GEN ED 110 – Module 01
CHEMISTRY
The Central Science
Dr. rer. Nat. ALLAN PATRICK G. MACABEO
LECTURER
SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
SCIENCE
FACTS SYSTEMATIZED
KNOWLEDGE
SCAN ME
SCAN ME
The Scientific Method
• a systematic approach to research
SCAN ME
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a set of observations.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A law is a concise statement of a
relationship between phenomena
that is always the same under the
same conditions.
A theory is a unifying principle that
explains a body of facts and/or
those laws that are based on them.
ATOMIC THEORY
CHEMISTRY: A Science for the 21st Century
Health and Medicine
• Sanitation systems
• Surgery with anesthesia
• Vaccines and antibiotics
• Gene therapy
Energy and the Environment
• Fossil fuels
• Solar energy
• Nuclear energy
SCAN ME
MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
• Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals
• Room-temperature superconductors?
• Molecular computing?
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
• Genetically modified crops
• “Natural” pesticides
• Specialized fertilizers
THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY
MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC
Chemistry is the
study of matter and
the changes it
undergoes
Matter is anything
that occupies space
and has mass.
A substance is a
form of matter that
has a definite
composition and
distinct properties.
SCAN ME
Mixtures
A mixture is a
combination of two or
more substances in which
the substances retain their
distinct identities.
Homogenous mixture
SCAN ME – composition of the
mixture is the same
throughout
Heterogeneous mixture
– composition is not
uniform throughout
HOMOGENOUS OR
HETEROGENOUS ???
Physical means can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components…
magnet
distillation
filtration evaporation sublimation
SCAN ME
solid-liquid extraction liquid-liquid extraction decantation crystallization
ELEMENTS
An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
• 118 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth i.e.
gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon,
sulfur
• 36 elements have been created by
scientists i.e. technetium, americium,
seaborgium
SOME COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR SYMBOLS
COMPOUNDS
A compound is a substance
composed of atoms of two or more
elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
Compounds can only be
separated into their pure
components (elements) by
chemical means.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
Matter – anything that
occupies space and has mass
The Three States of Matter - A Comparison
CHANGES IN MATTER
SCAN ME
A physical change does
not alter the composition or
identity of a substance.
A chemical change alters
the composition or identity
of the substance(s)
involved.
EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
An extensive property of a material
depends upon how much matter is
being considered.
• Mass SCAN ME
• Length
• Volume
An intensive property of a material
does not depend upon how much
matter is being considered.
• density
• temperature
• color
MASS – measure of the quantity of matter
SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
Weight – force that gravity exerts on an object Double beam balance triple beam balance
weight = c × mass
on earth, c = 1.0
on moon, c ~ 0.1
1 kg bar will weigh
1 kg on earth Top-loading balance
0.1 kg on moon Analytical beam balance
International System of Units (SI)
Table 1. SI Base Units
Base Quantity Name of Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electrical current ampere A
Temperature kelvin k
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity Candela cd
PREFIXES USED WITH SI UNITS
Table 2. Prefixes Used with SI Units
VOLUME
Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter
Micropipettor
Graduated cylinder Volumetric flask Volumetric pipette
Graduated dispenser
DENSITY
SI derived unit for density is
Table 3. Densities of Substance
Some Substances at Air* 0.001
25°C Ethanol 0.79
*Measured at 1 atmosphere.
†Osmium
Water 1.00
(Os) is the densest
element known Graphite 2.2
Table salt 2.2
Aluminum 2.70
Diamond 3.5
Iron 7.9
Lead 11.3
Mercury 13.6
SCAN ME Gold 19.3
Osmium† 22.6
Problem Solving 1
1. Gold is a precious metal that is chemically unreactive. It is used mainly in
jewelry, dentistry, and electronic devices. A piece of gold ingot with a mass of
301 g has a volume of 15.6 cm3. Calculate the density of gold.
2. The density of mercury, the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature, is
13.6 g/mL. Calculate the mass of 5.50 mL of the liquid.
Solution
We are given the density and volume of a liquid and asked
to calculate the mass of the liquid.
We rearrange Equation (1) to give
A COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE SCALES
K = °C + 273.15
273.15 K = 0 °C
373.15 K = 100 °C
32 °F = 0 °C
212 °F = 100 °C
PROBLEM 3
a) Solder is an alloy made of tin and lead that is used in
electronic circuits. A certain solder has a melting point of
224°C. What is its melting point in degrees Fahrenheit?
b) Helium has the lowest boiling point of all the elements at
- 452°F. Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius.
c) Mercury, the only metal that exists as a liquid at room
temperature, melts at 238°C. Convert its melting point to
kelvins.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the decimal
point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the end and in
the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
PROBLEM 4
Determine the number of significant figures in the following
measurements:
a) 478 cm
b) 6.01 g
c) 0.825 m
d) 0.043 kg
f) 7000 mL
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the
decimal point than any of the original numbers.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures.
Significant Figures – EXACT NUMBERS
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered
to have an infinite number of significant figures.
The average of three measured lengths: 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?
Because 3 is an exact number
PROBLEM 5
Carry out the following arithmetic operations to the correct
number of significant figures:
a) 11,254.1 g + 0.1983 g
b) 66.59 L − 3.113 L
c) 8.16 m × 5.1355
d) 0.0154 kg ÷ 88.3 mL
Accuracy versus Precision
Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each other
Dimensional Analysis Method of
Solving Problems
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.
given quantity × conversion factor = desired quantity
PROBLEM 6
A person’s average daily intake
of glucose (a form of sugar) is
0.0833 pound (lb). What is this
mass in milligrams (mg)? (1 lb
= 453.6 g.)
PROBLEM 7
Liquid nitrogen is obtained from
liquefied air and is used to prepare
frozen goods and in low-
temperature research.
The density of the liquid at its
boiling point (−196°C or 77K) is
0.808 g/cm3. Convert the density liquid nitrogen
to units of kg/m3.