Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
● Determines the power to which the base
bbb is raised.
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
Both types of graphs pass through the point (0,
a).
① WHAT IS AN EXPONENTIAL ③ GROWTH vs. DECAY
FUNCTION?
The value of the base determines whether the
An exponential function has a variable in the function shows growth or decay.
exponent.
Growth
GENERAL FORM
y=a⋅bx+cy = a \cdot b^x + cy=a⋅bx+c ● b > 1
● The graph rises as x increases.
where:
Example:
● a ≠ 0 – Initial Value (y-intercept)
● b > 0 and b ≠ 1 – Base y=2xy = 2^xy=2x
● x – Exponent (variable)
● c – Vertical Shift Decay
● 0 < b < 1
② KEY PARTS OF AN ● The graph falls as x increases.
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
y=abx+cy = ab^x + cy=abx+c Example:
y=(12)xy = \left(\frac12\right)^xy=(21)x
Initial Value (y-intercept)
● The value of y when x = 0. Remember
● The y-intercept is (0, a) since:
y=a⋅b0=ay = a \cdot b^0 = ay=a⋅b0=a ● If b > 1 → Growth (increase)
● If 0 < b < 1 → Decay (decrease)
Base
⑤ EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
● If b > 1 → Growth
● If 0 < b < 1 → Decay An exponential equation is an equation that
contains the variable in the exponent.
Growth
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
● The graph rises as x increases.
● (ab)n=anbn(ab)^n = a^n b^n(ab)n=anbn
Decay ● (am)n=amn(a^m)^n = a^{mn}(am)n=amn
● The graph falls as x increases. STEPS IN SOLVING EXPONENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Exponent (variable)
● Simplify each side of the equation.
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 1
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
● Rewrite the equation so that the bases
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION AND RADIAN
are the same.
MEASURE
● Equate the exponents.
● Solve for the variable.
EXAMPLES Formulas
Solve ● Arc Length
● Area of a Sector
2x=322^x = 322x=32 A=12r2θA=\frac{1}{2}r^2\thetaA=21r2θ
Solution
32=2532 = 2^532=25 2x=252^x = 2^52x=25 1. Initial Side and Terminal
Side
Answer: x = 5
● Initial Side – the side of the angle where
Solve rotation begins.
● Terminal Side – the side where rotation
3x+2=813^{x+2} = 813x+2=81 ends.
● Direction of Rotation – the way the angle
Solution is turned from the initial side to the
terminal side.
81=3481 = 3^481=34 3x+2=343^{x+2} =
3^43x+2=34
Positive Direction (Counterclockwise)
Answer: x = 2
● Angles increase.
REMEMBER
Negative Direction (Clockwise)
● To solve an exponential equation, make
the bases the same, then set the ● Angles decrease.
exponents equal.
USEFUL BASES 2. Angles in Standard Position
● 25=322^5 = 3225=32 The terminal side is determined by rotating the
● 24=162^4 = 1624=16 initial side by θ in the given direction
● 33=273^3 = 2733=27 (counterclockwise is positive, clockwise is
● 36=7293^6 = 72936=729 negative).
● 52=255^2 = 2552=25
Definition
An angle is in standard position if:
● Its vertex is at the origin (0,0).
● Its initial side lies on the positive x-axis.
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 2
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
Remember Angle Measure Intervals
● All angles in standard position start on Quadrant Degree Measure (θ)
the positive x-axis.
Quadrant I (QI) 0° < θ < 90°
Quadrantal Angles Quadrant II (QII) 90° < θ < 180°
A quadrantal angle is an angle in standard Quadrant III (QIII) 180° < θ < 270°
position whose terminal side lies on one of the
coordinate axes. Quadrant IV (QIV) 270° < θ < 360°
● Their measures are multiples of 90°.
Examples 4. Reference Angles
● θ = 90° The reference angle of θ is the acute angle
○ Terminal side lies on the positive formed between the terminal side of θ in
y-axis. standard position and the x-axis.
○ Quadrant: None (on the axis)
● θ = 180°
How to Find Reference Angles
○ Terminal side lies on the negative
x-axis. Quadrant Reference Angle
○ Quadrant: None (on the axis)
Quadrant I (QI) θᵣ = θ
3. The Four Quadrants of the Quadrant II (QII) θᵣ = 180° − θ
Coordinate Plane Quadrant III (QIII) θᵣ = θ − 180°
The coordinate plane is divided into four regions
called quadrants, numbered counterclockwise Quadrant IV (QIV) θᵣ = 360° − θ
starting from the upper-right.
● Quadrant I (QI) – Upper Right Remember
● Quadrant II (QII) – Upper Left
● Quadrant III (QIII) – Lower Left ● A reference angle is always:
● Quadrant IV (QIV) – Lower Right ○ Positive
○ Acute
○ 0° < θᵣ < 90°
Remember ● It is always measured from the x-axis.
Angles are measured in standard position:
● The initial side lies on the positive x-axis. 5. Coterminal Angles
● The angle is measured counterclockwise.
Definition
Two or more angles in standard position are
coterminal angles if they have the same terminal
side.
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 3
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
They may differ by one or more full rotations. Remember
Examples ● Multiply by 180π\frac{180}{\pi}π180 to
change radians to degrees.
Principal Angle Coterminal Angles
30° 390°, 750°, -330°, -690°,
etc.
8. Unit Circle
120° 480°, -240°, 840°, -600°, Definition
etc.
The unit circle is a circle with:
-45° 315°, -405°, 675°, -765°, etc.
● Center at the origin (0,0)
● Radius = 1
Tip
● Adding 360° (or 2π) gives a positive
Key Quadrant Angles
coterminal angle.
● 0°
● Subtracting 360° (or 2π) gives a negative
● 90°
coterminal angle.
● 180°
● 270°
● 360°
6. Degree to Radian
Conversion
9. Parts of a Right Triangle
Convert an angle measured in degrees (°) to
radians (rad). Part Description
Formula Legs The two sides that form the right
angle.
θ(rad)=θ(∘)×π180\theta(\text{rad})=\theta(^\circ)\t
imes\frac{\pi}{180}θ(rad)=θ(∘)×180π Hypotenus The side opposite the right angle.
e
Remember
Right The angle that measures 90°.
Angle
● Multiply by π180\frac{\pi}{180}180π to
change degrees to radians.
Pythagorean Theorem
c2=a2+b2c^2=a^2+b^2c2=a2+b2
7. Radian to Degree
Conversion where:
Convert an angle measured in radians (rad) to ● c = hypotenuse (longest side)
degrees (°). ● a and b = legs
Formula
θ(∘)=θ(rad)×180π\theta(^\circ)=\theta(\text{rad})\
times\frac{180}{\pi}θ(∘)=θ(rad)×π180 10. 45°–45°–90° Triangle
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 4
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
Side Ratio Components of a Linear
1:1:21:1:\sqrt21:1:2
Function
● Leg : Leg : Hypotenuse
A linear function is written in slope-intercept
form:
Key Characteristics
y=mx+b\boxed{y = mx + b}y=mx+b
● Two equal acute angles (45°, 45°)
● One 90° angle
● Two congruent legs 1. Independent Variable (x)
● Also called an Isosceles Right Triangle
● The input or predictor variable.
● Its value is chosen freely.
Key Formula
● Leg = x 2. Dependent Variable (y)
● Hypotenuse = x\sqrt2
● The output or response variable.
● Its value depends on x.
11. 30°–60°–90° Triangle Remember:
Side Ratio ● You choose x.
● y depends on x.
1:3:21:\sqrt3:21:3:2
● Short Leg : Long Leg : Hypotenuse 3. Slope (m)
Key Characteristics ● The rate of change of y with respect to x.
● It tells how steep the line is and its
direction.
● One 30° angle
● One 60° angle
● One 90° angle Slope Formula
● The hypotenuse is the longest side
m=riserunm=\frac{\text{rise}}{\text{run}}m=run
Key Formula rise
or
● Short Leg = x
● Long Leg = x\sqrt3
m=ΔyΔxm=\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}m=ΔxΔy
● Hypotenuse = 2x
4. Y-Intercept (b)
● The value of y when x = 0.
● It is the point where the line crosses the
y-axis.
Remember
INTRODUCTION TО LINEAR FUNCTION The slope (m) and y-intercept (b) completely
determine the graph of a linear function.
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 5
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
Slope of a Line ● How fast a line is increasing or
decreasing.
● The direction of the line.
The slope (m) describes the steepness and
direction of a line.
Formula
Slope Formula (Two
Points)
m=ΔyΔxm=\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}m=ΔxΔy
m=y2−y1x2−x1m=\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}m=x2−x1
or y2−y1
m=y2−y1x2−x1m=\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}m=x2−x1 The slope measures:
y2−y1
● How steep a line is.
where: ● The direction in which it rises or falls.
● Rise (Δy) – Vertical change
● Run (Δx) – Horizontal change Remember
● m > 0 → Line rises from left to right.
● m < 0 → Line falls from left to right.
Types of Slope ● m = 0 → Horizontal line.
● Undefined slope → Vertical line.
Positive Slope (m > 0)
Tip
● The line rises from left to right.
Be careful with signs.
Negative Slope (m < 0)
A small change in subtraction order can change
the slope.
● The line falls from left to right.
Zero Slope (m = 0)
Different Forms of Linear
● The line is horizontal (flat).
Equations
Undefined Slope A linear equation can be written in several
equivalent forms.
● The line is vertical.
Steeper vs. Gentler 1. Slope-Intercept Form
● The greater the absolute value of the y=mx+b\boxed{y = mx + b}y=mx+b
slope, the steeper the line.
where:
Remember ● m = slope
● b = y-intercept
The slope determines:
Remember:
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 6
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
● The line crosses the y-axis at b.
Finding the Equation of a
2. Point-Slope Form Line
y=mx+b\boxed{y=mx+b}y=mx+b
y−y1=m(x−x1)\boxed{y-y_1=m(x-x_1)}y−y1=m(x−x
1) There are different ways to find the equation of
a line.
where:
● m = slope When the Slope and Y-Intercept are
● (x₁, y₁) = a point on the line Known
Remember: Use
● Uses a known point and the slope. y=mx+b\boxed{y=mx+b}y=mx+b
3. Standard Form When One Point and the Slope are
Known
Ax+By=C\boxed{Ax+By=C}Ax+By=C
Use
where:
y−y1=m(x−x1)\boxed{y-y_1=m(x-x_1)}y−y1=m(x−x
● A, B, C are constants. 1)
● A and B are not both zero.
When Two Points are Given
Remember:
First find the slope using
● Useful for finding intercepts easily.
m=y2−y1x2−x1\boxed{m=\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}}
m=x2−x1y2−y1
4. General Form
Then substitute into the appropriate equation.
Ax+By+C=0\boxed{Ax+By+C=0}Ax+By+C=0
Remember
where:
● Use y=mx+by=mx+by=mx+b when slope
● A, B, C are constants. (m) and y-intercept (b) are known.
● A and B are not both zero. ● Use
y−y1=m(x−x1)y-y_1=m(x-x_1)y−y1=m(x−x1)
Remember: for Point-Slope Form.
● Find the slope using
● The most general form of a linear
equation. m=y2−y1x2−x1\boxed{m=\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}}
m=x2−x1y2−y1
Note
when two points are given.
All four forms represent the same straight line.
Tip
You can convert from one form to another.
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 7
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
After finding the equation, check your answer by Parallel Lines
substituting the given values into your equation.
Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if
their slopes are equal.
Graphing Linear Functions
Condition
To graph a linear function, follow these steps.
m1=m2\boxed{m_1=m_2}m1=m2
Step 1 – Create a Table of Values
Remember
● Choose several x-values.
● Use the equation to find the ● Parallel lines never intersect.
corresponding y-values.
Perpendicular Lines
Step 2 – Plot Ordered Pairs
Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if and
● Plot the ordered pairs (x, y) on the only if the product of their slopes is -1.
coordinate plane.
Condition
Step 3 – Draw the Line
m1m2=−1\boxed{m_1m_2=-1}m1m2=−1
● Draw a straight line through the points.
● Extend arrows on both ends to show the
line continues infinitely. Remember
● Perpendicular lines intersect at right
Step 4 – Interpret the Graph angles (90°).
Use the graph to find:
Neither Parallel nor Perpendicular
● Slope
● Intercepts If lines have:
● Increasing/Decreasing behavior
● Predictions ● Different slopes, and
● Their product is not -1,
Remember they intersect at some angle other than 90°.
The graph of any linear function is a straight line.
Key Idea
Tip
The slopes reveal the relationship between lines.
Substitute each x-value into the equation to find
y. ● Equal slopes → Parallel
● Product = -1 → Perpendicular
Don't forget to label the line with its equation. ● Otherwise → Neither
INTRODUCTION TО QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
The slopes of lines determine whether they are
parallel, perpendicular, or neither.
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 8
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
Introduction to Graph of a Quadratic
Quadratic Functions Function
The graph of any quadratic function is
What is a Quadratic Function? called a parabola.
A quadratic function is a function that
can be written in the form: Opens Upward
● When a > 0
y=ax2+bx+c\boxed{y=ax^2+bx+c}y=ax2+b
x+c
Opens Downward
where:
● When a < 0
● a ≠ 0
● a, b, and c are real numbers
Effect of the Leading
Recognizing a Quadratic Coefficient (a)
Function Positive a (a > 0)
A quadratic function is written in the ● Parabola opens UPWARD.
form
Negative a (a < 0)
y=ax2+bx+c\boxed{y=ax^2+bx+c}y=ax2+b
x+c ● Parabola opens DOWNWARD.
where: Remember
● a ≠ 0 The sign of a determines the direction
the parabola opens.
Remember
Identify:
● a
● b Understanding the Two
● c
Forms of a Quadratic
If a = 0, the equation is not quadratic. Function
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 9
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
1. Standard Form ○ Downward
y=ax2+bx+c\boxed{y=ax^2+bx+c}y=ax2+b Converting Standard Form
x+c
to Vertex Form
Characteristics
Using Completing the Square
● Easy to identify a, b, and c
● Used to find intercepts Step 1
2. Vertex Form Start with Standard Form
y=a(x−h)2+k\boxed{y=a(x-h)^2+k}y=a(x−h) y=ax2+bx+cy=ax^2+bx+cy=ax2+bx+c
2+k
where
Characteristics ● a ≠ 0
● Vertex is (h, k)
● Easy to graph Step 2
Factor out a from the first two terms.
Remember
Both equations represent the same y=a(x2+__)+cy=a(x^2+\_\_)+cy=a(x2+__)+
parabola. c
Step 3
Identifying a, h, k, and
Complete the square inside the
Opening in Vertex Form parentheses.
Given
Key Reminder
y=a(x−h)2+k\boxed{y=a(x-h)^2+k}y=a(x−h) Add and subtract
2+k
Identify: (b2a)2\boxed{\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2}(2
ab)2
● a
inside.
● h
● k
● Opening Step 4
○ Upward
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 10
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
Factor the perfect square trinomial. Vertex Form
Step 5
y=a(x−h)2+k\boxed{y=a(x-h)^2+k}y=a(x−h)
Simplify the constant. 2+k
Step 6
Parts of a Parabola
Write in Vertex Form.
Key Parts
y=a(x−h)2+k\boxed{y=a(x-h)^2+k}y=a(x−h)
2+k 1. Vertex
2. Axis of Symmetry
where the vertex is 3. Maximum / Minimum Value
4. x-intercepts (zeros)
(h,k)\boxed{(h,k)}(h,k) 5. y-intercept
6. Parabola
Key Reminders
● The value added and subtracted in Graphing Using Vertex
Step 3 is Form
(b2a)2\boxed{\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2}(2 Given
ab)2
y=a(x−h)2+k\boxed{y=a(x-h)^2+k}y=a(x−h)
● The vertex in
2+k
y=a(x−h)2+ky=a(x-h)^2+ky=a(x−h)2+k
Steps to Graph
is
1. Identify
(h,k)\boxed{(h,k)}(h,k) ● a
● h
● k
Key Formula
2. Plot the Vertex
Standard Form
(h,k)\boxed{(h,k)}(h,k)
y=ax2+bx+c\boxed{y=ax^2+bx+c}y=ax2+b
x+c 3. Draw the Axis of Symmetry
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 11
Advanced Mathematics
TEACHER Mr. Mark Ancel Bautista
x=h\boxed{x=h}x=h
4. Determine the Direction
● Up if a > 0
● Down if a < 0
5. Find Additional Points
Plot points that satisfy the equation.
6. Draw the Parabola
Sketch the curve through the plotted
points.
Formula Summary
Standard Form
y=ax2+bx+c\boxed{y=ax^2+bx+c}y=ax2+b
x+c
Vertex Form
y=a(x−h)2+k\boxed{y=a(x-h)^2+k}y=a(x−h)
2+k
Axis of Symmetry
x=h\boxed{x=h}x=h
Vertex
(h,k)\boxed{(h,k)}(h,k)
PREPARED BY: SSLG S.P.A.R.K PAGE 12