And since we learnt how to differentiate inverse trigonometric fun

tions in Week 5, we also know:

inverse Trig:
Topic 3: INTEGRAL C A L C U L U S
� a=arcsin(#)+c
/ �a ? - �?
In this topic we learn several techniques of integration, and then c o a
sider some applications.
� a=arccos(#)+c
/
3.1 Standard Integrals ( a ? - a ? a

3.2 Integration using Trigonometric Identities J 1

a 2 + x2 d x = _
a!. arctan
(=) + C
a

3.3 Integration using Partial Fractions

where a> 0.

Homework: Check these by differentiating the right hand side using

the chain rule.

109 111

3.1 Standard Integrals 3.2 Integration using Trigonometric identities {Chapter 8.3]

You should be familiar with the following integrals, where k �JR:

An integral of the form
Basic:

=�
/ sin*(a) c o s " ( a ) d a
J3 ° dx
n+
xn+l1
+C for n � - 1 (where m , n are nonnegative integers) can be solved using trigon
metric identities. There are two cases to consider, depending on
("add one to the power and divide by what you get") whether the powers m and n are even or odd.

fe�-�+o 3.2.1 Case 1: At least one of m, n is odd.

Trig:
In this case we can turn the integral into a derivative present type. To
/ sink@ d » = � c o s k = + C do this, first split off a factor of the function with the odd power. This
will become the derivative, so we express everything else in terms of
J cos k @ d x = 7sin
1 . k + C
the other function, by using the identities

sin�(a) = 1 - cos�(x) and cos�(�) = 1 - sin�(�)

/ s e c # a » = �t a n k + C It is best illustrated by example!
110 112
ÿþn�
ÿþc�
ÿþo�
 -
Example: / sin�(a) cos�(a) d Example: / sin"(2a) d

fs."(�) »e�)u,
W express
e split the
off aother
factorpowers
of the of
�
�
/ cos in with
function termstheofodd
sin power,
by using the identity
cos(x), then

� � � - f(w.*a-)* 2» ��
�
- J
cos2(x) - 1 - s;n2(x).
�( a - �
�
. . ��
� J D % 05 2
2..)' "
( 0 x 9 L

�§ w '�(*u)*.�sx 4.
�§ lo4 u� to1 2 2 -d i 2 2 2
n*« (i-s�')*�s�' o "
� �

�� ,
I - 2n 2 cit
� �

/ �i

(
I
This is then a derivative present type integral which can be solved by
setting u =
sin(x)...
113
- l ��
�
a � f r �» h a
A �

115
•

i
i
I
lo/ � � rja �
�
�

\
�
f ( 0 - « e ) ' (-44�)
- i x
�

2
•

<f�-"i+3�*-�f e
� cos �
�c l
" l
/

\
4
s .

f«�(a-u�)A " �
�

2 .

- (�-J�i«'-44')+
f�t(
4

- �� µ ' + �* ) l s
��* - 2 a " + u " A - �
�4
� � �' -
(o
3 u '� I
[4
A
7
( C

�
� �3 � 2
,�
� 7 7 " �7
l s
"
�
€ �
,

3
i

i�
7
s l - (
a�s
I 7 2�
� S a
--3 co � 2» 5

Co
�

�
� C
°7
�
�
i �3 ?
� / o x - I A « u
�s _�I (
I
os 2» (
€ % � i f
114 116
3.2.2 Case 2: Both m and n are even.
Example: / cos*(�) d e
(Note that sin x has power O, so both powers are even.)
For this case, we need to make use of some different trigonometric
identities. �f (�s)7A
- S (4(« ��
��) �
Recall from the double angle formula for cos, we have

cos(2x) = cos�(x) - sin�(z)

+ �"�.) 4
= (1 - sin�(@)) - sin�(a)
� 1 - 2sin�(x) - f4(i+z�o.
� 2sin�(a) = 1 - cos(2x) ��f � + �(le s . � ) �
Hence 1+ 2 ,
$(1 - cos(2»)) �J f : � ��6 4%
sin?(a) = e 2 w, b +
�□ (: �
� � �

+ �o . % » )
Homework: Derive the corresponding identity for cos�(�): ( C
e [Link]

2,�- �
= �(1 + cos(2»)) �
�c
- �. + 4 - � - +
� �

cos°(a)
c
117 119

Example: / sin�(3�) cos�(3a) dx

f �( 1 - � 4 » ) - � (0 e ��6») 4 ,
So, for integrals of the form f s i n " ( x ) c o s " ( x ) dx where m and �
�
6 f -
a�' ��4
are both even, we make use of the trigonometric identities: - (

�
- f m'ls. %
sin�(e) = $(1 - cos(2a))
�
cos�(e) = $(1 + cos(2a)) * 4 (i-om�)�.
until we obtain standard trigonometric integrals. - : Ji-�zx4
�� ( �
�- +� � �
8 ( •n») e

118 = ◊- - d�1 ��� � � 120

Homework: Solve the following: Example: / tan�(3a) sec*(32) d

(a) / sin�(e) d e (b) / sin�(z) d a (e) / sin*(e) d � � � �� �2 �

J f a ' 3•· r ec > c t e c �n •
�f�'3,�( �) rec*3% 4 ,
#'�+

le+ �={ans» d a � +�
4 a � SJeo �6

�3 s e c ' 3 . %�i
j> (ate) (4 ��) d
" : �� � s e c ' 3>- 4

- : J.s+�i ��

Se - �sin(2x) +C -+ (+�'+4«°) +C
�% +',+ %-"�,
Answers: (a)
�cos�(�) - cos(�) + C

=- �
(b)
g �
+ +C
€ �
(c) sin(2a) sin(4x)
121 123

3.2.3 Powers of tan and sec

Exercise: / sec°(2a) d

Similar methods can often be applied to integrals involving tan and

sec, by using the identity

I tan�(@) + 1 = sec�(a) I
and recalling that sec�(x) is the derivative of tan(z).

Example: / tan@) d

f�-�
O
�
u
� � �
cu
Answer: � tan�(22) + §tan�(22) + �t a n ( 2 a ) + C
g

�
g

{a L 2L -{ c
Homework: f sec*(5x) tan(5x) d �
� t a n * ( 5 x ) + �tan�(5x) + C
Answer

122 124
 Case 1: The denominator factorises into distinct linear factors.
In this case we can rewrite the integrand as:

f �� =A +�
(ax + b)(cx + d) ax+b cx + d

+1

-
Additional questions 9x A
+ -x +B- 1.

-
Example: Write � in the form - -
(x-3)(x+1) x - 3
You can now attempt a selection of exercises 1 - 12 and 29 - 42 from
Chapter 8.3 in the textbook. 1,-e l A 8
neg@ease:wot.. +
(�-3)(be) 20 -2 2c€ l

h A l A 2
-
�
{
1,c-4 l
A(x+�) + 6(x-?)
(x-)64�) (x-3)(x+�)
127
125
De o. w l o / j e &ale.A �

� �
- 4o a e e qw i ifo.

1�el

-
� �

- A ( x + i ) + BO�-?)
u Ax + A + 6n - 3 g
3.3 Integration using Partial Fractions [Chapter 8.5]
( A + 8 ) x + (A-s%)
The method of partial fractions can be used to solve integrals of the
form

I qvet+ ta##d�i:
a x �f+( xbx) + c d�
A �E (Co

-
7 i : 9 �

where f (�) is a linear function (or constant), and the quadratic in the
cox6} : { �
A - :3
denominator can be factorised into linear factors.
�

3 EB Q-O
The idea is to break up the integrand into smaller pieces that are
easy to integrate. These pieces depend on the way the denominator
factorises.
) 3 =2 y A�)

1,c �1 . 7 2
126
)
6�-3)(x ¢ )
�

2 � - 3
( g

»€ 1
j l g k u j l a a u p

128
 J
� �
O - A t e
- A- - B
Example cont'd: Hence find (x _93x) (+x l+ l ) d x · wad 7 - - 2 A +s� /e�.
- - c
2
o
26� I
l ,
� �
7 - � ( - B ) f s8
�
13- � A -
� � � �

- J 2 76 I
�

7 � 04 � 04
�

I
-� (
2 -
-3 26 - I

-
l
�

l j1 ( t
(

l 1 �=x-? � a . i k �
) - ( «g'dewar4:leiµ.04,

0,l
2

74 3,--o d,c.. 2c € 5 2¢ � 2
d ��� % ol � d u
. - •

-'23 �
�* s 1
(
7Mk
. 31-�1 � °'3'-4I+ �
7
129
G m . -

9 % ) e �

131

Case 2: The denominator factorises into repeated linear factors

Example: / �2 + 37x - 10 de
(i.e. is a perfect square}. In this case we rewrite the integrand as:

l o s e whoo. f(�) A + B
( a x + b)2 � a x + b ( a x + b)2
7 A 3
�

€5 -�
� �

L
Ge+ )(�-+) 2L
Example: / 12 3+ e4+x 1+ 4 d@
�( x + 5 ) 32c4 �
�

_A ( x - v ) + . . . . e a . . . " a
3�+ A S
�
e .

» � ' c (� ( su+2)' (x+�}

-
%+2
� � �

( x e s) ( � - y
� A(+�) • B
7 A ( a - . ) + B(x�5)
�)
(x�2)'
�� �
A�
i l A € - +5 � 3 x �� - A 6 e . j + B
e .

6 .
(A�B)u 5 ( -� e sR ) �A x + ( 2 4 4 3 )
130
1 �
 2 : 6 "
g
A
�a s 1
\ 9
s 6 2A � � Exercise: Write down the partial fractions decomposition you would
�6 ���5 use for each of the following:
� (o �

-
-f -
� € �

J
c A 6
3�+ 3 s (a)
x + 2
�2 + 4 x - 5
C

-
0hc
�

0h �c�s )(6�-)
�

) �
2 ( € S 2C � �
� � � 6 ��
% � l
�

(2µ€?)
1 - 2x �- 2 , A 6
(b) (

{ ( xs+ � ) ' ca
6 -

2 �+ 6x + 9 pc { �
(¢+3)�
�

(x€$)
I 7 l>et
�
a .

1
3 3 A 6
( u=�en (c)
2 2 - 4
. - �

�- �
t e n p m u t u m u » 5
�i � �
(x�J(x«.)
cl � �a u
4x

) *�
�� (d) . 'Y2- A 6
S 22 - 10x +2 5 � slaggtpaja&gin@;saliena - (
- ( 5
( 7¢ �

3 2�+ 2
(x-5)'
�

�
( - - - )°

133 135

Homework: J �2 2- x6 -x 1 +9 d x Notes about Partial Fractions

• The above techniques generalise to cases where the denomin

tor is a product of more than two linear factors. The corresponding
partial fractions decompositions are:

f(e) A i + 4 2 +...4 4 %
(x-a�)(x-a2)...(x-an) x-a1 x-a2 x-an

or f(�) _ A 14 42 + + 4%
(x-a)" x - a (x-a)2 •• ( x - a)"
These cases are looked at further in Calculus 2.

• If the numerator has degree greater than or equal to that of the

denominator, we first need to apply polynomial long division to
obtain an expression where the numerator has degree smaller than
the denominator, before applying the partial fractions method.
Answer: 21ogµ la - 3] - "�, +C
134 136
ÿþa�
 Example: j 2x3 - 3x2
1 2 -- 48x + 24 dx
�

f 2,�-3,�- , - € 2 4
2«�- �
04

�
� - -3
-J -
2 - � 3 3
�* - � ) 2 , 7 - �� �� �
3,2" � 8,
L
-3 2
�

?¢� 7 ¢� �

7 � 3
-8,-
�( j l - * 1 l C
* * * * " " + a # n p n p n n t n n m n n a p n p a n n n n � 2

- 3 ,�
� 21 L
+
4

? 1}1-�l
d u n

-3x
al--•1)
¢

- 3 , 2�
� l l - �

3,% { �
2(1g--�-
�
� �

i�

�) -��- 3 � �
3
'-8x+74
��
n
�
2� �
�

52% (
3 2 ) �
x -+" L2 /
� C

- 2,- -3

-
- € L � f

�
7 ' c l
u j le /.Jg@4e * C2'u 139

-
l�

{
:
-

(µ--)6-+-)
2
�

(
A
� ��
+
2¢
6
€ �
Homework: Practice your polynomial long division on these:

(a) 22 �- 6 m�2+ 1422 - 10x + 19

�

A(�+�) + B ( � ) - 3x +5

( x - � ) ( x * n )
(b) 5 2 + 11a�- +
3 2- 2a° - 22 +1
22 2x - 1
)
\ ? - A(x+?) + B(-l)

- (A+B)x+ (2A-2B)

2�� 0� A �R -22 B- - A
o�s} l� �
�A �2B
/ a t
2
2 A - 2(-A)
� A-3 (a)222 + 4 � " i s
� (/A 6--3 Answers: (6) 5 2 ° + @2 - 1

138 I 140
Additional questions

You can now attempt a selection of exercises 9-12 and 15-18 from
Chapter 8.5 in the textbook.

141