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CHAPTER 2
ORIENTATION OF ELECTRICAL AND RADIO ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
Prime Mover
0201. The actual meaning of prime mover is a primary source of power. It means all
the machinery that provides power for performing different mechanical work. More
precisely, the mechanical means of turning the generator’s rotor is called the prime
mover. The prime mover’s energy source includes the conversion process of raw
fuel, such as coal, to the end product (steam) that will turn the turbine.
0202. Technically, it is a group of machines that transform energy from thermal,
electrical or pressure into mechanical form for use in different sources for some
mechanical work. Engines and turbines are examples.
0203. The bulk of electrical energy produced in today’s interconnected power
systems is normally produced through a conversion process from coal, oil, natural
gas, nuclear and hydro. To a lesser degree, electrical power is produced from wind,
solar geothermal and biomass energy resources.
Fig: Prime Mover of a DG
Generator
0204. Generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. It works based on principle of faradays law of electromagnetic induction. The
faradays law states that whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field,
EMF is induced and this induced EMF is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages.
This EMF can be generated when there is either relative space or relative time
variation between the conductor and magnetic field.
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Fig: Cross section view of a Generator
0205. A generator mainly consists of main stator, main rotor, exciter stator, exciter
rotor, rotating rectifier and automatic voltage regulators and other components.
Generator can be of 2 types; DC generator and AC Generator.
0206. Generators in BN.
a. DC Generator. BNS Sagar (as Mine Sweeping DG),61 PCS(as main DG)
b. AC Generator. Rest of BN ships. Currently BN uses various company’s
DG such as:
(1) CAT
(2) Stamford
(3) Cummins Wartsilla
(4) Duetz
(5) Weichai
Radar
0207. The electronics principle on which radar operates is very similar to the
principle of sound-wave reflection. If you shout in the direction of a sound-reflecting
object (like a rocky canyon or cave), you will hear an echo. If you know the speed of
sound in air, you can then estimate the distance and general direction of the object.
The time required for a return echo can be roughly converted to distance if the speed
of sound is known. Radar uses electromagnetic energy pulses in much the same
way, as shown in figure 1-1. The radio-frequency (rf) energy is transmitted to and
reflects from the reflecting object. A small portion of the energy is reflected and
returns to the radar set. This returned energy is called an ECHO, just as it is in
sound terminology. Radar sets use the echo to determine the direction and distance
of the reflecting object.
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Fig: Basic Radar Concept
0208. Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the
range, angle or velocity of objects. It is an acronym derived from the words Radio
Detection and Ranging. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, Spacecraft, guided
missile, motor vehicles, weather formations and terrain. Radar was developed
secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during world war-
II.
Fig: Radar reference coordinates
0209. A radar system is generally consisting of a transmitter producing
electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a
receiving antenna and processor to determine properties of the object. Radio waves
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from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver and radar gives
information about the object`s location and speed.
Fig: Functional block diagram of a basic radar system
0210. Radars used in BN. Bangladesh Navy currently uses radars for 4
different purposes, such as
a. Navigation Radar:
(1) KH 1007
(2) Furuno
(3) HR 2000R
b. Tracking Radar:
(1) TR 47C
(2) LIROD
c. Surveillance Radar:
(1) DA 08
(2) SR 60
(3) SR 47
d. Helicopter Control Radar:
(1) Sharp Eye-Kelvin Hughes
Radar Functions
0211. No single radar system has yet been designed that can perform all of the
many radar functions required by the military. Some of the newer systems combine
several functions that formerly required individual radar systems, but no single
system can fulfill all the requirements of modern warfare. As a result, modern
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warships, aircraft, and shore stations usually have several radar systems, each
performing a different function.
0212. One radar system, called SEARCH RADAR, is designed to continuously scan
a volume of space to provide initial detection of all targets. Search radar is almost
always used to detect and determine the position of new targets for later use by
TRACK RADAR. Track radar provides continuous range, bearing, and elevation data
on one or more targets. Most of the radar systems used by the military are in one of
these two categories, though the individual radar systems vary in design and
capability.
0213. Some radar systems are designed for specific functions that do not precisely
fit into either of the above categories. The radar speed gun is an example of radar
designed specifically to measure the speed of a target. The military uses much more
complex radar systems that are adapted to detect only fast- moving targets such as
aircraft. Since aircraft usually move much faster than weather or surface targets,
velocity-sensitive radar can eliminate unwanted clutter from the radar indicator.
Radar systems that detect and process only moving targets are called MOVING-
TARGET INDICATORS (MTI) and are usually combined with conventional search
radar.
0214. Another form of radar widely used in military and civilian aircraft is the RADAR
ALTIMETER. Just as some surface-based radars can determine the height of a
target, airborne radar can determine the distance from an aircraft to the ground.
Many aircraft use radar to determine height above the ground.
Navigation Aids
0215. Navigational aids are those radio electrical equipment which are used for
smooth navigational purposes. These equipment give the actual navigational data.
NAV aids include:
a. Global positioning system
b. Meteorological equipment
c. Automatic information system
d. Master slave clock
e. Electronic chart display information system
f. Navigation Light
g. Gyro Compass
h. Magnetic compass
j. Echo sounder
k. Speed Log
l. Navigation Radar
m. Sonar
n. Auto Pilot System
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Fig: Typical Echo Sounder
Fig: Typical Speed Log
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Fig: Cross section view of a Sperry MK 37 Gyrocompass
Fig: Schematic arrangement of the Gyro
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Fig: Working of a typical Sonar
Fig: Block diagram of an autopilot system
Communication Equipment
0216. Communication equipments are very vital for a sea going ship. For long
distance worldwide communication we need HF communication and reciprocally, for
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short distance communication we need VHF communication. Additionally, for
submarine communication we need VLF communication.
0217. Communication equipment of a BN ships are as follows:
a. HF Communication Set:
(1) CODAN
(2) RT 100,400,7000(12),7000(28)
(3) PRC
(4) MANPAC (Portable)
(5) Rohdes & Schwarz
b. VHF Communication Set: PAE, ICOM ID, Sailor, JRC etc.
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