D”P gva¨wgK ● A_©bxwZ (cÖ_g cÎ) ● Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi

Aa¨vq-9: mvgwMÖK Avq I e¨q

1. C = 50 + 0.75Y; I = 100 n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î wewb‡qvM I RvZxq Avq mggyLx m¤úK©
†hLv‡b, C = †fvM e¨q; I = wewb‡qvM e¨q wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
K. mvgwMÖK Avq Kv‡K e‡j? ‡Kv‡bv †`‡k wewb‡qvM evo‡j RvZxq Avq e„w×
L. `yÕLvZ wewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z mvgwMÖK e¨‡qi `ywU cv‡e| Avevi, wewb‡qvM Kg‡j RvZxq Avq n«vm cv‡e
Dcv`vb wjL? A_©vr wewb‡qvM I RvZxq Av‡qi g‡a¨ mggyLx m¤úK©
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq Y we`¨gvb|
wbY©q K‡iv| DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨ Abymv‡i wewb‡qvM wظY Kiv n‡j
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wewb‡qvM wظY nIqvi †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q `vuovq (100 × 2) ev 200
†cÖwÿ‡Z wewb‡qvM I RvZxq Av‡qi m¤úK© GKK| GLb, fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wbY©‡qi
wb‡`©k K‡iv| m~Îvbymv‡i,
1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Y=C+I
K. GKwU wbw`©ó mgq mvaviYZ GKwU Avw_©K eQ‡i ev,Y = 50 + 0.75Y + 200
†`‡ki RbM‡Yi DcvwR©Z Av‡qi mgwó‡K mvgwMÖK ev,Y = -0.75Y = 50 + 200
Avq e‡j| ev,Y = 0.25Y = 250
L. `yÕLvZ wewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z mvgwMÖK e¨‡qi `ywU Dcv`vb 250
ev,Y = 0.25
n‡jv †fvM e¨q I wewb‡qvM e¨q|
ev,Y = 1000
‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Avw_©K eQ‡i Drcvw`Z P~ovšÍ ch©v‡qi
`ªe¨ I †mev µ‡qi Rb¨ RbMY †h A_© e¨q K‡i Zv‡K ⸫ Y0 = 1000
A_©vr, wewb‡qvM e¨q 100 GKK ‡_‡K evwo‡q 200
†`‡ki †gvU †fvM e¨q e‡j| Avi, wewb‡qvM e¨q n‡jv
GKK Kiv n‡j RvZxq Avq 600 GKK †_‡K †e‡o
we`¨gvb g~jabmvgMÖx ev Drcvw`Z m¤ú‡`i mv‡_
100 GKK nq|
Abyiƒc bZzbmvgMÖx †hvM Kivi Rb¨ e¨wqZ A_©|
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wb‡P fvimvg¨
RvZxq Avq wbY©q Kiv n‡jv:
`yÕLvZ wewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z †h ¯Í‡i †`‡ki †gvU †fvM
e¨q (C) I wewb‡qvM e¨q (I) Gi mgwó RvZxq Avq
(Y)-Gi mgvb nq, †mB ¯Í‡i fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq
(Y0) wba©vwiZ nq|
DÏxc‡K †fvM mgxKiY, C = 50 + 0.75Y
wewb‡qvM mgxKiY, I = 100
GLb, fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wbY©‡qi m~Îvbymv‡i,
Y=C+I
ev,Y = 50 + 0.75Y + 100 DÏxc‡Ki cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K Dc‡i Aw¼Z wP‡Î
ev,Y = - 0.75Y = 150 jÿ Kiv hvq, wewb‡qvM (I1) 100 GKK †_‡K †e‡o
ev,Y = 0.25Y = 150 wewb‡qvM (I2) 200 GKK n‡j mvgwMÖK Avq †iLv
150
ev,Y = 0.25 Dc‡ii w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| Gi d‡j RvZxq Avq
(Y1) 600 †_‡K †e‡o (Y2) 1000 nq|
ev,Y = 600
Dchy³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, wewb‡qvM e¨q
⸫ Y0 = 600 I RvZxq Av‡qi g‡a¨ mggyLx m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
A_©vr, DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq
(Y0) n‡jv 600 GKK| 2. aiv hvK, GKwU †`‡ki †gvU †fvM e¨q 500 †KvwU
N. DÏxc‡Ki D‡jøwLZ wewb‡qvM wظY Z_v 200 GKK UvKv| †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q 200 †KvwU UvKv| †gvU
5
Kiv n‡j RvZxq Avq 3 ¸Y evo‡e Z_v 1000 GKK miKvwi e¨q I †mevKg© µ‡qi Rb¨ 50 †KvwU UvKv|
 cÖev‡m Kg©iZ †`kxq bvMwiK‡`i Avq 20 †KvwU UvKv Drcv`b (GDP) I †gvU RvZxq Avq (GNP) Gi
Ges †`‡ki Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`i Avq 10 †KvwU g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ n‡e bv|
UvKv| mvaviYZ †gvU Dcv`vb Avq abv³K n‡j GDP Gi
K. †gvU RvZxq Avq Kv‡K e‡j? †P‡q GNP ‡ewk nq Ges Fbv³K n‡j GDP Gi
L. mÂq n‡jv wewb‡qv‡Mi wfw³- e¨vL¨v K‡iv| †P‡q GNP Kg nq| wKš‘ wbU Dcv`vb Avq k~b¨ n‡j
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †gvU †`kR Drcv`b Z_v we‡`‡k Kg©iZ †`kxq bvMwiK‡`i Avq I †`‡k
(GDP) I †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP) †ei Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`i Avq mgvb n‡j GDP I
K‡iv| GNP Dfq GKB nq| A_©vr, G‡ÿ‡Î GDP =
N. DÏxc‡K †`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`I Avq hw` GNP nq|
wظY nq Zvn‡j †gvU †`kR Drcv`b I †gvU DÏxc‡K jÿ Kiv hvq, †`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`i
RvZxq Av‡qi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ Avq 10 †KvwU UvKv Ges we‡`‡k Kg©iZ †`kxq
n‡e wK? gZvgZ `vI| bvMwiK‡`i Avq 20 †KvwU UvKv| G‡ÿ‡Î wbU
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Dcv`vb Avq 10 †KvwU UvKv| ZvB GDP Gi †P‡q
K. †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kv‡bv †`‡ki bvMwiKMY KZ©„K
GNP 10 †KvwU UvKv †ewk nq| wKš‘ GLb hw` †`‡k
†h cwigvY P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev Drcbœ nq Zvi
Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`i Avq wظY Kiv n‡j wbU
evRvig~‡j¨i mgwó‡K †gvU RvZxq Avq e‡j|
Dcv`vb Avq n‡e:
L. mÂq n‡jv wewb‡qv‡Mi wfw³| Av‡qi †h Ask
= {20 - (10 × 2)}
eZ©gv‡b †fvM bv K‡i fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ ivLv nq Zv‡K
= 20 - 20
mÂq e‡j| Avi G mwÂZ A_©‡K g~jab e‡j| GB
=0
mwÂZ A_©‡K g~jab MV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î
wewb‡qvM Kiv‡K wewb‡qvM e‡j| g~jZ mÂq †_‡KB ZvB G Ae¯’vq GDP I GNP DfqB 750 †KvwU
wewb‡hv‡Mi m„wó| ZvB ejv nq mÂqB wewb‡qv‡Mi UvKv n‡e| A_©vr GDP = GNP n‡e|
g~j wfw³|
M. wb‡P DÏxc‡Ki Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K †`kwUi †gvU †`kR 3. GKwU wZb LvZwewkó A_©bxwZi Z_¨ wb¤œiƒc:
Drcv`b (GDP) Ges †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b C = 100 + 0.75Y, I = 100, G = 150
K. NNP Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
(GNP) wbY©q Kiv n‡jv|
L. m‡qi mv‡_ wewb‡qvM Kxfv‡e m¤úwK©Z?
mvaviYZ †fvM, wewb‡qvM I miKvwi e¨q †hvM K‡i
M. DÏxc‡Ki Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K fvimvg¨ RvZxq
GDP cvIqv hvq| Avi GDP -Gi mv‡_ wbU
Avq wbY©q K‡iv|
Dcv`vb Avq †hvM K‡i GNP cvIqv hvq| GLv‡b
N. miKvwi e¨q 50 UvKv n«vm Kiv n‡j fvimvg¨
wbU Dcv`vb Avq ej‡Z GKwU †`‡ki bvMwiKMY
Av‡qi Ici Kx cÖfve co‡e? DÏxc‡Ki
ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM I kÖg †_‡K †h Avq K‡i Ges
Av‡jv‡K Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
we‡`wk bvMwiKMY we‡eP¨ †`‡k wewb‡qvM I kÖg
3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†_‡K †h Avq K‡i, G `y‡qi we‡qvMdj‡K †evSvq|
K. NNP Gi c~Y©iƒc- Net National Product.
DÏxc‡K jÿ Kiv hvq, †`kwUi †gvU †fvM e¨q (C)
L. m‡qi mv‡_ wewb‡qv‡Mi abv³K m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
500 †KvwU UvKv, †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q (I) 200 ‡KvwU Av‡qi †h Ask eZ©gv‡b †fvM bv K‡i fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨
UvKv Ges †gvU miKvwi e¨q I †mevKg© µ‡qi Rb¨ ivLv nq ZvB n‡jv mÂq; Avi mwÂZ A_©‡K g~jab
e¨q (G) 50 †KvwU UvKv| Kv‡RB GDP = ( 500 MV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î wb‡qvM Kiv n‡jv
+ 200 + 50) = 750 †KvwU UvKv| wewb‡qvM| mÂq †_‡K wewb‡qv‡Mi m„wó G Rb¨ mÂq
Avevi, cÖev‡m Kg©iZ †`kxq bvMwiK‡`i Avq 20 I wewb‡qvM Nwbô m¤ú‡K© Ae×| mg‡qi e¨eav‡b
†KvwU UvKv Ges †`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`i Avq 10 GKmgq mÂqB wewb‡qv‡M iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| ZvB
†KvwU UvKv| Kv‡RB wbU Dcv`vb Avq ( 20 - 10) = eZ©gv‡b mÂq‡K fwel¨‡Zi wewb‡qvM wn‡m‡e MY¨
10 †KvwU UvKv| myZivs, GNP = (750 + 10) = Kiv nq|
760 †KvwU UvKv| M. GKwU wZb LvZwewkó e× A_©bxwZ‡Z †h ¯Íi mgv‡Ri
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ †`kwU‡Z Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`i †gvU †fvM e¨q (C), †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q (I) I
Avq wظY Z_v 20 †KvwU UvKv n‡j †gvU †`kR
 miKvwi e¨q (G) Gi mgwó RvZxq Avq (Y)-Gi N. hw` †fv‡Mi cwigvY 70000 UvKv nq Z‡e
mgvb nq †m ¯Í‡ii Avq‡KB fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq RvZxq Av‡qi Ici cÖfve co‡e Kx? we‡kølY
e‡j| DÏxc‡K †h †fvM, wewb‡qvM I miKvwi e¨q K‡iv|
†`Iqv Av‡Q Zvi wfw³‡Z wb‡P fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wba©viY Kiv n‡jv: K. †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kv‡bv †`‡ki bvMwiKMY KZ©„K
‡fvM mgxKiY C = 100 + 0.75Y ‡h cwigvY P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev Drcbœ nq Zvi
wewb‡qvM mgxKiY I = I0 = 100 evRvig~‡j¨i mgwó‡K †gvU RvZxq Avq e‡j|
I miKvwi e¨q G = G0 = 150 L. GKwU †`‡ki Avg`vwb-ißvwb k~b¨ Ae¯’vq †gvU
GLb, fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wba©vi‡Yi m~Îvbyhvqx- †`kR Drcv`b I †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b mgvb nq|
Y = C + I + G n‡j, ‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki †fxMwjK mxgv‡iLvi Af¨šÍ‡i †h
= 100 + 0.75Y + 100 + 150 cwigvY `ªe¨ I †mev Drcvw`Z nq Zvi Avw_©K g~j¨B
= 350 + 0.75Y n‡jv GDP | Avevi †`‡ki †fZ‡i I we‡`‡k
ev, Y - 0.75Y = 350 Ae¯’vbiZ †`kxq bvMwiK KZ…©K Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I
ev, 0.25Y = 350 ‡mevi Avw_©K g~‡j¨i mgwó n‡jv GNP| A_©vr,
350 A_©bxwZ‡Z GDP = GNP cwijwÿZ nq|
ev, Y = 0.25
M. DÏxc‡K †h Z_¨vw` Av‡Q Zvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq
ev, Y = 1400 RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci Rb¨ Drcv`b c×wZ e¨envi
⸫ DÏxcK Abymv‡i fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq 1400 Kiv Avek¨K|
UvKv| Drcv`b c×wZ Abymv‡i †Kv‡bv GKwU Avw_©K eQ‡i
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K B‡Zvg‡a¨ fvimvg¨ †`‡k †h cwigvY `ªe¨ I †mevKg© Drcbœ nq Zvi
RvZxq Avq wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q 1400 UvKv (M-n‡Z cÖwZwUi cwigvY‡K wbR wbR Mo evRvi `vg Øviv ¸Y
cÖvß)| Ki‡j cÖvß A_©g~‡j¨i mgwóB n‡jv RvZxq Avq| G
GLb DÏxcK Abymv‡i miKvwi e¨q 50 UvKv n«vm c×wZ‡Z wb¤œiƒ‡c †`kwUi RvZxq Avq wbY©q Kiv
Ki‡j cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z bZzb fvimvg¨ RvZxq n‡jv:
Avq wb¤œiƒcfv‡e wba©viY Kiv hvq, RvZxq Avq = {(X1P1+ X2P2 + ….+ XnPn)}
Y=C+I+G GLv‡b X1, X2....., Xn n‡jv Drcbœ `ªe¨ I
= 100 + 0.75Y + 100 + 100 [50 n«vm K‡i] †mevK‡g©i cwigvY Ges P1, P2....., Pn n‡jv
= 300 + 0.75Y h_vµ‡g Hme `ª‡e¨i Mo evRvi `vg| wb‡P cÖ`Ë
ev, Y - 0.75Y = 300 Z_¨vw`i wfw³‡Z D‡jøwLZ ‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq wbY©q
ev, 0.25Y = 300 Kiv n‡jv:
300
ev, Y = 0.25 G‡ÿ‡Î wP‡Î X1 = Zzjvi cwigvY I P1 Mo evRvi
ev, Y1 = 1200 `vg
myZivs, miKvwi e¨q 50 UvKv n«vm Ki‡j fvimvg¨ X2= myZvi cwigvY I P2 Mo evRvi `vg
RvZxq AvqI n«vm cv‡e| I Xn = av‡bi cwigvY Ges Pn Mo evRvi `vg aiv
n‡j, RvZxq Avq n‡e,
4. GKwU †`‡k 3wU `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z nq| `ªe¨ 3wU n‡”Q ={(3 × 6000) + (2 × 15000) + (20 ×
Zzjv, myZv I avb| GB 3wU `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY 1000)} UvKv
I g~j¨ cÖwZgY h_vµ‡g 3 gY-6000 UvKv, 2 gY- = (18,000 + 30,000 + 20,000) UvKv
15000 UvKv I 20 gY- 1000 UvKv| D³ †`‡ki = 68,000 UvKv|
RbM‡Yi wewb‡qvM 10,000 Ges miKvwi e¨q A_©vr ‡gvU RvZxq Avq 68,000 UvKv|
10,000 UvKv| N. Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v w¯’i †_‡K †fvM e¨q e„w× †c‡j RvZxq
K. RvZxq Avq Kv‡K e‡j? Avq ev‡o|
L. †Kvb Ae¯’vq GDP = GNP e¨vL¨v K‡iv| eÜ A_©bxwZ‡Z g~jZ RvZxq Avq wbf©i K‡i †fvM,
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ †`‡ki †gvU RvZxq Avq wewb‡qvM I miKvwi e¨‡qi Dci| ZvB Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v
wbY©q K‡iv| AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †fv, wewb‡qvM I miKvwi e¨‡qi
 †h‡Kv‡bv GKwUi cwieZ©b n‡jB RvZxq Avq m‡e©vcwi `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖPzi A_© e¨q
cwiewZ©Z nq| K‡ib| g~jZ Gme e¨‡qi †hvMdj‡KB miKvwi e¨q
e‡j|
M. †gvkvid mv‡n‡ei Rgv‡bv UvKv n‡jv mÂq Ges
RgvK…Z UvKv Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kiv n‡jv wewb‡qvM|
A_©bxwZ‡Z mÂq ej‡Z †fvM e¨‡qi DØ„Ë Ask‡K
‡evSvq| e¨w³i †fvM e¨q hw` †ewk nq Zvn‡j Zvi
m‡qi cwigvY Kg nq; Avi †fvM e¨q Kg n‡j
mÂq e„w× cvq| myZivs ejv hvq e¨q‡hvM¨ Avq †_‡K
wP‡Î f~wg A‡ÿ RvZxq Avq Y I j¤^ A‡ÿ AD I †gvU †fvM ev` w`‡j hv _v‡K ZvB mÂq|
Avevi, wewb‡qvM ej‡Z †evSvq, Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î
AS cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b jÿ Kiv hvq cÖ_g
Drcv`bmvgMÖx hv Av‡Q Zvi mv‡_ bZzb hš¿cvwZ I
w`‡K miKvwi I wewb‡qvM e¨q h_vµ‡g 10,000 I
wbg©vY‡ÿ‡Îi cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj µq, KvPuvgv‡ji
10,000 UvKv|
evowZ gRy` I Ab¨vb¨ Drcv`b cÖvmw½K wRwbmcÎ
Kv‡RB RvZxq Avq ,
†hvM Kiv| wewb‡qv‡Mi g~j jÿ n‡jv Drcv`b I
Y1 = (10,000 + 10,000) UvKv Av‡qi cwigvY e„w× Kiv|
= 20,000 UvKv DÏxc‡Ki †gvkvid mv‡ne dvg© m¤úªmvi‡bi j‡ÿ¨
GLb, †fvM e¨q hw` 70,000 UvKv nq Zvn‡j, Z_v Drcv`b e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ Zvi mwÂZ A_© wewb‡qvM
RvZxq Avq n‡e Y2 = (10,000 + 10,000 + K‡i‡Qb| hvi d‡j Zvi dv‡g©i Drcv`b Av‡Mi
70,000) UvKv, ev 90,000 UvKv| Zzjbvq e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges Zvi †gvU AvqI c~‡e©i
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †fvM e¨q e„w× †c‡j RvZxq Avq Zzjbvq e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Avi me wKQzi g~‡j mwµq
e„w× cvq| f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q mÂq|
N. Av‡jvP¨ DÏxc‡K mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi †h Dcw¯’wZ
5. ‡gvkvid mv‡n‡ei gvwmK †eZb 18,000 UvKv| G i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb|
UvKv †_‡K wZwb eZ©gvb †fv‡Mi Rb¨ 13,000 UvKv mÂq I wewb‡qvM GKwU AciwUi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³
LiP K‡ib| evwK UvKv wZwb Rgv iv‡Lb| G Rgv‡bv n‡jI Df‡qi g‡a¨ wKQz cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| A_©vr Av‡qi
UvKv wZwb ciewZ©‡Z Zvi cÖwZwôZ †cvwëª dv‡g© DØ„Ë Ask hv eZ©gv‡b †fvM Kiv nq bv Zv‡K mÂq
wewb‡qvM K‡ib| G dvg© †_‡K AwR©Z Avq w`‡q wZwb e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K, GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ †h
dvg©wU AviI m¤úªmvwiZ K‡ib Ges G‡Z Zvi †gvU cwigvY g~jab `ªe¨ I miÄvg nv‡Z _v‡K Ges Zvi
Avq c~‡e©i Zzjbvq e„w× cvq| mv‡_ †h cwigvY bZzb `ªe¨ hy³ Kiv nq Zv‡K
K. †fvM Kx? wewb‡qvM e‡j| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Avq n‡Z e¨q ev`
L. miKvwi e¨q ej‡Z wK †evS? w`‡j hv Aewkó _v‡K ZvB mÂq| Avevi, bZzb
M. ‡gvkvid mv‡n‡ei UvKv Rgv Kiv Ges RgvK…Z Drcv`b I Avq e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi hš¿cvwZ
UvKv Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kivi welqwU A_©bxwZi I Drcv`bmvgMÖx µq Kivi Rb¨ †h e¨q Kiv nq ZvB
Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v K‡iv| wewb‡qvM|
N. D³ welq `ywU †h aviYv¸‡jv wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡`i A_©bxwZ‡Z mÂq I wewb‡qvM `ywU †gxwjK aviYv|
g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| mÂq I wewb‡qvM G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e
5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi RwoZ| Z‡e mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ Mfxi m¤úK©
K. †Kv‡bv Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv we`¨gvb _vK‡jI my‡`i †ejvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ KwZcq
`ª‡e¨i Dc‡hvM wbt‡kl Kiv‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z †fvM †gxwjK cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| Z‡e mvwe©Kfv‡e mÂq bv
e‡j| n‡j A_©bxwZ‡Z wewb‡qvM n‡e bv|
L. †Kv‡bv †`‡ki miKvi Zvi hveZxq Kg©KvÛ
m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †h e¨q K‡i Zv n‡jv miKvwi e¨q| 6. 2014 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki †fvM e¨q (C) AvbygvwbK
miKvi Zvi †`‡ki †fZ‡i kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿv, †`k‡K
60 nvRvi 50 †KvwU UvKv, wewb‡qvM e¨q (I) 40
ewntkÎæi AvµgY †_‡K iÿv Kiv, Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×,
AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb, mvgvwRK Kj¨vYmvab
 nvRvi †KvwU UvKv Ges miKvwi e¨q (G) 25 nvRvi
300 †KvwU UvKv|
K. wRwWwc Kx?
L. ‡fvM wK Av‡qi Ici wbf©ikxj?
M. DÏxcK n‡Z eÜ A_©bxwZ‡Z mvgMÖxK e¨q wbY©q
K‡iv|
N. miKvwi e¨q AwZwi³ 5000 †KvwU UvKv e„w×
Ki‡j fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vi Ici †Kvb ai‡bi
cwieZ©b m~wPZ n‡e? wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvPbv
K‡iv|
6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wP‡Î f~wg A‡ÿ RvZxq Avq ev mvgMÖxK †hvMvb Ges
K. †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GKwU Avw_©K eQ‡i
j¤^ A‡ÿ †fvM e¨q, wewb‡qvM e¨q I miKvwi e¨q
†`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Drcvw`Z P~ovšÍ ch©v‡qi `ªe¨mvgMÖx
I †mevK‡g©i A_©g~‡j¨i mgwó‡K wRwWwc e‡j| Z_v mvgMÖxK e¨q cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q| wP‡Î E0
L. mvaviYZ †fvM Av‡qi Ici wbf©ikxj| we›`y‡Z mvgMÖxK e¨q †iLv C + I + G mvgMÖxK
‡fv³vi Avq evo‡j Zvi †fvM ev‡o Ges Avq Kg‡j †hvMvb ev Avq †iLv AS †K E0 we›`y‡Z †Q` Kivq
†fvMI K‡g| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv Ab¨vb¨ welq fvimvg¨ Avq¯Íi 1,25,350 †KvwU UvKv wba©vwiZ
†hgb- m¤ú`, my‡`i nvi, mÂq, cÖ`k©b cÖfve BZ¨vw` nq|
Øviv †fvM cÖfvweZ nq| ZvQvov †fv³v †Kv‡bv mgq GLb miKvwi e¨q 5000 †KvwU UvKv e„w× Ki‡j bZzb
A_©nxb n‡q co‡jI AZxZ mÂq ev `vb-LqivZ mvgMÖxK e¨q †iLv C + I + G + ∆G mvgMÖxK Avq
†_‡KI ‡fvM K‡i| myZivs ejv hvq, Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v †iLv AS †K E1 we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î bZzb
w¯’i _vK‡j †fvM mivmwi Av‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i| fvimvg¨ Avq¯Íi 1,30,350 †KvwU UvKv wba©vwiZ
M. GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q, mvaviYZ GKwU Avw_©K eQ‡i nq|
†`‡ki RbM‡Yi wewfbœ cÖKvi e¨‡qi mgwó n‡jv myZivs ejv hvq, miKvwi e¨q e„w× Ki‡j c~‡e©i
mvgMÖxK e¨q| mvgvwRK A_©bxwZi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvimvg¨ Avq¯Íi cwieZ©b NU‡e Ges bZzb fvimvg¨
†`‡ki Drcvw`Z †gvU `ªe¨ I †mevi Rb¨ e¨qB n‡jv Avq¯Íi e„w× cv‡e|
mvgMÖxK e¨q| GKwU wZb LvZ wewkó eÜ A_©bxwZ‡Z
mvgMÖxK e¨‡qi wZbwU cÿ _v‡K, h_v- cwievi, 7. g‡b K‡iv GKwU A_©bxwZi †fvM I wewb‡qvM mgxKiY
Drcv`K cÖwZôvb I miKvi| †m wn‡m‡e mgv‡Ri wb¤œiƒc:
†gvU †fvM e¨q (C) I wewb‡qvM e¨q (I) Gi mv‡_ C = 100 + 0.5Y, I = 200
miKvwi Lv‡Zi †fvM I wewb‡qvM e¨q (G) †hvM K. NNI Kx?
Ki‡j mvgMÖxK e¨q (AE) cvIqv hvq| A_©vr, L. GNI Ges GDP-Gi g‡a¨ †gxwjK cv_©K¨
AE = C + I + G e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
= (60,050 + 40,000 + 25,300) †KvwU UvKv M. DÏxc‡Ki mgxKiY e¨envi K‡i mÂq I
= 1,25,350 †KvwU UvKv| wewb‡hv‡Mi mgZvi gva¨‡g fvimvg¨ RvZxq
⸫ DÏxc‡Ki eÜ A_©bxwZi mvgMÖxK e¨q 1,25,350 Avq wbY©q K‡iv|
†KvwU UvKv| N. miKvwi e¨q 200 UvKv hy³ n‡j fvimvg¨
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ`Ë Z_¨vbymv‡i 2014 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Av‡qi Ici Kxiƒc cÖfve co‡e?
fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq¯Íi wba©vwiZ nq 1,25,350 we‡kølY K‡iv|
†KvwU UvKv| †hLv‡b mvgMÖxK e¨q, mvgMÖxK †hvMvb ev 7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Av‡qi mgvb nq| G Ae¯’vq Aw¼Z wP‡Î E0 we›`y‡Z K. †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU †`‡k Drcvw`Z P~ovšÍ
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv| ch©v‡qi `ªe¨ I †mevmg~‡ni evRvi g~‡j¨i mgwó †_‡K
g~jabmvgMÖxi e¨enviRwbZ e¨q ev ÿqÿwZ ev`
w`‡j hv _v‡K Zv‡K NNI ev wbU RvZxq Avq e‡j|
L. GNI I GDP Gi g‡a¨ ‡gxwjK cv_©K¨ n‡”Q GNI myZivs ejv hvq, miKvwi e¨q 200 UvKv hy³ nIqvi
wnmv‡ei mgq †`‡k emevmKvix QvovI we‡`‡k ci fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq 400 UvKv e„w× cv‡e|
Ae¯’vbiZ ‡`wk bvMwiK‡`i Drcv`b ev Avq aiv
nq| wKš‘ †`‡ki wfZ‡i we‡`wk‡`i wewb‡qvM Øviv 8. 2014 mv‡j ÔKÕ †`‡k RbM‡Yi †fvM e¨q 500 †KvwU
m„ó Drcv`b ev Avq ev` †`Iqv nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, UvKv, wewb‡qvM e¨q 300 †KvwU UvKv| †`kwUi
GDP wnmv‡ei mgq †`‡ki wfZ‡i †`wk I miKvi RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y D³ eQi 400 †KvwU UvKv
we‡`wk‡`i Øviv Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mev A_©g~j¨ aiv e¨q K‡ib| GQvov Avg`vwb `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ eve` †`kwU
nq; wKš‘ we‡`‡k emevmKvix †`wk bvMwiK‡`i m„ó 600 †KvwU UvKv cwi‡kva K‡i Ges ißvwb eve` 350
Drcv`b ev Avq ev` †`Iqv nq| †KvwU UvKv Avq K‡i| ÔLÕ †`‡ki evwm›`v wg. Avwgb
M. mÂq (S) I wewb‡qvM (I)-Gi mgZv A_©vr S = I D”P †eZ‡b ÔKÕ †`‡ki GKwU cÖwZôv‡b PvKwi K‡ib|
m~Î Øviv fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wbY©q Kiv hvq| wZwb cÖwZ eQi Zvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ wbR †`‡k UvKv
fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wbY©‡qi Rb¨ DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë †cÖiY K‡ib|
†fvM mgxKiY †_‡K wb¤œiƒcfv‡e mÂq mgxKiY K. GbGbAvB Kx?
wbY©q Kiv n‡jv: L. m‡qi mv‡_ wewb‡qvM Kxfv‡e m¤úwK©Z?
S=Y–C M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K ÔKÕ †`‡ki 2014 mv‡ji
wRGbAvB wbY©q K‡iv|
GLv‡b, S = mÂq, Y = Avq Ges C = †fvM N. wg. Avwg‡bi AwR©Z Avq ÔKÕ †`k I ÔLÕ †`‡ki
⸫ S = Y – (100 + 0.5Y) wRwWwc †K Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i? we‡kølY
= Y – 100 – 0.5Y K‡iv|
= - 100 + (1 – 0.5) Y 8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
GLb fvimvg¨ RvZxq Av‡qi m~Îvbymv‡i, K. ‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU †`‡ki Drcvw`Z P~ovšÍ
S=I ch©v‡qi `ªe¨ I †mevmg~‡ni evRvig~‡j¨i mgwó †_‡K
ev, – 100 + (1 – 0.5) Y= 200 e¨enviRwbZ ev ÿqÿwZ ev` w`‡j hv _v‡K ZvB
ev, – 100 + 0.5Y = 200 GbGbAvB|
ev, 0.5Y = 300 L. m‡qi mv‡_ wewb‡qvM mivmwi I wbweofv‡e
300 m¤úK©hy³|
ev, Y = 0.5
Av‡qi †h Ask eZ©gv‡b †fvM bv K‡i fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨
= 600 ivLv nq ZvB n‡jv mÂq; Avi mwÂZ A_©‡K g~jab
A_©vr D³ A_©bxwZi fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq n‡jv 600| MV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î wb‡qvM Kiv n‡jv
N. GKwU wØLvZ wewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wewb‡qvM| mÂq †_‡K wewb‡qv‡Mi m„wó G Rb¨ mÂq
wbY©‡qi m~Î n‡jv: Y = C + I I wewb‡qvM Nwbô m¤ú‡K© Ae×| mg‡qi e¨eav‡b
D³ m~Î Abyhvqx fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq n‡jv 600| GKmgq mÂqB wewb‡qv‡M iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| ZvB
GLb GKwU wZb LvZ wewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z fvimvg¨ eZ©gv‡b mÂq‡K fwel¨‡Zi wewb‡qvM wn‡m‡e MY¨
RvZxq Av‡qi m~Î, Y = C + I + G Kiv nq|
‡m wn‡m‡e DÏxcK Abyhvqx, M. DÏxc‡Ki Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K ÔKÕ †`‡ki 2014 mv‡ji
Y=C+I+G wRGbAvB wbY©q Kiv n‡jv-
ev, = 100 + 0.5Y + 200 + 200 wRGbAvB cwigv‡c e¨q c×wZ e¨envi Kiv hvq| G
ev, Y – 0.5Y = 500 c×wZ Abyhvqx GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q, mvaviYZ GK
ev, 0.5Y = 500 eQ‡i †`‡k cÖvß `ªe¨ I †mev µ‡qi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi
⸫ Y1 = 1000 †gvU †fvM e¨q (C), †gvU wewb‡qvM (I) Ges
‡hLv‡b, Y1 = 1000 miKvwi e¨q hy³ nIqvi ci miKv‡ii e¨q (G) Gi mgwó wb‡Z nq| Z‡e GKwU
fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq| †Lvjv A_©bxwZ‡Z wRGbAvB cwigv‡ci mgq ißvwb
GLv‡b, ∆ Y = Y1 – Y (X) I Avg`vwb (M) e¨‡qi e¨eavb Z_v (X – M)
= 1000 – 600 hy³ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †m wn‡m‡e GKwU †Lvjv
= 400
 A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨q c×wZ Abyhvqx 2014 mv‡j ÔKÕ 0 n‡j C ˃ 0 n‡e| KviY gvbyl G mgq AZxZ mÂq
†`‡ki wRGbAvB, Øviv †fvM Ae¨vnZ ivL‡e| myZivs a = 0 n‡Z cv‡i
= C + I + G + (X – M) bv| Aek¨B abv³K n‡e|
= {500 + 300 + 400 + (350 - 600) M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ`Ë †fvM mgxKi‡Yi Av‡jv‡K wb‡P †fvM
= 950 †KvwU UvKv| †iLv A¼b Kiv n‡jv|
⸫ 2014 mv‡j ÔKÕ †`kwUi wRGbAvB 950 †KvwU ‡iLv wP‡Î Y Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ C Gi gvb wb‡`©k
UvKv| K‡i GKwU †fvM m~wP ˆZwi K‡i Zvi wfw³‡Z †fvM
N. wg. Avwg‡bi AwR©Z Avq ÔKÕ †`‡ki wRwWwci cwigvY †iLv A¼b-
e„wׇZ mnvqZv Ki‡e Ges ÔLÕ †`‡ki wRwWwc Y C = 200 + 0.9Y
cwigvY Kg‡e| 100 290
‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GKwU Avw_©K eQ‡i 200 380
†`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Drcvw`Z P~ovšÍ ch©v‡qi `ªe¨mvgMÖx 300 470
I †mevi A_©g~‡j¨i mgwó‡K wRwWwc ejv nq| 400 560
wRwWwc wnmv‡ei mgq †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i †`wk I
we‡`wk wewb‡qvM Øviv Drcvw`Z †gvU `ªe¨ I
†mevKg©‡K aiv nq; wKš‘ we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ †`wk
bvMwi‡Ki Øviv m„ó Drcv`b I Avq aiv nq bv| A_©vr
†`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b ÿgZv e¨env‡ii d‡j
†gvU †h `ªe¨ I ‡mevK‡g©i m„wó nq Zvi Avw_©K g~j¨B
n‡jv wRwWwc| G aviYvi Av‡jv‡K, wRwWwc = wbw`©ó
mg‡q †`‡k Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mevi †gvU evRvi g~j¨
+ †m †`‡k we‡`wk‡`i Øviv m„ó Drcv`b I Avq -
we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ †`wk bvMwi‡Ki AwR©Z Drcv`b cÖ`Ë wP‡Î f~wg A‡ÿ RvZxq Avq ev mvgwMÖK Avq I
ev Avq| j¤^ A‡ÿ †fvM e¨‡qi cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q| hLb Y
wRwWwc cwigv‡ci Dc‡iv³ aviYvi †cÖwÿ‡Z eiv = 100, ZLb C = 290 hv wP‡Î a we›`y Øviv
hvq, ÔKÕ †`‡k ÔLÕ †`‡ki Kg©iZ bvMwiK wg. wb‡`©wkZ| Avevi Y = 200, 300 I 400 Ae¯’vq
Avwg‡bi AwR©Z Avq ÔKÕ †`‡ki wRwWwc MYbvi mgq
C h_vµ‡g 380, 470 I 560 hv b, c I d we›`y
AšÍf~³ n‡e|
Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb RvZxq Avq ev mvgwMÖK
Avq I †fvM e¨q wb‡`©kK we›`y¸‡jv hy³ K‡i C
9. †fvM mgxKiY C = 200 + 0.9Y, wewb‡qvM
†iLvwU Uvwb| GwUB n‡jv DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Aw¼Z
mgxKiY I = 200 Ges G = 300 †fvM ‡iLv|
K. †fvM Kv‡K e‡j? N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wb‡P fvimvg¨
L. ¯^q¤¢~Z †fv‡Mi A_©‰bwZK Zvrch© e¨vL¨v K‡iv| RvZxq Avq wbY©q Kiv n‡jv-
M. DÏxc‡Ki †fvM mgxKiY †_‡K †fvM †iLv wZb LvZ wewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z †h ¯Í‡i †`‡ki †gvU †fvM
A¼b K‡iv|
e¨q (C) I wewb‡qvM e¨q (I) Ges miKvwi e¨q (G)
N. DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨¸‡jvi Øviv fvimvg¨ RvZxq
Gi mgwó RvZxq Avq (Y) Gi mgvb nq, †mB ¯Í‡i
Avq we‡kølY K‡iv|
fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq (Y0) wba©vwiZ nq|
9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. †Kv‡bv Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv DÏxc‡K †fvM mgxKiY C = 200 + 0.9Y
`ª‡e¨i Dc‡hvM wbt‡kl Kiv‡K †fvM e‡j| wewb‡qvM mgxKiY I = I0 = 200
L. †fvM A‡cÿK C = a + b, GLv‡b a n‡jv ¯^q¤¢~Z Ges miKvwi e¨q G = G0 = 300
†fvM hv Avq k~b¨ n‡jI eRvq _v‡K| GLb fvimvg¨ RvZxq Av‡qi m~Îvbyhvqx,
Ô a Õ Gi A_©‰bwZK e¨vL¨v: †fvM A‡cÿK C = a + Y=C+I+G
bY | GLb awi Y = 0 AZGe C = a | ¯^íKv‡j ev, Y = 200 + 0.9Y + 200 + 300
Avq k~b¨ n‡jI †fvM e¨q k~b¨ nq bv| A_©vr Y = ev, Y = 700 + 0.9Y
 ev, Y – 0.9Y = 700 N. †Kv‡bv A_©bxwZ‡Z wewb‡qvM cwigvY e„w× †c‡j
ev, 0.1Y = 700 RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq| wewb‡qvM AwaK Drcv`‡b
700
ev,Y = 0.1 mnvqZv K‡i e‡j GgbwU nq| DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq
†h, wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY 50 UvKv nIqvq fvimvg¨
= 7000 RvZxq Avq 200 UvKv| hv ÔMÕ n‡Z cÖvß| GLb
⸫ DÏxcK Abymv‡i fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq 7000 ¯^q¤¢~Z wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY e„w× †c‡q 150 UvKv n‡j
UvKv| bZzb fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq e„w× cv‡e|
fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vq, S = I
10. †fvM mgxKiY: C = 50 + 0.5Y, wewb‡qvM I0 =
ev, - 50 + 0.5Y = 150
50
ev, 0.5Y = 150 + 50
K. mvgwMÖK Avq Kv‡K e‡j? 200
L. GNI I GDP Kx GKB A_© enb K‡i? e¨vL¨v ev, Y = 0.5
K‡iv| = 400
M. S = I0 Gi mgZv mv‡c‡ÿ fvimvg¨ RvZxq wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY evovi c‡i bZzb fvimvg¨ RvZxq
Avq wbY©q K‡iv| Avq 400 UvKv nq Ges c~‡e©i fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq
N. ¯^q¤¢~Z wewb‡qvM 50 n‡Z e„w× †c‡q 150 n‡j wQj 200 UvKv|
fvimvg¨ RvZxq Av‡q Kx cÖfve co‡e? we‡kølY A_©vr, fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq e„w×i gvÎv,
K‡iv| ∆ Y = (400 - 200) UvKv
10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi = 200 UvKv
K. GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GKwU Avw_©K eQ‡i myZivs ejv hvq, ¯^q¤¢~Z wewb‡qvM 150 UvKv evovq
†`‡ki RbM‡Yi DcvwR©Z Av‡qi mgwó‡K mvgwMÖK fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq 200 UvKv e„w× cvq|
Avq e‡j|
L. GNI I GDP KL‡bvB GKB A_© cÖKvk K‡i bv|
GNI I GDP Gi g‡a¨ ‡gxwjK cv_©K¨ n‡”Q GNI
wnmv‡ei mgq †`‡k emevmKvix QvovI we‡`‡k
Ae¯’vbiZ ‡`wk bvMwiK‡`i Drcv`b ev Avq aiv
nq| wKš‘ †`‡ki wfZ‡i we‡`wk‡`i wewb‡qvM Øviv
m„ó Drcv`b ev Avq ev` †`Iqv nq| cÿvšÍ‡i,
GDP wnmv‡ei mgq †`‡ki wfZ‡i †`wk I
we‡`wk‡`i Øviv Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mev A_©g~j¨ aiv
nq; wKš‘ we‡`‡k emevmKvix †`wk bvMwiK‡`i m„ó
Drcv`b ev Avq ev` †`Iqv nq|
M. mÂq (S) I wewb‡qvM (I) Gi mgZv A_©vr S = I
m~Î Øviv fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wbY©q Kiv hvq|
S=Y–C
= Y – (50 + 0.5Y)
= - 50 + (1 – 0.5)Y
= - 50 + 0.5Y
GLv‡b fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wbY©‡qi m~Îbymv‡i,
S = I0
ev, - 50 + 0.5Y = 50
ev, 0.5Y = 50 + 50
100
ev, Y = 0.5
= 200
myZivs D³ A_©bxwZi fvimvg¨ Avq 200 UvKv|