Integration

P 7 The displacement of a particle at time t is given by Problem-solving

the function f(t), where f(0) = 0.
You don’t need any specific knowledge
Given that the velocity of the particle is given by
of mechanics to answer this question.
f (t) = 10 − 5t,
You are told that the displacement of
a find f(t) the particle at time t is given by f(t).
b determine the displacement of the particle when t = 3.

P 8 The height, in metres, of an arrow fired horizontally from the top of a castle is modelled by the
function f(t), where f(0) = 35. Given that f (t) = −9.8t,
a find f(t).
b determine the height of the arrow when t = 1.5.
c write down the height of the castle according to this model.
d estimate the time it will take the arrow to hit the ground.
e state one assumption used in your calculation.

Challenge
1 A set of curves, where each curve passes through the origin, has
equations y = f1(x), y = f2(x), y = f3(x) … where fn (x) = fn − 1(x) and
f1(x) = x2.
a Find f2(x), f3(x).
b Suggest an expression for fn(x).
2 A set of curves, with equations y = f1(x), y = f2(x), y = f3(x), … all pass
through the point (0, 1) and they are related by the property
fn (x) = fn − 1(x) and f1(x) = 1. Find f2(x), f3(x), f4(x).

13.4 Definite integrals

You can calculate an integral between two limits. This is called a definite integral. A definite integral
usually produces a value whereas an indefinite integral always produces a function.

Here are the steps for integrating the function 3x2 between the limits x = 1 and x = 2.

Write the integral in [ ]

∫ 3x
2 brackets.
The limits of the integral 2 dx = [x3]21
are from x = 1 to x = 2.
1
= (23) − (13) Write this step in ( ) brackets.

Evaluate the integral at =8−1

the upper limit. Evaluate the integral at the
=7 lower limit.

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Chapter 13

There are three stages when you work out a definite integral:
Write the definite integral Integrate, and write the Evaluate the definite integral
statement with its limits, a and b. integral in square brackets by working out f(b) − f(a).
∫ … dx
b
[ … ]ba (…) − (…)
a

■ If f ′(x) is the derivative of f(x) for all Problem-solving

values of x in the interval [a, b], then the
The relationship between the derivative
definite integral is defined as
and the integral is called the fundamental
b
∫a f9(x)dx = [f(x)]ba = f(b) − f(a). theorem of calculus.

Example 7

Evaluate
∫01 (x _ − 1) 2 dx
1
3

∫01 (x __ − 1)2dx
1
3
First multiply out the bracket to put the
expression in a form ready to be integrated.
= ∫ (x 3 − 2x 3 + 1)dx
1 __
2 __1

0
__ __ 1
x3 x3
5 4

= ___ − 2___ +x For definite integrals you don’t need to include

5
[3
__ __
4
3
]0 +c in your square brackets.
3 __5 3 __4 1
= [__x 3 − __x 3 + x]
5 2 0

3 3 Simplify each term.

= ( __ − __ + 1) − (0 + 0 + 0)
5 2
= __
1
10

Example 8

Given that P is a constant and ∫ (2Px + 7)dx = 4P2, show that there are two possible values for P
5
1
and find these values.

Problem-solving
∫15 (2Px + 7)dx = [Px2 + 7x] 51
You are integrating with respect to x so treat P as
= (25P + 35) − (P + 7)
a constant. Find the definite integral in terms of
= 24P + 28 P then it equal to 4P2. The fact that the question
24P + 28 = 4P2 asks for ‘two possible values’ gives you a clue that
the resulting equation will be quadratic.
4P2 − 24P − 28 = 0
P2 − 6P − 7 = 0
(P + 1)(P − 7) = 0 Divide every term by 4 to simplify.
P = −1 or 7

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 Integration

Exercise 13D
1 Evaluate the following definite integrals: Watch out You must not use a calculator to
a ∫2
5
 x3 dx b ∫3
 x 4 dx
1
work out definite integrals in your exam. You
need to use calculus and show clear algebraic
4 __ 3
c ∫0 √x dx d ∫13 __ dx working.
2 x
2 Evaluate the following definite integrals:
2 __ 6
a ∫12 (__ + 3x)dx b ∫02 (2x3 − 4x + 5)dx c ∫49 (√x − __
2)
dx d ∫18 (x − _ + 2x − 1)dx
1
3
x3 x
3 Evaluate the following definite integrals:
__
x3 + 2x2 3 2 __ 1 2 + √x
a ∫1 3 ________
x dx b ∫3 (x − x ) dx
6 __ c ∫ 1
 x2(√x __
+ x )dx d ∫1
4 ______
dx
0 x2
__
4 Given that A is a constant and ∫ (6√x − A)dx = A2, show that there are two possible values for
4
E/P
1
A and find these values. (5 marks)
__
5 Use calculus to find the value of ∫ (2x − 3√x )dx.
9
E (5 marks)
1

12 2 __
E 6 Evaluate ∫ ___
__ dx, giving your answer in the form a + b√3 , where a and b are integers. (4 marks)
4 √x

k 1
E/P 7 Given that ∫ ___
__ dx = 3, calculate the value of k. (4 marks) Problem-solving
1 √x
You might encounter a definite
8 The speed, v of a train at time t seconds is given
ms−1, integral with an unknown in
by v = 20 + 5t, 0 < t < 10. the limits. Here, you can find
an expression for the definite
The distance, s metres, travelled by the train in 10 seconds integral in terms of k then set
is given by s = ∫ (20 + 5t)dt. Find the value of s.
10
that expression equal to 3.
0

Challenge
3k 3x + 2
Given that ∫ ______ dx = 7 and k > 0, calculate the value of k.
k 8

13.5 Areas under curves

Definite integration can be used to find the area under a curve. y
y = f(x)
For any curve with equation y = f(x), you can define the area
under the curve to the le of x as a function of x called A(x).
A(x)
As x increases, this area A(x) also increases (since x moves
further to the right). O x

297
Chapter 13

If you look at a small increase in x, say δx, then the area This vertical height
increases by an amount δA = A(x + δx) − A(x). will be y = f(x).
y
This increase in the δA is approximately rectangular
and of magnitude yδx. (As you make δx smaller any error
δA
between the actual area and this will be negligible.) A(x) y = f(x)
So you have δA ≈ yδx O x x + δx
or δA ≈ y
___
δx
δA then you will see that ___
and if you take the limit lim (___
dA
= y.
δx→0 δx ) dx
dA
Now if you know that ___ = y, then to find A you have to integrate, giving A = ∫y dx.
dx
■ The area between a positive curve, the x-axis y
y = f(x)
and the lines x = a and x = b is given by
b
Area = ∫a y dx

where y = f(x) is the equation of the curve.

O a b x

Example 9

Find the area of the finite region between the curve with equation y = 20 − x − x 2 and the x-axis.

y = 20 − x − x2 = (4 − x)(5 + x) Factorise the expression.

y
20

Draw a sketch of the graph. x = 4 and x = −5 are

–5 O 4 x the points of intersection of the curve and the
x-axis.

Area = ∫−5
4
 (20 − x − x2)dx
4
x2 x3
= [20x − ___ − ___]
2 3 −5
64 25 125
= (80 − 8 − ___) − (−100 − ___ + ____)
3 2 3
243
_____ You don’t normally need to give units when you
=
2 are finding areas on graphs.

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 Integration

Exercise 13E

1 Find the area between the curve with equation y = f(x), the x-axis and the lines x = a and
x = b in each of the following cases:
a f(x) = −3x2 + 17x − 10; a = 1, b=3
b f(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 − 4x; a = −3, b = −1
c f(x) = −x4 + 7x3 − 11x2 + 5x; a = 0, b=4 Hint For part c, f(x) = −x(x − 1)2(x − 5)
8
d f(x) = ___2 ; a = −4, b = −1
x

2 The sketch shows part of the curve with equation y = x(x2 − 4). y
Find the area of the shaded region. y = x(x2 – 4)
–2
O x

3 The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with equation y 6

y = 3x + –5
x2
6
y = 3x + __2 − 5, x > 0.
x
The region R is bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the
R
lines x = 1 and x = 3.
O 1 3 x
Find the area of R.

4 Find the area of the finite region between the curve with equation y = (3 − x)(1 + x) and the
x-axis.

5 Find the area of the finite region between the curve with equation y = x(x − 4)2 and the x-axis.

P 6 Find the area of the finite region between the curve with equation y = 2x2 − 3x3 and the x-axis.

P 7 The shaded area under the graph y y = 3x2 – 2x +2

of the function f(x) = 3x2 − 2x + 2, Problem-solving
bounded by the curve, the x-axis
and the lines x = 0 and x = k, is 8. ∫0k (3x2 − 2x + 2) dx = 8
Work out the value of k.
O k x

E 8 The finite region R is bounded by the x-axis and y

the curve with equation y = −x2 + 2x + 3, x > 0.
The curve meets the x-axis at points A and B. R
a Find the coordinates of point A and point B. (2 marks) A O B x
b Find the area of the region R. (4 marks)
y = –x2 + 2x + 3

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 Chapter 13

E 9 The graph shows part of the y y = x2(2 – x) Watch out If a

curve C with equation y = x2(2 − x).
question says “use
The region R, shown shaded, C calculus” then you need
is bounded by C and the x-axis. R to use integration or
Use calculus to find the exact differentiation, and
area of R. (5 marks) show clear algebraic
O 2 x
working.

13.6 Areas under the x-axis

You need to be careful when you are finding areas below the x-axis.
■ When the area bounded by a curve and the x-axis is below the x-axis, ∫y dx gives a negative
answer.

Example 10

Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y = x(x − 3) and the x-axis.

Online Check your solution using

When x = 0, y = 0
your calculator.
When y = 0, x = 0 or 3
y
y = x(x – 3) First sketch the curve.
It is -shaped and crosses the x-axis at 0 and 3.

O 3 x

Area = ∫0 x(x − 3)dx

3
The limits on the integral will therefore be 0 and 3.

= ∫0 (x2 − 3x)dx

3
Multiply out the brackets.
3
x3 3x2
= [___ − ____] Integrate as usual.
3 2 0
27 27
= (___ − ___) − (0 − 0) The area is below the x-axis so the definite
3 2
27 9 integral is negative.
= − ___ or − __ or −4.5
6 2
So the area is 4.5 State the area as a positive quantity.

The following example shows that great care must be taken if you are
trying to find an area which straddles the x-axis such as the shaded
region.

For examples of this type you need to draw a sketch, unless one is
given in the question.

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 Integration

Example 11

Sketch the curve with equation y = x(x − 1)(x + 3) and find the area of the finite region bounded by
the curve and the x-axis.

When x = 0, y = 0
Find out where the curve cuts the axes.
When y = 0, x = 0, 1 or −3
x → ∞, y → ∞
Find out what happens to y when x is large and
x → −∞, y → −∞
positive or large and negative.
y
y = x (x – 1)(x + 3) Problem-solving
Always draw a sketch, and use the points of
–3 O 1 x intersection with the x-axis as the limits for your
integrals.

The area is given by ∫−3

 y dx − ∫0 y dx
0 1

Since the area between x = 0 and 1 is below the

Now ∫y dx = ∫(x3 + 2x2 − 3x)dx axis the integral between these points will give a
x4 2x3 3x2 negative answer.
= [___ + ____ − ____]
4 3 2
So ∫−3
0 81 2 3 Multiply out the brackets.
 y dx = (0) − (___ − __ × 27 − __ × 9)
4 3 2
45
___
=
4 Watch out If you try to calculate the area as a
single definite integral, the positive and negative
and ∫O y dx = (__ + __ − __) − (0)
1 1 2 3
4 3 2 areas will partly cancel each other out.
7
= − ___
12
45 7 71
So the area required is ___ + ___ = ___
4 12 6

Exercise 13F
1 Sketch the following and find the total area of the finite region or regions bounded by the curves
and the x-axis:
a y = x(x + 2) b y = (x + 1)(x − 4) c y = (x + 3)x(x − 3)
d y = x (x − 2)
2 e y = x(x − 2)(x − 5)
y
E 2 The graph shows a sketch of part of the curve C with equation
y = x(x + 3)(2 − x). y = x(x + 3)(2 – x)
The curve C crosses the x-axis at the origin O and at points
A O B x
A and B.
a Write down the x-coordinates of A and B. (1 mark)
C

The finite region, shown shaded, is bounded by the curve C and the x-axis.
b Use integration to find the total area of the finite shaded region. (7 marks)

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Chapter 13

3 f(x) = −x 3 + 4x 2 + 11x − 30 y
y = –x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30
The graph shows a sketch of part of the curve with
equation y = −x 3 + 4x 2 + 11x − 30.
a Use the factor theorem to show that (x + 3) is a O x
factor of f(x).
b Write f(x) in the form (x + 3)(Ax2 + Bx + C).
c Hence, factorise f(x) completely.
d Hence, determine the x-coordinates where the curve intersects the x-axis.
e Hence, determine the total shaded area shown on the sketch.

Challenge
1 Given that f(x) = x(3 − x), find the area of the finite region bounded
by the x-axis and the curve with equation
a y = f(x) b y = 2f(x) c y = af(x)
d y = f(x + a) e y = f(ax).

2 The graph shows a sketch of y y = x (x – 1)(x + 2)

part of the curve C with C
equation y = x(x − 1)(x + 2).
The curve C crosses the A O B x
x-axis at the origin O and
at point B.
The shaded areas above
and below the x-axis are equal.
a Show that the x-coordinate of A satisfies the equation
(x − 1)2(3x2 + 10x + 5) = 0
b Hence find the exact coordinates of A, and interpret geometrically
the other roots of this equation.

13.7 Areas between curves and lines

■ You can use definite integration together with areas of trapeziums and triangles to find
more complicated areas on graphs.

Example 12 y
y=x

The diagram shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation y = x(4 – x)
y = x(4 − x) and the line with equation y = x.
O 4 x
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve and the line.

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 Integration

x(4 − x) = x
First, find the x-coordinate of the points of
3x − x2 = 0
intersection of the curve y = x(4 − x) and the
x(3 − x) = 0
line y = x.
x = 0 or 3

Area beneath curve = ∫0 (4x − x2)dx

3
Shaded area = area beneath curve − area
3 beneath triangle
x3
= [2x 2 − ___] y y
3 0
=9
Area beneath triangle = __
2 × 3 × 3
1
3

= __
9
2
O 3 x
O 3 x

Shaded area = 9 − __ __
2 = 2
9 9
3
x3
__ 27
___
[2x − 3 ] 0 = (18 − 3 ) − (0 − 0) = 18 − 9
2

Example 13

The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with equation y

y = x(x – 3)
y = x(x − 3) and the line with equation y = 2x.
C y = 2x
Find the area of the shaded region OAC.

O A B x
The required area is given by: (a, 0) (b, 0)
Area of triangle OBC − ∫a x(x − 3)dx
b

The curve cuts the x-axis at x = 3 Problem-solving

(and x = 0) so a = 3. Look for ways of combining triangles, trapeziums
The curve meets the line y = 2x when and direct integrals to find the missing area.
y
2x = x(x − 3).
So 0 = x2 − 5x C
0 = x(x − 5)
x = 0 or 5, so b = 5
The point C is (5, 10). O A B x
Area of triangle OBC = __1
× 5 × 10 = 25. (a, 0) (b, 0)
2
Area between curve, x-axis and the line
x = 5 is Substituting x = 5 into the equation of the line
∫3 x(x − 3)dx = ∫3
5 5
(x2 − 3x)dx gives y = 2 × 5 = 10.
5
x3 3x2
= [___ − ____] Work out the definite integral separately. This will
3 2 3
help you avoid making errors in your working.

303
 Chapter 13

125 75 27 27
= (_____ − ___) − (___ − ___)
3 2 3 2
25 27
= (___) − (− ___)
6 6
26
= ___
3
26 49
Shaded region is therefore = 25 − ___ = ___
3 3

Exercise 13G

1 The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y

y = x2 + 2
y = x2 + 2 and the line with equation y = 6.
6 y=6
The line cuts the curve at the points A and B. A B
a Find the coordinates of the points A and B.
b Find the area of the finite region bounded 2
by line AB and the curve. O x

2 The diagram shows the finite region, R, bounded by the curve y

with equation y = 4x − x2 and the line y = 3. y = 4x – x2
The line cuts the curve at the points A and B. A R B
y=3
a Find the coordinates of the points A and B.
O 4 x
b Find the area of R.

P 3 The diagram shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation y

y = 9 − 3x − 5x2 − x3 and the line with equation y = 4 − 4x. y = 9 – 3x – 5x2 – x3
The line cuts the curve at the points A (−1, 8) and B(1, 0). A
Find the area of the shaded region between AB and the curve.
B
O x
y = 4 – 4x

P 4 Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve with
equation y = (1 − x)(x + 3) and the line y = x + 3.

5 The diagram shows the finite region, R, bounded by the y

y = x(4 + x)
curve with equation y = x(4 + x), the line with equation
y = 12 and the y-axis. A
y = 12
R
a Find the coordinates of the point A where the line
meets the curve.
b Find the area of R. O x

304
 Integration

P 6 The diagram shows a sketch of part of the curve with y

equation y = x2 + 1 and the line with equation y = 7 − x. y = x2 + 1
The finite region, R1 is bounded by the line and the curve.
The finite region, R2 is below the curve and the line and is 7
R1
bounded by the positive x- and y-axes as shown in the diagram. y=7–x
R2
a Find the area of R1. x
O 7
b Find the area of R2.

2
The curve C has equation y = x 3 − ____1 + 1.
_2
P 7
x3
a Verify that C crosses the x-axis at the point (1, 0).
b Show that the point A(8, 4) also lies on C.
c The point B is (4, 0). Find the equation of the line through AB.
The finite region R is bounded by C, AB and the positive x-axis.
d Find the area of R.

8 The diagram shows part of a sketch of the curve with equation y 2

P y= +x
x2
2
y = __2 + x. The points A and B have x-coordinates _2 and 2
1
A
x
respectively. B
Find the area of the finite region between AB and the curve.
O 1 2 x
2

P 9 The diagram
__ __shows part of the curve with equation y y = 3√x – √x3 + 4
√
y = 3√x − x3 + 4 and the line with equation
y = 4 − _2 x.
1
4
a Verify that the line and the curve cross at the
point A(4, 2). A 1x
y=4–
b Find the area of the finite region bounded by 2
the curve and the line. O x

P 10 The sketch shows part of the curve with equation y

y = x2(x + 4). The finite region R1 is bounded by the
A (2, 24)
curve and the negative x-axis. The finite region R2 is
bounded by the curve, the positive x-axis and AB,
where A(2, 24) and B(b, 0). R1 R2
y = x2(x + 4)
The area of R1 = the area of R2. O B (b, 0) x
a Find the area of R1.
b Find the value of b.
Problem-solving
Split R 2 into two areas by drawing
a vertical line at x = 2.

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 Chapter 13

E/P 11 The line with equation y = 10 − x cuts the curve with y

equation y = 2x2 − 5x + 4 at the points A and B, A y = 2x2 – 5x + 4

as shown.
a Find the coordinates of A and the coordinates R
B
of B. (5 marks)
The shaded region R is bounded by the line and the O x

curve as shown. y = 10 – x

b Find the exact area of R. (6 marks)

Mixed exercise 13

1 Find:
a ∫(x + 1)(2x − 5)dx b ∫(x 3 + x − 3)dx
_1 _1

2
2 The gradient of a curve is given by f (x) = x2 − 3x − __2 . Given that the curve passes through
x
the point (1, 1), find the equation of the curve in the form y = f(x).

3 Find:
a ∫(8x3 − 6x2 + 5)dx b ∫(5x + 2)x 2 dx
_1

(x + 1)(2x − 3)
P 4 Given y = _____________
__ , find ∫y dx.
√x

dx
P 5 Given that ___ = (t + 1)2 and that x = 0 when t = 2, find the value of x when t = 3.
dt
_1 _1
E/P 6 Given that y 2 = x 3 + 3:
_2 _1
a show that y = x 3 + Ax 3 + B, where A and B are constants to be found. (2 marks)
b hence find ∫y dx. (3 marks)

_1 _1 _1
E/P 7 Given that y 2 = 3x 4 − 4x − 4 (x > 0):
dy
a find ___ (2 marks)
dx
b find ∫y dx. (3 marks)

a
P 8 ∫(___
3x 3
2
− ab)dx = − ___ + 14x + c
3x 2

Find the value of a and the value of b.

P 9 A rock is dropped off a cliff. The height in metres of the rock above the ground after t seconds
is given by the function f(t). Given that f(0) = 70 and f (t) = −9.8t, find the height of the rock
above the ground after 3 seconds.

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 Integration

P 10 A cyclist is travelling along a straight road. The distance in metres of the cyclist from a fixed
point after t seconds is modelled by the function f(t), where f (t) = 5 + 2t and f(0) = 0.
a Find an expression for f(t).
b Calculate the time taken for the cyclist to travel 100 m.
y
11 The diagram shows the curve with equation
y = 5 + 2x − x2 and the line with equation y = 2.
R
The curve and the line intersect at the points A and B. A B y=2
a Find the x-coordinates of A and B.
O x
b The shaded region R is bounded by the curve and
the line. Find the area of R. y = 5 + 2x – x2

12 a Find ∫(x 2 − 4)(x − 2 − 1)dx.

_1 _1
E/P (4 marks)
b Use your answer to part a to evaluate

∫14 (x _ − 4)(x − _ − 1)dx

1
2
1
2

giving your answer as an exact fraction. (2 marks)

E 13 The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y

y = x3 − 6x2 + 9x. The curve touches the x-axis at A and y = x3 – 6x2 + 9x
has a local maximum at B. B
a Show that the equation of the curve may be written R
as y = x(x − 3)2, and hence write down the O A x
coordinates of A. (2 marks)
b Find the coordinates of B. (2 marks)
c The shaded region R is bounded by the
curve and the x-axis. Find the area of R. (6 marks)

_1 _1
E 14 Consider the function y = 3x 2 − 4x − 2, x > 0.
dy
a Find ___. (2 marks)
dx
b Find ∫y dx. (3 marks)
__
c Hence show that ∫ y dx = A + B√3 , where A and B are integers to be found.
3
(2 marks)
1

E/P 15 The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with equation y

_1 _3 B
y = 12x 2 − x 2 for 0 < x < 12. 1 3
dy 3 _1 y = 12x 2 – x 2
a Show that ___ = __x − 2 (4 − x). (2 marks)
dx 2
b At the point B on the curve the tangent to the
curve is parallel to the x-axis. Find the coordinates
of the point B. (2 marks) O 12 x

c Find, to 3 significant figures, the area of the finite

region bounded by the curve and the x-axis. (6 marks)

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 Chapter 13

E/P 16 The diagram shows the curve C with equation y

y = x(8 − x) and the line with equation y = 12
L M y = 12
which meet at the points L and M. 12
a Determine the coordinates of the point M. (2 marks) y = x(8 – x)
b Given that N is the foot of the perpendicular from
M on to the x-axis, calculate the area of the shaded O N x
region which is bounded by NM, the curve C and
the x-axis. (6 marks)

E/P 17 The diagram shows the line y = x − 1 meeting the y

curve with equation y = (x − 1)(x − 5) at A and C.
The curve meets the x-axis at A and B. C
y=x–1
a Write down the coordinates of A and B and find y = (x – 1)(x – 5)
the coordinates of C. (4 marks)
b Find the area of the shaded region bounded by O A B x
the line, the curve and the x-axis. (6 marks)

E/P 18 The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y

y = p + 10x − x2, where p is a constant, and part
of the line l with equation y = qx + 25, where q is a A C
constant. The line l cuts the curve at the points A B
and B. The x-coordinates of A and B are 4 and 8 y = qx + 25
respectively. The line through A parallel to the x-axis
intersects the curve again at the point C.
y = p + 10x – x2
a Show that p = −7 and calculate the value of q. (3 marks)
b Calculate the coordinates of C. (2 marks) O D x
c The shaded region in the diagram is bounded by
the curve and the line segment AC. Using integration
and showing all your working, calculate the area of the
shaded region. (6 marks)

9 __
E 19 Given that f(x) = __2 − 8√x + 4x − 5, x > 0, find ∫f (x)dx. (5 marks)
x
3__
20 Given that A is constant and ∫ (___
9
E/P − A)dx = A2 show that there are two possible values
4 √x
for A and find these values. (5 marks)

(2 − x 2) 3
E/P 21 f (x) = _______ ,x≠0
x2
a Show that f (x) = 8x−2 − 12 + Ax2 + Bx4, where A and B are constants to be found. (3 marks)
b Find f (x).
Given that the point (−2, 9) lies on the curve with equation y = f(x),
c find f(x). (5 marks)

308
 Integration

E 22 The finite region S, which is shown shaded, is y

bounded by the x-axis and the curve with
equation y = 3 − 5x − 2x2.
The curve meets the x-axis at points A and B. y = 3 – 5x – 2x2
S
a Find the coordinates of point A and
point B. (2 marks)
A O B x
b Find the area of the region S. (4 marks)

E 23 The graph shows a sketch of part of the curve C with y y = (x – 4)(2x + 3)

equation y = (x − 4)(2x + 3).
C
The curve C crosses the x-axis at the points A and B.
a Write down the x-coordinates of A and B. (1 mark) A O B x
The finite region R, shown shaded, is bounded by C R

and the x-axis.

b Use integration to find the area of R. (6 marks)

E 24 The graph shows a sketch of part of the curve C y

with equation y = x(x − 3)(x + 2).
The curve crosses the x-axis at the origin O and C
the points A and B. A x
O B
a Write down the x-coordinates of the points
A and B. (1 mark) y = x(x – 3)(x + 2)

The finite region shown shaded is bounded by the curve C and the x-axis.
b Use integration to find the total area of this region. (7 marks)

Challenge
The curve with equation y = x2 − 5x + 7 cuts the curve with y

equation y = _1 x2 − _5 x + 7. The shaded region R is

2 2
bounded by the curves as shown. y = 1 x2 – 5
x+7
2 2

Find the exact area of R.

R

y = x 2 – 5x + 7

O x

309
Chapter 13

Summary of key points

dy 1
1 If ___ = xn, then y = _____x n + 1 + c, n ≠ −1.
dx n + 1
1
Using function notation, if f (x) = xn, then f(x) = _____x n + 1 + c, n ≠ −1.
n+1
dy k
2 If ___ = kxn, then y = _____x n + 1 + c, n ≠ −1.
dx n + 1
k
Using function notation, if f (x) = kxn, then f(x) = _____x n + 1 + c, n ≠ −1.
n+1
When integrating polynomials, apply the rule of integration separately to each term.

3 ∫f (x)dx = f(x) + c

4 ∫(f(x) + g(x))dx = ∫f(x)dx + ∫g(x)dx

5 To find the constant of integration, c

ō ,QWHJUDWHWKHIXQFWLRQ
ō 6XEVWLWXWHWKHYDOXHV x, y) of a point on the curve, or the value of the function at a given
point f(x) = k into the integrated function
ō 6ROYHWKHHTXDWLRQWRğQGc

6 If f (x) is the derivative of f(x) for all values of x in the interval [a, b], then the definite integral
is defined as ∫a f (x)dx = [f(x)]ba = f(b) − f(a)
b

7 The area between a positive curve, the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is given by
Area = ∫a y dx
b

where y = f(x) is the equation of the curve.

8 When the area bounded by a curve and the x-axis is below the x-axis, ∫y dx gives a negative
answer.

9 You can use definite integration together with areas of trapeziums and triangles to find more
complicated areas on graphs.

310