𝑩 , nor 𝒁𝑪 ?

(A) 10 + 𝑗7.5
(B) 30 − 𝑗40
(C) 20 + 𝑗15
(D) 10 + 𝑗15

Ans: (D)
The given network is a star (Y) network with 20(𝑗5)
= 20 + 𝑗5 + = 20 + 𝑗15
arms 10
𝑍1 = 10𝛺, 𝑍2 = 20𝛺, 𝑍3 = 𝑗5𝛺 𝑍3 𝑍1
𝑍31 = 𝑍3 + 𝑍1 +
For Star-to-Delta (Y-Δ) transformation, 𝑍2
𝑍1 𝑍2 (𝑗5)(10)
𝑍12 = 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + = 𝑗5 + 10 + = 10 + 𝑗7.5
𝑍3 20
10 × 20 Thus, the three delta impedances are
= 10 + 20 + = 30 − 𝑗40 30 − 𝑗40, 20 + 𝑗15, 10 + 𝑗7.5
𝑗5
𝑍2 𝑍3 The only option that is not one of these is
𝑍23 = 𝑍2 + 𝑍3 + 10 + 𝑗15
𝑍1
Therefore, the correct answer is Option (D).

35. A network is said to be under resonance when the voltage and the current at the network
input terminals are
(A) in phase
(B) out of phase
(C) in phase quadrature
(D) in phase, and have equal magnitudes

Ans: (A)
At resonance, the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal.
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
Hence, the net reactance becomes zero.
𝑋 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 = 0
Therefore, the input impedance is purely resistive.
𝑍=𝑅
Since the impedance has no reactive component, the phase angle is
𝜙 = 0∘
Thus, the input voltage and current are in phase.
Therefore, a network is said to be under resonance when the voltage and current at the input terminals
are in phase.

36. The internal resistance of an ideal voltage source is

(A) Infinity
(B) Zero
(C) Very small approaching zero
(D) Very large approaching infinity

Ans: (B)
An ideal voltage source maintains a constant output voltage regardless of the load current.
For this to be possible, the voltage drop inside the source must always be zero.
Hence, the internal resistance of an ideal voltage source is
𝑅internal = 0 𝛺
Therefore, the correct answer is Zero.

37. The time period of third harmonic of power supply frequency, in milliseconds, is
(A) 20
(B) 3.33
(C) 6.66
(D) 60

Ans: (C)
The standard power supply frequency is
𝑓 = 50 Hz
The frequency of the third harmonic is
𝑓3 = 3 × 50 = 150 Hz
The time period is
1
𝑇=
𝑓
Therefore,
1
𝑇3 = s
150
𝑇3 = 0.00667 s
𝑇3 = 6.67 ms ≈ 6.66 ms
Therefore, the time period of the third harmonic is 6.66 ms.
38. The power consumed by a balanced 3-phase load is measured by two-wattmeter method.
The meter readings are 8 kW and 4 kW. The power factor of the load is
(A) Zero
(B) 0.5
(C) Between zero and 0.5
(D) Between 0.5 and unity

Ans: (D)
For the two-wattmeter method,
𝑊1 − 𝑊2
tan𝜙 = √3
𝑊1 + 𝑊2
Given,
𝑊1 = 8 kW, 𝑊2 = 4 kW
Substituting,
8−4
tan𝜙 = √3 ×
8+4
4 √3
= √3 × =
12 3
1
tan𝜙 =
√3
Hence,
𝜙 = 30∘
The power factor is
cos𝜙 = cos30∘
= 0.866
Since
0.5 < 0.866 < 1
the power factor lies between 0.5 and unity.

39. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

(A) Superposition theorem is useful for Linear and Non-linear circuit analysis when several sources are
present in the circuit.
(B) Thevenin’s equivalent network consists of one voltage source in series with an impedance.
(C) Norton’s equivalent network consists of one current source in parallel with an impedance.
(D) When both the load and source impedances are purely resistive, maximum power transfer is
achieved under the condition: Load Resistance = Source Resistance.

Ans: (A)

The Superposition Theorem is applicable only to linear circuits containing multiple independent sources.
It cannot be applied to non-linear circuits, because the principle of superposition is valid only for linear
networks.
The other statements are correct:
• Thevenin's theorem: Equivalent circuit is a voltage source in series with an impedance.
• Norton's theorem: Equivalent circuit is a current source in parallel with an impedance.
• Maximum Power Transfer: For purely resistive circuits,
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑆
Therefore, the incorrect statement is Option (A).
40. An ideal ammeter is connected between terminals A and B. The reading of the ammeter is

(A) 0.8 A
(B) 1 A
(C) 0.5 A
(D) 0.6 A

Ans: (C)
Since the ammeter is ideal, it acts as a short The source current is
circuit between terminals A and B. 9
𝐼= =1A
Hence, the right-side 6 Ω resistor is short- 9
circuited, so no current flows through it. The voltage across the parallel combination is
The remaining circuit is: 𝑉 =𝐼×3=3V
• A 6 Ω resistor in series with two 6 Ω Hence, the current through the upper 6 Ω
resistors in parallel. resistor is
The parallel combination is 3
𝐼 = = 0.5 A
6×6 6
𝑅𝑝 = = 3𝛺 This current flows through the ideal ammeter.
6+6
Therefore, the total resistance is Therefore, the ammeter reading is 0.5 A.
𝑅𝑇 = 6 + 3 = 9𝛺

41. In the circuit shown, the dependent source

(A) Delivers 24 W
(B) Delivers 48 W
(C) Absorbs 48 W
(D) Absorbs 24 W

Ans: (A)
Let the voltage across the dependent current 𝑉
𝐼= A
source be 𝑉. 5
The dependent current source supplies Applying KCL at the top node,
 𝑉 − 20 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 20
+ − =0 𝐼= = ≈ 2.22 A
1 1 5 5 9
𝑉 The power of the dependent source is
2𝑉 − 20 − = 0
5 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
9𝑉 100 20
= 20 𝑃= × ≈ 24.7 W ≈ 24 W
5 9 9
100 Since the current leaves the positive terminal of
𝑉= ≈ 11.11 V
9 the dependent current source, it delivers
Hence, the current supplied by the dependent power.
source is Therefore, the dependent source delivers 24 W.

42. The current in the 1 Ω resistor in the circuit is

(A) Zero
(B) 0.5 A
(C) 2 A
(D) 1 A

Ans: (D)
The 1 Ω resistor is connected directly across an ideal 1 V source.
Hence, the voltage across the resistor is
𝑉 =1V
Applying Ohm's Law,
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
Substituting the values,
1
𝐼 = =1A
1
Therefore, the current through the 1 Ω resistor is 1 A.

43. In an A.C. circuit, the Thevenin’s voltage is 10∠30∘ Volts and Norton’s current is 2 A between
load terminals. The value of load impedance to have maximum power transfer to the load is
(A) 5∠30∘ 𝛺
(B) 5∠ − 30∘ 𝛺
(C) 20∠90∘ 𝛺
(D) 20∠ − 90∘ 𝛺

Ans: (B)
The Thevenin impedance is
𝑉𝑡ℎ
𝑍𝑡ℎ =
𝐼𝑁
Given,
𝑉𝑡ℎ = 10∠30∘ V
 𝐼𝑁 = 2∠0∘ A
Therefore,
10∠30∘
𝑍𝑡ℎ = = 5∠30∘ 𝛺
2∠0∘
For maximum power transfer in an A.C. circuit, the load impedance must be the complex conjugate of
the Thevenin impedance.
Hence,
∗
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍𝑡ℎ = 5∠ − 30∘ 𝛺
Therefore, the required load impedance is 5∠ − 30∘ 𝛺.

44. The value of resistance between terminals A and B is changed to 5 Ω. Then the
Compensating Voltage is

(A) 4 V
(B) 2 V
(C) 8 V
(D) 6 V

Ans: (A)
Using the Compensation Theorem,
𝑉𝑐 = 𝐼 𝛥𝑅
where:
• Original resistance between 𝐴 and 𝐵,
𝑅 = 3𝛺
• New resistance,
𝑅′ = 5𝛺
Hence,
𝛥𝑅 = 5 − 3 = 2𝛺
The original circuit current is
8 8
𝐼= = =2A
1+3 4
Therefore, the compensating voltage is
𝑉𝑐 = 𝐼𝛥𝑅
𝑉𝑐 = 2 × 2 = 4 V
Therefore, the Compensating Voltage is 4 V.

45. In a given series R-L circuit, the voltage across resistance is 30 V and across inductance is 40
V. Then the total voltage across the circuit is
(A) 70 V
(B) 50 V
(C) 10 V
(D) 30 V
Ans: (B)
In a series R-L circuit, the resistor voltage and inductor voltage are 90° out of phase.
Hence, the supply voltage is the phasor sum of 𝑉𝑅 and 𝑉𝐿 .
𝑉 = √𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝐿2
Given,
𝑉𝑅 = 30 V 𝑉𝐿 = 40 V
Substituting the values,
𝑉 = √302 + 402
= √900 + 1600
= √2500
= 50 V
Therefore, the total voltage across the circuit is 50 V.

46. The impedance of the circuit is (4 + 𝑗3) 𝛺 The power factor of the circuit is
(A) 0.6 lead
(B) 0.8 lead
(C) 0.6 lag
(D) 0.8 lag

Ans: (D)
Given,
𝑍 = 4 + 𝑗3 𝛺
The magnitude of the impedance is
|𝑍| = √42 + 32 = √16 + 9 = 5𝛺
The power factor is
𝑅
cos𝜙 =
|𝑍|
Substituting the given values,
4
cos𝜙 = = 0.8
5
Since the reactance is positive (+𝑗3), the circuit is inductive.
Therefore, the current lags the voltage.
Hence, the power factor is 0.8 lag.

47. In a two element series circuit, the applied voltage is 𝑣(𝑡) = 100sin𝜔𝑡 and the current
flowing is 𝑖(𝑡) = 10sin(𝜔𝑡 − 45∘ ) Then the values of Resistance and Reactance of the circuit are
(A) 𝑅 = 7.07𝛺, 𝑋 = 𝑗7.07𝛺
(B) 𝑅 = 5𝛺, 𝑋 = 𝑗8.66𝛺
(C) 𝑅 = 7.07𝛺, 𝑋 = −𝑗7.07𝛺
(D) 𝑅 = 5𝛺, 𝑋 = −𝑗8.66𝛺

Ans: (A)
Given,
𝑣(𝑡) = 100sin𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 10sin(𝜔𝑡 − 45∘ )
The impedance is
 𝑉 100
𝑍= = ∠(0∘ − (−45∘ ))
𝐼 10
𝑍 = 10∠45∘ 𝛺
Converting to rectangular form,
𝑅 = |𝑍|cos45∘
1
𝑅 = 10 × = 7.07𝛺
√2
The reactance is
𝑋 = |𝑍|sin45∘
1
𝑋 = 10 × = 7.07𝛺
√2
Since the current lags the voltage by 45∘ , the circuit is inductive.
Therefore,
𝑋 = +𝑗7.07𝛺
Hence, the values are
𝑅 = 7.07𝛺, 𝑋 = 𝑗7.07𝛺

48. The angular frequency of resonance of the circuit is

𝟏
(A) rad/sec
√𝟐
𝟏
(B) rad/sec
√𝟑
𝟏
(C) rad/sec
√𝟓
𝟏
(D) rad/sec
√𝟔

Ans: (B)
The circuit consists of: The susceptance of the 𝑅𝐶 branch is
• Inductor: 𝐿 = 4 H 𝜔
𝐵𝑅𝐶 = 2
• Series 𝑅𝐶 branch: 𝜔 +1
o 𝑅 = 1𝛺 For resonance,
1
o 𝐶 = 1F 𝐵𝑅𝐶 =
At parallel resonance, the total susceptance is 4𝜔
Therefore,
zero.
𝜔 1
The admittance of the inductor is 2
=
1 𝑗 𝜔 + 1 4𝜔
𝑌𝐿 = =− 4𝜔2 = 𝜔2 + 1
𝑗𝜔𝐿 4𝜔 3𝜔2 = 1
The impedance of the series 𝑅𝐶 branch is 1
𝑗 𝜔= rad/sec
𝑍𝑅𝐶 = 1 − √3
𝜔 1
Hence, its admittance is Therefore, the angular resonant frequency is
√3
1 + 𝑗/𝜔 rad/sec.
𝑌𝑅𝐶 =
1 + 1/𝜔 2
49. In the series R–L circuit, the switch is closed at 𝑡 = 0. The value of current at 𝑡 = 0 is

(A) Zero
(B) 2 A
𝟏𝟎
(C) 𝟕 A
(D) 5 A

Ans: (C)
Before 𝑡 = 0, the switch is open and the circuit is in steady state.
At steady state, the inductor behaves as a short circuit.
Hence, the initial current is
𝑉 10 10
𝐼(0− ) = = = A
𝑅 5+2 7
When the switch is closed at 𝑡 = 0, the 2 Ω resistor is bypassed.
However, the current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously.
Therefore,
10
𝐼(0) = 𝐼(0− ) = A
7
Hence, the current at 𝑡 = 0 is
10
A
7

50. A series R-C circuit has a time constant of 0.1 sec, and its value of C is 2 micro farads. The
value of R is
(A) 0.05 MΩ
(B) 0.05 Ω
(C) 0.1 MΩ
(D) 0.01 Ω

Ans: (A)
For a series RC circuit, the time constant is
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
Given,
𝜏 = 0.1 s
𝐶 = 2 𝜇F = 2 × 10−6 F
Therefore,
𝜏
𝑅=
𝐶
Substituting the given values,
0.1
𝑅=
2 × 10−6
 𝑅 = 5 × 104 𝛺
𝑅 = 50 000 𝛺
𝑅 = 0.05 M𝛺
Therefore, the value of R is 0.05 MΩ.

51. The value of the parameter A for the two-port network shown is

(A) Zero
(B) 0.5
(C) 2
(D) 1

Ans: (D)
For the ABCD (Transmission) parameters,
𝑉1
𝐴= |
𝑉2 𝐼
2 =0
Thus, the output port is open-circuited.
When
𝐼2 = 0,
no current flows through the series 5 Ω resistor.
Hence, the voltage drop across the series resistor is zero.
Therefore,
𝑉1 = 𝑉2
Thus,
𝑉1
𝐴= =1
𝑉2
Therefore, the value of parameter A is 1.

52. The poles and zeros of driving point impedance function are simple and interlace on the
negative real axis with a pole closest to the origin. It can be realised
(A) as an LC driving point impedance
(B) as RL driving point impedance
(C) as RC driving point impedance
(D) as RLC driving point impedance

Ans: (B)
The properties of driving-point impedance functions are:
• RC driving-point impedance: The poles and zeros are simple, interlace on the negative real axis,
and the zero is closest to the origin.
• RL driving-point impedance: The poles and zeros are simple, interlace on the negative real axis,
and the pole is closest to the origin.
 • LC driving-point impedance: The poles and zeros lie on the imaginary axis.
• RLC driving-point impedance: No such specific pole-zero arrangement exists.
Since the given function has a pole closest to the origin, it represents an RL driving-point impedance.
Therefore, it can be realised as an RL driving point impedance.

53. Consider the star network shown in figure. The resistance between terminals A and B with C
open is 6 Ω, between terminals B and C with A open is 11 Ω and between terminals C and A with
B open is 9 Ω. Then 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐵 , 𝑅𝐶 respectively is
(A) 4, 2, 5
(B) 2, 4, 7
(C) 3, 3, 4
(D) 5, 1, 10

Ans: (A)
For a star (Y) network, 2𝑅𝐴 + 11 = 15
• Between terminals A and B (with C 2𝑅𝐴 = 4
open), 𝑅𝐴 = 2
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 6 Using
• Between terminals B and C (with A 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 6
open), 2 + 𝑅𝐵 = 6
𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 = 11 𝑅𝐵 = 4
• Between terminals C and A (with B Using
open), 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 = 11
𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐴 = 9 4 + 𝑅𝐶 = 11
Adding the first and third equations, 𝑅𝐶 = 7
2𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 = 15 Therefore,
Since, (𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐵 , 𝑅𝐶 ) = (2, 4, 7)
𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 = 11 Therefore, the correct answer is Option (B).

54. A voltage waveform 𝑣(𝑡) = 12𝑡 2 is applied across a 1 H inductor for 𝑡 ≥ 0. With initial
current through it being zero. The current through the inductor for 𝑡 ≥ 0 is given by
(A) 12𝑡
(B) 24𝑡
(C) 12𝑡 3
(D) 4𝑡 3

Ans: (D)
For an inductor,
𝑑𝑖
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
Given,
𝐿 = 1 H 𝑣(𝑡) = 12𝑡 2
Therefore,
𝑑𝑖
= 12𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
Integrating both sides,
𝑡3
𝑖(𝑡) = ∫ 12𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑖(𝑡) = 12 ⋅ 3
+ 𝐶 𝑖(𝑡) = 4𝑡 3 + 𝐶
Since the initial current is zero,
𝑖(0) = 0 𝐶 = 0
Hence,
𝑖(𝑡) = 4𝑡 3
Therefore, the current through the inductor is 4𝑡 3 .

55. A two port device is defined by the following pair of equations: 𝑖1 = 2𝑣1 + 𝑣2 and 𝑖2 = 𝑣1 +
𝑣2 Its impedance parameters (𝑧11 , 𝑧12 , 𝑧21 , 𝑧22 ) are given by
(A) (2, 1, 1, 1)
(B) (1, –1, –1, 2)
(C) (1, 1, 1, 2)
(D) (2, –1, –1, 1)

Ans: (B)
The given equations are in Y-parameter form: Therefore,
𝑖 2 1 𝑣1 1
[ 1] = [ ][ ] [𝑍] = [ 1 −1]
𝑖2 1 1 𝑣2 1 −1 2
Hence, Thus,
[𝑌] = [2 1] 𝑧11 = 1, 𝑧12 = −1, 𝑧21 = −1, 𝑧22
1 1 =2
The Z-parameter matrix is the inverse of the Y- Therefore, the impedance parameters are
parameter matrix. (1, −1, −1, 2)
[𝑍] = [𝑌]−1 Hence, the correct answer is Option (B).
The determinant of [𝑌] is
|𝑌| = (2)(1) − (1)(1) = 1

𝜋
56. The period of the signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 8sin (0.8𝜋𝑡 + 4 ) is
(A) 0.4𝜋 s
(B) 0.8𝜋 s
(C) 1.25 s
(D) 2.5 s

Ans: (D)
The standard form of a sinusoidal signal is
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
where,
• Angular frequency,
𝜔 = 0.8𝜋 rad/s
The time period is
2𝜋
𝑇=
𝜔
Substituting the given value,
2𝜋
𝑇=
0.8𝜋
2
= 0.8 = 2.5 s
Therefore, the period of the signal is 2.5 s.