CME365–RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
By, S. Mohamed Nasrulla
Assistant Professor,
Mechanical Engineering,
PSNACET, Dindigul.
SYLLABUS
COURSE OBJECTIVES
To know the Indian and global energy scenario
To learn the various solar energy technologies and its applications
To educate the various wind energy technologies.
To explore the various bio-energy technologies.
To study the ocean and geothermal technologies.
UNIT-I ENERGY SCENARIO 9
Indian energy scenario in various sectors - domestic, industrial,
commercial, agriculture, transportation and others - Present conventional
energy status - Present renewable energy status- Potential of various
renewable energy sources - Global energy status - Per capita energy
consumption-Future energy plans.
UNIT-II SOLAR ENERGY 9
Solar radiation - Measurements of solar radiation and sunshine - Solar
spectrum - Solar thermal collectors - Flat plate and concentrating collectors
- Solar thermal applications - Solar thermal energy storage - Fundamentals
of solar photo voltaic conversion - Solar cells - Solar PV Systems -Solar PV
applications.
UNIT-IV BIO - ENERGY 9
Bio resources-Biomass direct combustion-thermochemical conversion -
biochemical conversion- mechanical conversion - Biomass gasifier – Types
of biomass gasifier – Cogeneration – Carbonisation – Pyrolysis – Biogas
plants – Digester – Biodiesel production – Ethanol production -
Applications.
UNIT-V OCEAN AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 9
Small hydro - Tidal energy - Wave energy - Open and closed OTEC Cycles
- Limitations - Geothermal energy - Geothermal energy sources - Types of
geothermal power plants – Applications - Environmental impact.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES: At the end of the course the students would be able to
1. Discuss the Indian and global energy scenario.
2. Describe the various solar energy technologies and its applications.
3. Explain the various wind energy technologies.
4. Explore the various bio-energy technologies.
5. Discuss the ocean and geothermal technologies.
TEXT BOOKS:
Fundamentals and Applications of Renewable Energy
| Indian Edition, by Mehmet Kanoglu, Yunus A.
Cengel, John M. Cimbala, cGraw Hill; First edition
(10 December 2020), ISBN-10: 9390385636.
Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging
Technologies, by Kothari, Prentice Hall India
Learning Private Limited; 2nd edition (1 January
2011), ISBN-10: 8120344707.
REFERENCES:
Godfrey Boyle, "Renewable Energy, Power for a
Sustainable Future", Oxford University Press, U.K.,
2012.
Rai.G.D., "Non-Conventional Energy Sources",
Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2014.
UNIT I – ENERGY SCENARIO
Indian energy scenario in various sectors -
domestic, industrial, commercial, agriculture,
transportation and others - Present conventional
energy status - Present renewable energy status-
Potential of various renewable energy sources -
Global energy status - Per capita energy
consumption-Future energy plans.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Energy is one of the major inputs for the
economic development of any country.
In the case of the developing countries, the
energy sector assumes a critical importance in
view of the ever-increasing energy needs
requiring huge investments to meet them.
Energy can be classified into several types
based on the following criteria:
• Primary and Secondary energy
• Commercial and Non commercial energy
• Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
1.2 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENERGY
Primary energy sources are those that are either
found or stored in nature.
Common primary energy sources are
Coal
Oil
Natural gas and
Biomass (such as wood).
Other primary energy sources available include
Nuclear energy from radioactive substances,
Thermal energy stored in earth's interior, and
Potential energy due to earth's gravity.
Primary energy sources are mostly converted in
industrial utilities into secondary energy sources;
for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam
1.3 COMMERCIAL ENERGY AND NON
COMMERCIAL ENERGY
Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are available in the market
for a definite price are known as commercial energy.
The most important forms of commercial energy are
electricity, coal and refined petroleum products.
It forms on the basis of industrial, agricultural,
transport and commercial development in the modern
world.
In the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are
predominant source not only for economic production, but
also for many household tasks of general population.
Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.
Non-Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are not available in the
commercial market for a price are classified as non-
commercial energy.
They include fuels such as firewood, cattle dung and
agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered,
and not bought at a price used especially in rural
households. These are also called traditional fuels.
It is often ignored in energy accounting.
Example:
Firewood, agro waste in rural areas
Solar energy for water heating, electricity generation, for
drying grains, fish and fruits.
Animal power for transport, threshing, lifting water or
irrigation, crushing sugarcane.
Wind energy for lifting water and electricity generation.
1.4 RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE
ENERGY
Renewable energy is an energy obtained from
sources that are essentially inexhaustible.
Examples: They include wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric
power.
The most important feature of renewable energy is
that it can be harnessed without the release of
harmful pollutants.
Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels
such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete
with time.
RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE
ENERGY
1.5 GLOBAL PRIMARY ENERGY RESERVES
Coal:
The proven global coal reserve was estimated to be
9,84,453 million tonnes by end of 2003.
The USA had the largest share of the global reserve
(25.4%) followed by Russia (15.9%), China (11.6%).
India was 4th in the list with 8.6%.
Oil
The global proven oil reserve was estimated to be
1147 billion barrels by the end of 2003.
Saudi Arabia had the largest share of the reserve
with almost 23%.
(One barrel of oil is approximately 160 litres)
Gas
The global proven gas reserve was estimated to be
176 trillion cubic metres by the end of 2003.
The Russian Federation had the largest share of
the reserve with almost 27%. (*Source: BP
Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2004)
World oil and gas reserves are estimated at just
45 years and 65 years respectively.
Coal is likely to last a little over 200 years
The primary energy consumption for few of the developed
and developing countries are shown in Table 1.1
It may be seen that India's absolute primary energy
consumption is only 1/29th of the world, 1/7th of USA,
1/1.6th time of Japan but 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 times that of
Canada, France
and U.K respectively.
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN
DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Although 80% of the world's population lies in the developing
countries (a four-fold population increase in the past 25
years), their energy consumption amounts to only 40% of the
world total energy consumption.
The high standards of living in the developed countries are
attributable to high energy consumption levels. Also, the
rapid population growth in the developing countries has kept
the per capita energy consumption low compared with that of
highly industrialized developed countries.
The world average energy consumption per person is
equivalent to 2.2 tonnes of coal.
In industrialized countries, people use 4 to 5 times more than
the world average, and 9 times more than the average for the
developing countries.
An American uses 32 times more commercial energy than an
Indian.
INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO
INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO IN VARIOUS
SECTORS
INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO IN DOMESTIC
SECTORS
INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDUSRIAL
SECTORS
INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO IN
RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIAL SECTORS
INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO IN TRANSPORT
SECTORS
GROWTH IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION (PJ) IN
TRANSPORT SECTOR IN INDIA (I PJ = 278 GW)
INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO IN
AGRICULTURAL SECTORS
PRESENT AND FUTURE ENERGY SCENARIO
IN INDIA
PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The per capita energy consumption is too low for
India as compared to developed countries.
It is just 4% of USA and 20% of the world
average.
The per capita consumption is likely to grow in
India with growth in economy thus increasing the
energy demand.