INTRODUCTION

​ C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create high-

performance applications.

​ C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C

language.

​ C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources

and memory.

SYNTAX
#include <iostream> using namespace std;

- header file library that lets us work - names for objects and variables from

with input and output objects the standard library.

int main() {} return 0;

- function - will be executed (inside) - successful execution or ends

the main function

<iostream> <vector>

cout - output/print (displaying text or variables) arrays

cin - input (keyboard input) <string>

endl – newline text and characters

cerr - error (displaying error message) <cctype>

clog - log (general logging message) tolower(), toupper()

<cmath> mathematical functions <cstdlib>

sqrt(), round(), log() exit or pause

<< - insertion (cout) \n - newline

== - comparison \\ - backslash

% - modulus (remainder) \" - double quote

ex. num % 2==0 \' - single quote

VARIABLES
Types Description Size

int integers (whole numbers) 2 or 4 bytes

double floating point numbers, with decimals, 15 digits 8 bytes

float with decimal points, 7 digits 4 bytes

char single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. single quotes 1 byte

string text, double quotes none

bool values with two states: true or false 1 byte

when the value is returned, true = 1 and false = 0.

const unchangeable and read-only

auto automatically detects the type of a variable based on the value

you assign to it.

Syntax (proper way) - type variableName = value;

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS COMPARISON OPERATORS

* Multiplication / Division > greater than < less than

++ increment -- decrement >= greater than or equal to

% modulus <= less than or equal to

LOGICAL OPERATORS
Operators Name Description
&& and true if both statements are true

|| or true if one of the statements is true

! no reserve the result, false if the results is true

CONCATENATION
The + operator can be used between strings to add them together to make a

new string.

ex. string fullName = firstName + lastName;

length() or size() for string.

Ex. string txt = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";

cout << "The length of the txt string is: " << [Link]();

// Ouputs 26

access string [], print first characters.

Ex. string myString = "Hello";

cout << myString[0];

// Outputs H

CONDITIONS AND IF STATEMENTS

executed, if a specified condition is true. be executed, if the same

condition is false

Example: Example:

if (20 > 18) { int time = 20;

cout << "20 is greater than 18"; if (time < 18) {

} cout << "Good day.";

} else {
 cout << "Good evening.";

// Outputs "Good evening."

else if - to specify a new condition switch - to specify many alternative

to test, if the first condition is false. blocks of code to be executed.

Example: Example:

int time = 22; switch(expression) {

if (time < 10) { case x:

cout << "Good morning."; // code block

} else if (time < 20) { break;

cout << "Good day."; case y:

} else { // code block

cout << "Good evening."; break;

} default:

// Outputs "Good evening." // code block

Shorthand if else - ternary operator

Example:

int time = 20;

string result = (time < 18) ? "Good day." : "Good evening.";

cout << result;

LOOPS
While Loop Do/While Loop
while (condition) { do {

// code block to be executed } // code block to be executed }

while (condition);

For Loop
for (initialization(start); condition(stop); update(adds)) {
// code block to be executed }
Example:

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {

cout << i << "\n"; }

ARRAYS
Example:

string cars[4] = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};

cout << cars[0];

// Outputs Volvo