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Java Programming Complete Note-Compressed

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in 1995, known for its simplicity, security, and platform independence. It supports various applications including desktop, web, and mobile, and features such as automatic garbage collection, multi-threading, and dynamic loading of classes. Key concepts in Java include variables, data types, control statements, object-oriented principles, and the use of the Java Development Kit (JDK), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

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Java Programming Complete Note-Compressed

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in 1995, known for its simplicity, security, and platform independence. It supports various applications including desktop, web, and mobile, and features such as automatic garbage collection, multi-threading, and dynamic loading of classes. Key concepts in Java include variables, data types, control statements, object-oriented principles, and the use of the Java Development Kit (JDK), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

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Elusie Emmanuel
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© All Rights Reserved
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Java Programming (Complete Notes) Java programming What is Java? Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust, object-oriented and secure programming language. Java was developed by Sun Microsystems (which is now the subsidiary of Oracle) in the year 1995. James Gosling is known as the father of Java. Platform: Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, is known as a platform. Since Java has a runtime environment (JRE) and API, it is called a platform. Application 1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus, etc. . Web Applications such as [Link], [Link], etc. . Enterprise Applications such as banking applications. . Mobile . Embedded System . Smart Card - Robotics . Games, etc. Features of Java Simple Java is very easy to learn, and its syntax is simple, clean and easy to understand. According to Sun Microsystem, Java language is a simple programming language because: > Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after C++). o Java has removed many complicated and rarely-used features, for example, explicit pointers, operator overloading, etc. o There is no need to remove unreferenced objects because there is an Automatic Garbage Collection in Java. Object-oriented Java is an object-oriented programming language. Everything in Java is an object. Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different types of objects that incorporate both data and behaviour. Platform Independent Class File | Mac/OS windows Linux JVM JVM JVM 4d 4 Java is platform independent because it is different from other languages like C, C++, etc. which are compiled into platform specific machines while Java is a write once, run anywhere language. A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. Secured Java is best known for its security. With Java, we can develop virus-free ‘stems. Jav secured because: o No explicit pointer o Java Programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox Robust The English mining of Robust is strong. Java is robust because: It uses strong memory management. There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems. Java provides automatic garbage collection which runs on the Java Virtual Machine to get rid of objects which are not being used by a Java application anymore. Architecture-natural Java is architecture natural because there are no implementation dependent features, for example, the size of primitive types is fixed. Portable Java is portable because it facilitates you to carry the Java bytecode to any platform. It doesn't require any implementation. High-performance Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. Distributed Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java. Multi-threaded A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. Dynamic Java is a dynamic language. It supports the dynamic loading of classes. It means classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages, i.e., C and C++. First Java Program class keyword is used to declare a class in Java. public keyword is an access modifier that represents visibility. It means it is visible to all. static is a keyword. If we declare any method as static, it is known as the static method. The core advantage of the static method is that there is no need to create an object to invoke the static method. The main() method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require creating an object to invoke the main() method. So, it saves memory. void is the return type of the method. It means it doesn't return any value. main represents the starting point of the program. String[] args or String args[] is used for command line argument. [Link]() is used to print statement. Here, System is a class, out is an object of the PrintStream class, println() is a method of the PrintStream class. What happens at runtime? At runtime, the following steps are performed: 2 ers a Q) Can you save a Java source file by another name than the class name? Yes, if the class is not public. It is explained in the figure given below: ass Simplet pubic state vod man(steing esl) compier System out printin( Hello"): en sple-iass Q) Can you have multiple classes in a java source file? Yes, like the figure given below illustrates: Djava Difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM JVM JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is called a virtual machine because it doesn't physically exist. It is a specification that provides a runtime environment JRE JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment. It is also written as Java RTE. The Java Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java applications. It is used to provide the runtime environment. JDK JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development environment which is used to develop Java applications and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development tools. Java Variables A variable is a container which holds the value while the Java program is executed. A variable is assigned with a data type. Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of variables in java: local, instance and static. 1) Local Variable A variable declared inside the body of the method is called local variable. You can use this variable only within that method and the other methods in the class aren't even aware that the variable exists. A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword. 2) Instance Variable A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of the method, is called an instance variable. It is not declared as static. 3) Static variable A variable that is declared as static led a static variable. It cannot be local. You can create a single copy of the static variable and share it among all the instances of the class. 7\Page Data Types in Java Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored in the variable. There are two types of data types in Java: 1. Primitive data types: The primitive data types include boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float and double. 2. Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data _ types include Classes, Interfaces, and Arrays. Unicode System Unicode is a universal international standard character encoding that is capable of representing most of the world's written languages. Why java uses Unicode System? Before Unicode, there were many language standards: o ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) for the United States. ISO 8859-1 for Western European Language. KOL-8 for Russian. GB18030 and BIG-5 for Chinese, and so on. Problem This caused two problems: 1. A particular code value corresponds to different letters in the various language standards. 2. The encodings for languages with large character sets have variable length 3. Some common characters are encoded as single bytes, other require two or more byte. Solution To solve these problems, a new language standard was developed i.e. Unicode System. In unicode, character holds 2 byte, so java also uses 2 byte for characters. lowest value:\u0000 highest value:\uFFFF Operators in Java Operator in Javais a symbol that is used to perform operations. For example: +, -, *, / etc. ‘There are many types of operators in Java which are given below: Unary Operator, Arithmetic Operator, Shift Operator, Relational Operator, Bitwise Operator, Logical Operator, Ternary Operator and Assignment Operator. Java Keywords Java keywords are also known as reserved words. Keywords are particular words that act as a key to a code. These are predefined words by Java so they cannot be used as a variable or object name or class name. Java Control Statements | Control Flow in Java Java provides three types of control flow statements. 1. Decision Making statements o if statements © switch statement 2. Loop statements o do while loop © while loop » for loop © for-each loop 3. Jump statements o break statement © continue statement Decision-Making statements: As the name suggests, decision-making statements decide which statement to execute and when 1) If Statement: In Java, the "if" statement is used to evaluate a condition. The control of the program is diverted depending upon the specific condition. The condition of the If statement gives a Boolean value, either true or false. 2) if-else statement The if-else statement is an extension to the if-statement, which uses another block of code, i.e., else block. 3) if-else-if ladder: The if-else-if statement contains the if-statement followed by multiple else- if statements. In other words, we can say that it is the chain of if-else 10| Page statements that create a decision tree where the program may enter in the block of code where the condition is true. 4. Nested if-statement In nested if-statements, the if statement can contain a if or if-else statement inside another if or else-if statement. Switch Statement: In Java, Switch statements are similar to if-else-if statements. The switch statement contains multiple blocks of code called cases and a single case is executed based on the variable which is being switched. Loop Statements In programming, sometimes we need to execute the block of code repeatedly while some condition evaluates to true. However, loop statements are used to execute the set of instructions in a repeated order. 1. for loop 2. while loop 3. do-while loop Java for loop In Java, for loop is similar to C and C++. It enables us to initialize the loop variable, check the condition, and increment/decrement in a single line of code. We use the for loop only when we exactly know the number of times, we want to execute the block of code. Java for-each loop Java provides an enhanced for loop to traverse the data structures like array or collection. In the for-each loop, we don't need to update the loop variable. The syntax to use the for-each loop in java is given below. for(data_type var : array_name/collection_name){ //statements 11|Page Java while loop The while loop is also used to iterate over the number of statements multiple times. However, if we don't know the number of iterations in advance, it is recommended to use a while loop. Java do-while loop The do-while loop checks the condition at the end of the loop after executing the loop statements. When the number of iteration is not known and we have to execute the loop at least once, we can use do-while loop. It is also known as the exit-controlled loop since the condition is not checked in advance. The syntax of the do-while loop is given below. do { //statements } while (condition); Jump Statements Jump statements are used to transfer the control of the program to the specific statements. In other words, jump statements transfer the execution control to the other part of the program. Java break statement As the name suggests, the break statement is used to break the current flow of the program and transfer the control to the next statement outside a loop or switch statement. Java continue statement Unlike break statement, the continue statement doesn't break the loop, whereas, it skips the specific part of the loop and jumps to the next iteration of the loop immediately. 12|Page Java Object Class Java OOPs Concepts Object-Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts, such as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism, etc. Object Any entity that has state and behaviour is known as an object. For example, a chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or logical. Class Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity. Inheritance When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of a parent object, it is known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. Polymorphism If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something. for example, shape, triangle, rectangle, etc. Abstraction Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example phone call, we don't know the internal processing. Encapsulation Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as encapsulation. For example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines. 13|Page Coupling Coupling refers to the knowledge or information or dependency of another class. It arises when classes are aware of each other. Cohesion Cohesion refers to the level of a component which performs a single well- defined task. A single well-defined task is done by a highly cohesive method. Association Association represents the relationship between the objects. Here, one object can be associated with one object or many objects. Aggregation Aggregation is a way to achieve Association. Aggregation represents the relationship where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. Composition The composition is also a way to achieve Association. The composition represents the relationship where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. Constructors in Java In Java, a constructor is a block of codes similar to the method. It is called when an instance of the class is created. At the time of calling constructor, memory for the object is allocated in the memory. Constructor Overloading in Java Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having more than one constructor with different parameter I 14|Page Singleton design pattern in Java Singleton Pattern says that just "define a class that has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it". In other words, a class must ensure that only single instance should be created and single object can be used by all other classes. There are two forms of singleton design pattern © Early Instantiation: creation of instance at load time. e Lazy Instantiation: creation of instance when required. Advantage of Singleton design pattern 2 Saves memory because object is not created at each request. Only single instance is reused again and again. Private Constructor in Java Java allows us to declare a constructor as private. We can declare a constructor private by using the private access specifier. Note that if a constructor is declared private, we are not able to create an object of the cla: Instead, we can use this private constructor in Singleton Design Pattern. Rules for Private Constructor The following rules keep in mind while dealing with private constructors. It does not allow a class to be sub-classed. It does not allow to create an object outside the cl Tf aclass has a private constructor and when we try to extend the class, a compile-time error occurs. We cannot access a private constructor from any other cl: If all the constant methods are there in our class, we can use a private constructor. Use Cases of Private Constructor The main purpose of using a private constructor is to restrict object creation. We also use private constructors to implement the singleton design pattern. The use-cases of the private constructor are as follows: It can be used with static members-only classes. It can be used with static utility or constant classes. It can also be used to create singleton classes. It can be used to assign a name, for instance, creation by utilizing factory methods. It is also used to avoid sub-classing. Different b/w Constructor and Method Difference between constructor and method in Java O— sees Acnnrtaecloncee &—@) @— aa" ‘are “2. — ‘The constructor ts invoked mpi ‘many cae fave any constructor in class ‘The method name may of may not ‘besame as cast name. ‘The constructor name must be same asthe classname —6 @— dau contractor you sont ©—(@), @o— —@ Java static keyword The static keyword in Java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply static keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested 16|Page classes. The static keyword belongs to the class than an instance of the class. 1) Java static variable Tf you declare any variable as static, it is known as a static variable. o The static variable can be used to refer to the common property of all objects (which is not unique for each object), for example, the company name of employees, college name of students, etc. o The static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading. 2) Java static method If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as static method. A static method belongs to the class rather than the object of a class. A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class. A static method can access static data member and can change the value of it. Q) Why is the Java main method static? Ans) It is because the object is not required to call a static method. If it were anon-static method, JVM creates an object first then call main() method that will lead the problem of extra memory allocation. 3) Java static block [Link] to initialize the static data member. oc Itis executed before the main method at the time of classloading. Q) Can we execute a program without main() method? Ans) No, one of the ways was the static block, but it was possible till JDK 1.6. Since JDK 1.7, it is not possible to execute a Java class without the main method. this keyword in Java There can be a lot of usage of Java this keyword. In Java, this is a reference variable that refers to the current object. Usage of Java this Keyword ‘There can be a fot of usage of java this keyword. In Java, this Ira reference varlable that refers to the current object. this can be used to this can be passed refer current cl: as an argument in instance vat the method call. this can be used to this can be passed as invoke current class argument in the method (implicity) constructor call. peastyenr ns sect i aac be teed es B eee cersacs nee a iene reine fata Java Inheritance Inheritance in Java Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of a parent object. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship. Why use inheritance in java co For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved). 18|Page o For Code Reusability. Types of inheritance in java On the basis of class, there can be three types of inheritance in java: single, multilevel and hierarchical. 1) Single Inheritance When a class inherits another class, it is known as a single inheritance. 2)Multilevel Inheritance Example When there is a chain of inheritance, it is known as multilevel inheritance. 3)Hierarchical Inheritance Example When two or more classes inherits a single class, it is known as hierarchical inheritance. Q) Why multiple inheritance is not supported in java? To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is not supported in java. Aggregation in Java If a class have an entity reference, it is known as Aggregation. Aggregation represents HAS-A relationship. Method Overloading in Java If aclasshas multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is known as Method Overloading. If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases the readability of the program. 19|Page Q) Why Method Overloading is not possible by changing the return type of method only? In java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the method only because of ambiguity. Q) Can we overload java main() method? Yes, by method overloading. You can have any number of main methods in aclass by method overloading. But JVM calls main() method which receives string array as arguments only. Java Polymorphism Method Overriding in Java If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, itis known as method overriding in Java. In other words, If a subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that has been declared by one of its parent class, it is known as method overriding. Rules for Java Method Overriding Covariant Return Type ‘The covariant return type specifies that the return type may vary in the same direction as the subclass. Super Keyword in Java The super keyword in Java is a reference variable which is used to refer immediate parent class object. Usage of Super Keyword : Perky Pore ees Instance initializer block Instance Initializer block is used to initialize the instance data member. It tun each time when object of the class is created. Final Keyword in Java The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many context. Final can be: 1. variable 2. method 3. class 1) Java final variable If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of final variable(It will be constant). Java Final Keyword © Stop Value Change = stop Method Overridding | Stop Inheritance 2) Java final method If you make any method as final, you cannot override it. 3) Java final class If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it. Q) Is final method inherited? Ans) Yes, final method is inherited but you cannot override it. Q) What is blank or uninitialized final variable? A final variable that is not initialized at the time of declaration is known as blank final variable. Q) Can we initialize blank final variable? Yes, but only in constructor. Q) What is final parameter? If you declare any parameter as final, you cannot change the value of it. Q) Can we declare a constructor final? No, because constructor is never inherited. Polymorphism in Java Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single action in different ways. There are two types of polymorphism in Java: compile-time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism. We can perform polymorphism in java by method overloading and method overriding. Runtime Polymorphism in Java Runtime polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than compile-time. Upcasting If the reference variable of Parent class refers to the object of Child class, it is known as upcasting. Static Binding and Dynamic Binding Connecting a method call to the method body is known as binding. There are two types of binding 1. Static Binding (also known as Early Binding). 2. Dynamic Binding (also known as Late Binding). 23) Page Static ys Dynamic Binding “when typeof the object is etermined at complied tine, tis known as state binding static binding When type of the object is determined at compiled time (by the compiler), it is known as static binding. Dynamic binding When type of the object is determined at run-time, it is known as dynamic binding. Java instanceof The java instanceof operator is used to test whether the object is an instance of the specified type (class or subclass or interface). The instanceof in java is also known as type comparison operator because it compares the instance with type. It returns either true or false. Java Abstraction Abstract class in Java A class which is declared with the abstract keyword is known as an abstract class in Java. It can have abstract and non-abstract methods (method with the body). 2 | Page Abstraction in Java Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user. Ways to achieve Abstraction There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java 1. Abstract class (0 to 100%) 2. Interface (100%) Rules for Java Abstraet class Abstract Method in Java A method which is declared as abstract and does not have implementation is known as an abstract method. Interface in Java An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract methods. The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java. Why use Java interface? There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given below o Itis used to achieve abstraction. o By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple inheritance. > Itcan be used to achieve loose coupling. Syntax: interface { // declare constant fields // declare methods that abstract // by default. ) Q) What is marker or tagged interface? An interface which has no member is known as a marker or tagged interface, for example, Serializable, Cloneable, Remote, etc. They are used to provide some essential information to the JVM so that JVM may perform some useful operation. Difference between abstract class and interface Abstract class Interface 1) Abstract class can have abstract and = Interface can have only abstract methods. non-abstract methods. Since Java 8, it can have default and static methods also. 2) Abstract class doesn't support _ Interface supports multiple inheritance. multiple inheritance. 3) Abstract class can have final, non- final, static and non-static variables. 4) Abstract classcan provide the implementation of interface. 5) The abstract keyword is used to declare abstract class. 6) An abstract class can extend another Java class and implement multiple Java interfaces. 7) Anabstract classcan be extended using keyword “extends” 8) A Java abstract class can have class members like private, protected, etc. 9)Example: public public ) class void abstract abstract Shapet draw0; Interface has only static and final variables. Interface can't provide the implementation of abstract class. The interface keyword is used to declare interface. An interface can extend another Java interface only. An interface can be keyword "implements" implemented using Members of a Java interface are public by default Example: public void } interface Drawable{ draw0); Simply, abstract class achieves partial abstraction (0 to 100%) whereas interface achieves fully abstraction (100%). Java Encapsulation Java Package A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub- packages. Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user- defined package. There are many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, SQL ete. Sub package in java Package inside the package is called the sub package. It should be created to categorize the package further. Access Modifiers in Java There are two types of modifiers in Java: access modifiers and non-access modifiers. ‘There are four types of Java access modifiers: 1. Private: The access level of a private modifier is only within the class. It cannot be accessed from outside the class. 2. Default: The access level of a default modifier is only within the package. It cannot be accessed from outside the package. If you do not specify any access level, it will be the default. . Protected: The access level of a protected modifier is within the package and outside the package through child cla: make the child class, it cannot be accessed from outs . Public: The access level of a public modifier is everywhere. It can be accessed from within the class, outside the class, within the package and outside the package. Access within within outside package Modifier class. by subclass only package Private N Default Y Protected Y Public Y Encapsulation in Java Encapsulation in Java is a process of wrapping code and data together into a single unit, for example, a capsule which is mixed of several medicines. Advantage of Encapsulation in Java By providing only a setter or getter method, you can make the class read- only or write-only. In other words, you can skip the getter or setter methods. It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id which should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the setter method. It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to access the data through the private data members. Java Array Java Arrays Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. Additionally, The elements of an array are stored in a contiguous memory location. It is a data structure where we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array. Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the Oth index, 2nd element is stored on Ist index and so on. Advantages © Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or sort the data efficiently. e Random access: We can get any data located at an index position. Disadvantages o Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It doesn't grow its size at runtime. To solve this problem, collection framework is used in Java which grows automatically. 29| Page Types of Array in java There are two types of array. o Single Dimensional Array e Multidimensional Array Java OOPs Misc. Object class in Java The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default. In other words, it is the topmost class of java. The Object class is beneficial if you want to refer any object whose type you don't know. Notice that parent class reference variable can refer the child class object, know as upcasting. . Object obj=getObject()://we don't know what object will be returned from t his method Object Cloning in Java The object cloning is a way to create exact copy of an object. The clone() method of Object class is used to clone an object. The [Link] interface must be implemented by the class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface, clone() method generates CloneNotSupportedException. Why use clone() method ? The clone() method saves the extra processing task for creating the exact copy of an object. If we perform it by using the new keyword, it will take a lot of processing time to be performed that is why we use object cloning. 30|Page Advantage of Object cloning You don't need to write lengthy and repetitive codes. Just use an abstract class with a 4- or S-line long clone() method. It is the easiest and most efficient way for copying objects, especially if we are applying it to an already developed or an old project. Clone() is the fastest way to copy array. Disadvantage of Object cloning > Touse the [Link]() method, we have to change a lot of syntaxes to our code, like implementing a Cloneable interface, defining the clone() method and handling CloneNotSupportedException, and finally, calling [Link]() ete. We have to implement cloneable interface while it doesn't have any methods in it. Java Math class Java Math class provides several methods to work on math calculations like min(), max(), avg(), sin(), cos(), tan(), round(), ceil(), floor(), abs() etc. Unlike some of the Strict Math cl numeric methods, all implementations of the equivalent function of Math class can't define to return the bit-for-bit same results. Wrapper classes in Java The wrapper class in Java provides the mechanism to convert primitive into object and object into primitive. Since J2SE 5.0, autoboxing and unboxing feature convert primitives into objects and objects into primitives automatically. The automatic conversion of primitive into an object is known as autoboxing and vice-versa unboxing. Autoboxing The automatic conversion of primitive data type into its corresponding wrapper class is known as autoboxing, for example, byte to Byte, char to 31| Page Character, int to Integer, long to Long, float to Float, boolean to Boolean, double to Double, and short to Short. Unboxing The automatic conversion of wrapper type into its corresponding primitive type is known as unboxing. It is the reverse process of autoboxing. Java Strictfp Keyword Java strictfp keyword ensures that you will get the same result on every platform if you perform operations in the floating-point variable. Difference between object and class No. Object Object is an instance of a class. Object is a real world entity such as pen, laptop, mobile, bed, keyboard, mouse, chair ete. Object is a physical entity. Object is created keyword mainly Student s1=new Student(); Object is created many times as requirement. Object allocates memory when created. through new There are many ways to create object in java such as new keyword, newInstance() method, clone() method, factory method and deserialization. Class Class is a blueprint or template from which objects are created. Class is a group of similar objects. Class is a logical entity. Class is declared keyword e.g. class Student{ } using class Class is declared once. Class doesn't allocated memory when it is created. There is only one way to define class in java using class keyword. Difference between method overloading and method overriding in java No. Method Overloading 1) | Method overloading is used to increase the readability of the program. Method overloading performed within class. In case of method overloading, parameter must be different. is the time Method overloading example of compile polymorphism. In java, method overloading can't be performed by changing return type of the method only. Return type can be same or different in method overloading. But you must have to change the parameter. Java String Java String Method Overriding Method overriding is used to provide the specific implementation of the method that is already provided by its super class. Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A (inheritance) relationship. In case of method overriding, parameter must be same. Method overriding is the example of run time polymorphism. Return type must be same covariant in method overriding. or In Java, string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values. An array of characters works same as Java string. For example: char[] ch={'j','a','v','a't''p','o','i','n','t}; String s=new String(ch); How to create a string object? There are two ways to create String object: 1. By string literal 2. By new keyword 1) String Literal Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example: . String s="welcome"; 2) By new keyword . String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference va riable Immutable String in Java A String is an unavoidable type of variable while writing any application program. String references are used to store various attributes like username, password, etc. In Java, String objects are immutable. Immutable simply means unmodifiable or unchangeable. Java String Buffer Class Java String Buffer class is used to create mutable (modifiable) String objects. The String Buffer class in Java is the same as String class except it is mutable i.e. it can be changed. Java StringBuilder Class 34) Page Java StringBuilder class is used to create mutable (modifiable) String. The Java StringBuilder class is same as StringBuffer class except that it is non- synchronized. It is available since JDK 1.5. Difference between String and String Buffer StringBuffer vs String O- _ String class is immutable StringBuffer class is mutable String is slow and consumes more memory when you concat too many strings because every StringBuffer is fast and time it creates new instance consumes less memory Shen Fee eee see String class overrides the equals() method of Object class. So you can compare the contents StringBuffer class doesn’t * of two strings by equals() override the equals() method method of Object class. Difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder StringBuffer Class StringBuilder Class StringBuilder was introduced in StringBuffer is present in Java. Java 5. StringBuffer is synchronized. This | StringBuilder is asynchronized. means that multiple threads cannot | This means that multiple threads call the methods of StringBuffer can call the methods of simultaneously. StringBuilder simultaneously. StringBuffer Class StringBuilder Class Due to synchronization, Due to its asynchronous nature, StringBuffer is called a thread safe | StringBuilder is not a thread safe class. class. Since there is no preliminary Due to synchronization, check for multiple threads, StringBuffer is lot slower than StringBuilder is a lot faster than StringBuilder. StringBuffer. How to create Immutable class? There are many immutable classes like String, Boolean, Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Float, Double etc. In short, all the wrapper classes and String class is immutable. Java toString() Method If you want to represent any object as a string, toString() method comes into existence. The toString() method returns the String representation of the object. If you print any object, Java compiler internally invokes the toString( method on the object. Advantage of Java toString() method By overriding the toString() method of the Object class, we can return values of the object, so we don't need to write much code. StringTokenizer in Java The [Link],StringTokenizer class allows you to break a String into tokens. It is simple way to break a String. It is a legacy class of Java. 36 | Page Exception Handling Exception Handling in Java The Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that the normal flow of the application can be maintained. What is Exception in Java? an exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object which is thrown at runtime. Types of Java Exceptions There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. An error is considered as the unchecked exception. However, according to Oracle, there are three types of exceptions namely: 1. Checked Exception 2. Unchecked Exception 3. Error Difference between Checked and Unchecked Exceptions 1) Checked Exception The classes that directly inherit the Throwable class except Runtime Exception and Error are known as checked exceptions. For example, IO Exception, SQL Exception, etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile- time. 2) Unchecked Exception The classes that inherit the Runtime Exception are known as unchecked exceptions. For example, Arithmetic Exception, NullPointerException, 37|Page ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time, but they are checked at runtime. 3) Error Error is irrecoverable. Some example of errors are OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc. Java try-catch block Java try block Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within the method. Syntax of Java try-catch try{ //code that may throw an exception }catch(Exception_class_Name ref){ } Java catch block Java catch block is used to handle the Exception by declaring the type of exception within the parameter. The catch block must be used after the try block only. You can use multiple catch block with a single try block. Java Catch Multiple Exceptions Java Multi-catch block A try block can be followed by one or more catch blocks. Each catch block must contain a different exception handler. So, if you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different exceptions, use java multi-catch block. Java Nested try block 38 | Page In Java, using a try block inside another try block is permitted. It is called as nested try block. Why use nested try block Sometimes a situation may arise where a part of a block may cause one error and the entire block itself may cause another error. In such cases, exception handlers have to be nested. Java finally block Java finally block is a block used to execute important code such as closing the connection, etc. Java finally block is always executed whether an exception is handled or not. Why use Java finally block? + finally block in Java can be used to put "cleanup" code such as closing a file, closing connection, etc. > The important statements to be printed can be placed in the finally block. Usage of Java finally Let's see the different cases where Java finally block can be used. Java throw keyword ‘The Java throw keyword is used to throw an exception explicitly. We can throw either checked or unchecked exceptions in Java by throw keyword. It is mainly used to throw a custom exception. Java Exception Propagation Exception propagation in Java occurs when an exception thrown from the top of the stack. 39|Page Java throws keyword The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. It gives an information to the programmer that there may occur an exception. Syntax of Java throws return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name{ //method code } Difference between throw and throws in Java Throw vs Throws Throw Throws Java throw keyword is used to Java throws keyword is used to declare explicitly throw an exception. an exception. Checked exception cannot be Checked exception can be propagated propagated using throw only. with throws. Throw is followed by an instance. Throws is followed by class. Throw is used within the method. Throws is used with the method signature, ‘You cannot throw multiple exceptions. | You can declare multiple exceptions eg. public void method( throws IOException, SQLException. Difference between final, finally and finalize Se Key ‘finally Definition cess finally is the block m Java finalize is the method in Java Applicable Final keyword ie used with the Fina i always related to to asses methods and variables. the try and catch block in ‘exception handling unctionality (1) Once declared final variable (2) fi cin try block Execution Final method is executed only Finally block is executed as soon finalize method it executed just when we cal a: the ty-cateh lock ie before the object i destroyed. executes, Ws execution is net dependant (on the exception. Java Custom Exception Creating our own Exception is known as custom exception or user-defined exception. Basically, Java custom exceptions are used to customize the exception according to user need. Why use custom exceptions? Java exceptions cover almost all the general type of exceptions that may occur in the programming. However, we sometimes need to create custom exceptions. 41|Page Java Multithreading Multithreading in Java Multithreading in Java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously. A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking. Multitasking Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously. We use multitasking to utilize the CPU. Multitasking can be achieved in two ways: « Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing) e Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading) 1) Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing) > Each process has an address in memory. In other words, each process allocates a separate memory area. > A process is heavyweight. e Cost of communication between the process is high. 2) Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading) c Threads share the same address space. o A thread is lightweight. o Cost of communication between the thread is low. What is Thread in java A thread is a lightweight subprocess, the smallest unit of processing. It is a separate path of execution. Threads are independent. If there occurs exception in one thread, it doesn't affect other threads. It uses a shared memory area. Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States) In Java, a thread always exists in any one of the following states. These states are: . New . Active . Blocked / Waiting . Timed Waiting . Terminated Explanation of Different Thread States New: Whenever a new thread is created, it is always in the new state. Active: When a thread invokes the start() method, it moves from the new state to the active state. The active state contains two states within it: one is runnable, and the other is running. Runnable: A thread, that is ready to run is then moved to the runnable state. In the runnable state, the thread may be running or may be ready to run at any given instant of time. Running: When the thread gets the CPU, it moves from the runnable to the tunning state. Blocked or Waiting: Whenever a thread is inactive for a span of time (not permanently) then, either the thread is in the blocked state or is in the waiting state. Terminated: A thread reaches the termination state because of the following reasons: e Whena thread has finished its job, then it exists or terminates normally. o Abnormal termination: It occurs when some unusual events such as an unhandled exception or segmentation fault. Java Threads | How to create a thread in Java There are two ways to create a thread: 1. By extending Thread class 2. By implementing Runnable interface. Thread class: Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on a [Link] class extends Object class and implements Runnable interface. Commonly used Constructors of Thread class: e Thread() o Thread(String name) o Thread(Runnable r) e Thread(Runnable r,String name) Commonly used methods of Thread class: . public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread. . public void start(): starts the execution of the [Link] calls the run() method on the thread. . public void sleep(long miliseconds): Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease execution) for the specified number of milliseconds. 4, public void join(): waits for a thread to die. . public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specified miliseconds. 6. public int getPriority(): returns the priority of the thread. . public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of the thread. 44 | Page 8. public String getName(): returns the name of the thread. 9. public void setName(String name): changes the name of the thread. 10. public Thread currentThread(Q): returns the reference of currently executing thread. 1. public int getId(): returns the id of the thread. 12, public [Link] getState(): returns the state of the thread. 3. public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread is alive. 14, public void yield(): causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and allow other threads to execute. 15. public void suspend(): is used to suspend the thread(depricated). 16. public void resume(): is used to resume the suspended thread(depricated). 17. public void stop(): is used to stop the thread(depricated). 18. public boolean isDaemon(): tests if the thread is a daemon thread. 19. public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the thread as daemon or user thread. 20. public void interrupt(: interrupts the thread. 21. public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread has been interrupted. 22. public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current thread has been interrupted. Runnable interface: The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class whose instances are intended to be executed by a thread. Runnable interface have only one method named run(). 1, public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread. Starting a thread: The start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs the following tasks: o Anew thread starts(with new callstack). o The thread moves from New state to the Runnable state. c When the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run() method will run, Thread Scheduler in Java A component of Java that decides which thread to run or execute and which thread to wait is called a thread scheduler in Java. In Java, a thread is only chosen by a thread scheduler if it is in the runnable state. However, if there is more than one thread in the runnable state, it is up to the thread scheduler to pick one of the threads and ignore the other ones. Priority: Priority of each thread lies between | to 10. If a thread has a higher priority, it means that thread has got a better chance of getting picked up by the thread scheduler. Time of Arrival: Suppose two threads of the same priority enter the runnable state, then priority cannot be the factor to pick a thread from these two threads. In such a case, arrival time of thread is considered by the thread scheduler. Thread Scheduler Algorithms On the basis of the above-mentioned factors, the scheduling algorithm is followed by a Java thread scheduler. First Come First Serve Scheduling: In this scheduling algorithm, the scheduler picks the threads thar arrive first in the runnable queue. Observe the following table: Threads Time of Arrival In the above table, we can see that Thread t] has arrived first, then Thread t2, then t3, and at last t4, and the order in which the threads will be processed is according to the time of arrival of threads. Ecc First Come First Serve Scheduling Hence, Thread t1 will be processed first, and Thread t4 will be processed last. Time-slicing scheduling: Usually, the First Come First Serve algorithm is non-preemptive, which is bad as it may lead to infinite blocking (also known as starvation). To avoid that, some time-slices are provided to the threads so that after some time, the running thread has to give up the CPU. Thus, the other waiting threads also get time to run their job. A Time slicing scheduling 4a7|Page In the above diagram, each thread is given a time slice of 2 seconds. Thus, after 2 seconds, the first thread leaves the CPU, and the CPU is then captured by Thread2. The same process repeats for the other threads too. Preemptive-Priority Scheduling: The name of the scheduling algorithm denotes that the algorithm is related to the priority of the threads. ES — Preemptive-Priority Scheduling Suppose there are multiple threads available in the runnable state. The thread scheduler picks that thread that has the highest priority. Working of the Java Thread Scheduler Thread-1 14-2 IJ thread-s [J Thread-6 IJ thread-s jority-7 J Priority:s IJ Priority-5 J Priority-4 [J Priority-2 Working of Thread Scheduler Let's understand the working of the Java thread scheduler. Suppose, there are five threads that have different arrival times and different priorities. Now, it is the responsibility of the thread scheduler to decide which thread will get the CPU first. The thread scheduler selects the thread that has the highest priority, and the thread begins the execution of the job. If a thread is already in runnable state and another thread (that has higher priority) reaches in the runnable state, then the current thread is pre-empted from the processor, and the arrived thread with higher priority gets the CPU time. When two threads (Thread 2 and Thread 3) having the same priorities and arrival time, the scheduling will be decided on the basis of FCFS algorithm. Thus, the thread that arrives first gets the opportunity to execute first. Thread. Sleep() in Java The Java Thread class provides the two variant of the sleep() method. First one accepts only an arguments, whereas the other variant accepts two arguments. The method sleep() is being used to halt the working of a thread for a given amount of time. The time up to which the thread remains in the sleeping state is known as the sleeping time of the thread. After the sleeping time is over, the thread starts its execution from where it has left. The sleep() Method Syntax: Following are the syntax of the sleep() method. 1. public static void sleep(long mls) throws InterruptedException 2. public static void sleep(long mls, int n) throws InterruptedException Can we start a thread twice No. After starting a thread, it can never be started again. If you does so, an IllegalThreadStateException is thrown. In such case, thread will run once but for second time, it will throw exception. ag|Page What if we call Java run() method directly instead start() method? c Each thread starts in a separate call stack. o Invoking the run() method from the main thread, the run() method goes onto the current call stack rather than at the beginning of a new call stack. Java join() method The join() method in Java is provided by the [Link] class that permits one thread to wait until the other thread to finish its execution. Suppose th be the object the class Thread whose thread is doing its execution currently, then the [Link](); statement ensures that th is finished before the program does the execution of the next statement. When there are more than one thread invoking the join() method, then it leads to overloading on the join) method that permits the developer or programmer to mention the waiting period. Description of The Overloaded join() Method joinQ): When the join() method is invoked, the current thread stops its execution and the thread goes into the wait state. The current thread remains in the wait state until the thread on which the join() method is invoked has achieved its dead state. Syntax: 1. public final void join() throws InterruptedException Naming Thread and Current Thread Naming Thread The Thread class provides methods to change and get the name of a thread. By default, each thread has a name, i.e. thread-0, thread-1 and so on. By we can change the name of the thread by using the setName() method. The syntax of setName() and getName() methods are given below: 50 | Page 1. public String getName(): is used to return the name of a thread. 2. public void setName(String name): is used to change the name of a th read. Current Thread The currentThread() method returns a reference of the currently executing thread. public static Thread currentThread(); Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority) Each thread has a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10. In most cases, the thread scheduler schedules the threads according to their priority (known as preemptive scheduling). But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM specification that which scheduling it chooses. Setter & Getter Method of Thread Priority public final int getPriority(): The [Link]() method returns the priority of the given thread. public final void setPriority(int newPriority): The [Link]() method updates or assign the priority of the thread to newPriority. The method throws IllegalArgumentException if the value newPriority goes out of the range, which is 1 (minimum) to 10 (maximum). 3 constants defined in Thread class: 1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY 2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY 3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY). The value of MIN_PRIORITY is 1 and the value of MAX_PRIORITY is 10. 51 [Page Daemon Thread in Java Daemon thread in Java is a service provider thread that provides services to the user thread. Its life depend on the mercy of user threads i.e. when all the user threads dies, JVM terminates this thread automatically. There are many java daemon threads running automatically e.g. ge, finalizer ete. Points to remember for Daemon Thread in Java It provides services to user threads for background supporting tasks. It has no role in life than to serve user threads. Its life depends on user threads. It is a low priority thread. Why JVM terminates the daemon thread if there is no user thread? The sole purpose of the daemon thread is that it provides services to user thread for background supporting task. If there is no user thread, why should JVM keep running this thread. That is why JVM terminates the daemon thread if there is no user thread. Java Thread Pool Java Thread pool represents a group of worker threads that are waiting for the job and reused many times. A thread pool reuses previously created threads to execute current tasks In the case of a thread pool, a group of fixed-size threads is created. A thread from the thread pool is pulled out and assigned a job by the service provider. Thread Pool Methods newFixedThreadPool(int s): The method creates a thread pool of the fixed size s. 52|Page newCachedThreadPool(): The method creates a new thread pool that creates the new threads when needed but will still use the previously created thread whenever they are available to use. newSingleThreadExecutor(): The method creates a new thread. Advantage of Java Thread Pool Better performance It saves time because there is no need to create a new thread. Real time usage It is used in Servlet and JSP where the container creates a thread pool to process the request. ThreadGroup in Java Java provides a convenient way to group multiple threads in a single object. In such a way, we can suspend, resume or interrupt a group of threads by a single method call. Java thread group is implemented by [Link]. ThreadGroup class. A ThreadGroup represents a set of threads. A thread group can also include the other thread group. The thread group creates a tree in which every thread group except the initial thread group has a parent. A thread is allowed to access information about its own thread group, but it cannot access the information about its thread group's parent thread group or any other thread groups. sa|Page Constructors of ThreadGroup class There are only two constructors of ThreadGroup class. No. Constructor Description 1) | ThreadGroup (String name) creates a thread group with given name. ThreadGroup(ThreadGroup creates. a_ thread parent, String name) group with a given parent group and name. Java Shutdown Hook A special construct that facilitates the developers to add some code that has to be run when the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is shutting down is known as the Java shutdown hook. The Java shutdown hook comes in very handy in the cases where one needs to perform some special cleanup work when the JVM is shutting down. When does the JVM shut down? The JVM shuts down when: user presses ctrl+c on the command prompt [Link](int) method is invoked user logoff > user shutdown etc. The addShutdownHook (Thread hook) method The addShutdownHook () method of the Runtime class is used to register the thread with the Virtual Machine. Syntax: 1. public void addShutdownHook(Thread hook){ } How to perform single task by multiple threads in Java? If you have to perform a single task by many threads, have only one run() method. How to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads (multitasking in multithreading)? If you have to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads , have multiple run() methods. Java Garbage Collection In java, garbage means unreferenced objects. Garbage Collection is process of reclaiming the runtime unused memory automatically. In other words, it is a way to destroy the unused objects. Advantage of Garbage Collection e Itmakes java memory efficient because garbage collector removes the unreferenced objects from heap memory. e Itis automatically done by the garbage collector(a part of JVM) so we don't need to make extra efforts. How can an object be unreferenced? There are many ways: c By nulling the reference © By assigning a reference to another o By anonymous object etc. 1) By nulling a reference: 1. Employee e=new Employee(); 2. e=null; 2) By assigning a reference to another: 1. Employee e1=new Employee(); 2. Employee e2=new Employee(); 3. el=e2;//now the first object referred by el is available for garbage col lection 3) By anonymous object: 1. new Employee(); finalize() method The finalize() method is invoked each time before the object is garbage collected. This method can be used to perform cleanup process method is defined in Object class as: 1. protected void finalize(){ } gc() method The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to perform cleanup processing. The gc() is found in System and Runtime classes. 1. public static void gc(){} Java Runtime class Java Runtime class is used to interact with java runtime environment. Java Runtime class provides methods to execute a process, invoke GC, get total and free memory etc. There is only one instance of [Link] class is available for one java application. Important methods of Java Runtime class No. Method Description public static Runtime getRuntime() returns the instance of Runtime class. public void exit(int status) terminates the current virtual machine. public void addShutdownHook(Thread _ registers new hook thread. hook) public Process exec(String executes given command command)throws IOException in a separate process. public int availableProcessors() returns no. of available processors. public long freeMemory() returns amount of free memory in JVM. public long totalMemory() returns amount of total memory in JVM. Java Collections Collections in Java The Collection in Java is a framework that provides an architecture to store and manipulate the group of objects. Java Collections can achieve all the operations that you perform on a data such as searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, and deletion. Java Collection means a single unit of objects. Java Collection framework provides many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque) and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet). What is Collection in Java A Collection represents a single unit of objects, i.e., a group. What is a framework in Java o It provides readymade architecture. oc Itrepresents a set of classes and interfaces. © Itis optional. What is Collection framework The Collection framework represents a unified architecture for storing and manipulating a group of objects. It has: 1. Interfaces and its implementations, i.e., classes 2. Algorithm 1) Java ArrayList Java ArrayList class uses a dynamic array for storing the elements. It is like an array, but there is no size limit. We can add or remove elements anytime. So, it is much more flexible than the s8|Page traditional array. It is found in the [Link] package. It is like the Vector in C++. We can not create an array list of the primitive types, such as int, float, char, etc. It is required to use the required wrapper class in such cases. For example: 1. ArrayList al = ArrayList(); // does not work 2. ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); // works fine ArrayList class declaration Let's see the declaration for [Link]. ArrayList class. 1. public class ArrayList extends AbstractList implements List , RandomAccess, Cloneable, Ser Java Non-generic Vs. Generic Collection Java collection framework was non-generic before JDK 1.5. Since 1.5, it is generic. Java new generic collection allows you to have only one type of object in a collection. Now it is type-safe, so typecasting is not required at runtime. Let's see the old non-generic example of creating a Java collection. 1. ArrayList list=new ArrayList();//creating old non-generic arraylist Let's see the new generic example of creating java collection. 1. ArrayList list=new ArrayList();//creating new gener ic arraylist 2) Java LinkedList class Java LinkedList class uses a doubly linked list to store the elements. It provides a linked-list data structure. It inherits the Abstract List class and implements List and Deque interfaces. The important points about Java LinkedList are: Java LinkedList class can contain duplicate elements. Java LinkedList class maintains insertion order. Java LinkedList class is non synchronized. In Java LinkedList class, manipulation is fast because no shifting needs to occur. Java LinkedList class can be used as a list, stack or queue. Hierarchy of LinkedList class As shown in the above diagram, Java LinkedList class extends AbstractSequentialList class and implements List and Deque interfaces. Iterable | * extends Collection SS extends / List | Queue ‘ J ; implements extends Abstract De ] SequentialList ies * exends | + implements LinkedList

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