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Fixed Point

The document presents a detailed solution to show that a bilinear transformation with a single non-infinite fixed point α can be expressed in the form 1/(w−α) = 1/(z−α) + k, where k is a non-zero constant. It outlines the steps to derive this expression, starting from the definition of a bilinear transformation, finding fixed points, and analyzing conditions for a single fixed point. The conclusion confirms the transformation can be rewritten in the specified form, ensuring k is non-zero due to the conditions set in the problem.

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soumitrasarkar
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3 views2 pages

Fixed Point

The document presents a detailed solution to show that a bilinear transformation with a single non-infinite fixed point α can be expressed in the form 1/(w−α) = 1/(z−α) + k, where k is a non-zero constant. It outlines the steps to derive this expression, starting from the definition of a bilinear transformation, finding fixed points, and analyzing conditions for a single fixed point. The conclusion confirms the transformation can be rewritten in the specified form, ensuring k is non-zero due to the conditions set in the problem.

Uploaded by

soumitrasarkar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Problem Statement

(ii) If there is only one non-infinite fixed point α, then show that, the bilinear transformation can be
written as
1 1
= + k, k 6= 0.
w−α z−α

Detailed Solution
Step 1: Definition of a Bilinear Transformation
A general bilinear (Möbius) transformation is defined by the complex function:
az + b
w = f (z) =
cz + d
where a, b, c, d are complex constants satisfying the condition ad − bc 6= 0.

Step 2: Finding the Fixed Points


Fixed points of the transformation are points where the mapped image equals the point itself, meaning
w = z. Substituting w = z into the transformation equation:
az + b
z=
cz + d
Multiplying both sides by (cz + d) gives:

z(cz + d) = az + b =⇒ cz 2 + dz = az + b

Rearranging this into standard quadratic equation form yields:

cz 2 + (d − a)z − b = 0

Step 3: Analyzing the Single Fixed Point Condition


The problem states that there is only one non-infinite fixed point α.
1. Why c 6= 0: If c = 0, the equation becomes linear, yielding either a single finite point (with
another at infinity) or a completely different mapping layout. For a quadratic equation to yield
exactly one finite, repeated root α, it must remain quadratic (c 6= 0) with a discriminant equal to
zero.
2. Using the sum and product of roots: Since α is a repeated root of the quadratic equation
cz 2 + (d − a)z − b = 0, we apply standard root relationships:
d−a a−d
α + α = 2α = − = =⇒ a − d = 2cα
c c
−b
α · α = α2 = =⇒ b = −cα2
c
From these formulas, we can express d and b strictly in terms of a, c, and α:

d = a − 2cα

b = −cα2

Step 4: Rewriting the Transformation Equation


Substitute the derived values of b and d back into the original transformation equation:
az − cα2
w=
cz + (a − 2cα)
To isolate the relationship with respect to the fixed point α, subtract α from both sides (w − α):

az − cα2
w−α= −α
cz + a − 2cα

1
Combine the terms over a common denominator:
(az − cα2 ) − α(cz + a − 2cα)
w−α=
cz + a − 2cα
az − cα2 − cαz − aα + 2cα2
w−α=
cz + a − 2cα
Grouping the numerator elements gives:

a(z − α) − cα(z − α) (a − cα)(z − α)


w−α= =
cz + a − 2cα cz + a − 2cα

Step 5: Expressing in Reciprocal Form


Taking the reciprocal of both sides yields:
1 cz + a − 2cα
=
w−α (a − cα)(z − α)

We rewrite the cz term in the numerator to introduce a (z − α) factor explicitly:

cz = c(z − α) + cα

Substitute this back into the numerator:


1 c(z − α) + cα + a − 2cα
=
w−α (a − cα)(z − α)

Simplifying the constants (cα + a − 2cα = a − cα):

1 c(z − α) + (a − cα)
=
w−α (a − cα)(z − α)

Splitting the fraction into two components:

1 c(z − α) a − cα
= +
w−α (a − cα)(z − α) (a − cα)(z − α)

Canceling out the common factors:


1 c 1
= +
w−α a − cα z − α

Conclusion
Rearranging the terms produces the final normal parabolic form:
1 1
= +k
w−α z−α
c
where k = a−cα . Since c 6= 0, it confidently follows that k 6= 0.

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