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Chapter 5

Chapter 3 discusses the relationship between information systems, organizations, management, and strategy, outlining key learning objectives such as identifying organizational characteristics and analyzing decision processes. It highlights management challenges including the sustainability of competitive advantage and the integration of technology within organizations. The chapter also explores various organizational structures, decision-making models, and the impact of information systems on business strategy.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views30 pages

Chapter 5

Chapter 3 discusses the relationship between information systems, organizations, management, and strategy, outlining key learning objectives such as identifying organizational characteristics and analyzing decision processes. It highlights management challenges including the sustainability of competitive advantage and the integration of technology within organizations. The chapter also explores various organizational structures, decision-making models, and the impact of information systems on business strategy.

Uploaded by

yeecandice23
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

c h a p t e r

3
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS,
ORGANIZATIONS,
MANAGEMENT,
AND STRATEGY
3.1 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• IDENTIFY SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS
OF ORGANIZATIONS
• ANALYZE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
INFO SYSTEM & ORGANIZATIONS
*

3.2 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• CONTRAST THEORIES OF
ORGANIZATIONS
• DESCRIBE DECISION PROCESSES
• EVALUATE ROLE OF INFORMATION
SYSTEMS IN SUPPORTING
BUSINESS STRATEGY

*
3.3 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

• ORGANIZATIONS & INFORMATION


SYSTEMS
• CHANGING ROLES OF SYSTEMS IN
ORGANIZATIONS
• MANAGERS, DECISION MAKING &
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• INFORMATION SYSTEMS & BUSINESS
STRATEGY
*
3.4 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

1. SUSTAINABILITY OF
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
2. FITTING TECHNOLOGY &
ORGANIZATION
*

3.5 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


ORGANIZATIONS & INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

MEDIATING FACTORS:
Environment
Culture
Structure
ORGANIZATIONS Standard Procedures INFORMATION
Politics TECHNOLOGY
Management Decisions
Chance

3.6 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


CEO
ORGANIZATION

TECHNICAL DEFINITION:VP VP VP
STABLE, FORMAL STRUCTURE
• TAKES RESOURCES FROM
ENVIRONMENT AND PROCESSES
THEM TO PRODUCE OUTPUTS
*

3.7 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


TECHNICAL MICROECONOMIC DEFINITION
OF ORGANIZATION

ORGANIZATION

INPUTS FROM PRODUCTION OUTPUTS TO


ENVIRONMENT PROCESS ENVIRONMENT

3.8 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


ORGANIZATION

BEHAVIORAL DEFINITION:
COLLECTION OF:
• RIGHTS, PRIVILEGES,
OBLIGATIONS, RESPONSIBILITIES
• DELICATELY BALANCED
• CONFLICT RESOLUTION
*
3.9 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES FORMAL ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE:

ENVIRONMENTAL OUTPUTS
Hierarchy
Division of labor
Rules, Procedures
PROCESS:
Rights/Obligations
Privileges/Responsibilities
Values
Norms
People

3.10 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL
ORGANIZATIONS

• CLEAR DIVISION OF LABOR


• HIERARCHY
• EXPLICIT RULES & PROCEDURES
• IMPARTIAL JUDGMENTS
• TECHNICAL QUALIFICATIONS
• MAXIMUM ORGANIZATIONAL
EFFICIENCY
3.11
*
© 2002 by Prentice Hall
COMMON FEATURES OF
ORGANIZATIONS

• FORMAL STRUCTURE
• STANDARD OPERATING
PROCEDURES
• POLITICS
• CULTURE
*

3.12 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


UNIQUE FEATURES OF
ORGANIZATIONS

• ORGANIZATIONAL TYPES
• ENVIRONMENTS, GOALS, POWER
• CONSTITUENCIES, FUNCTION
• LEADERSHIP, TASKS
• TECHNOLOGY
• BUSINESS PROCESSES
*
3.13 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

• ENTREPRENEURIAL: Startup business


• MACHINE BUREAUCRACY: Mid-sized
manufacturing firm
• DIVISIONALIZED BUREAUCRACY:
Fortune 500
• PROFESSIONAL BUREAUCRACY: Law
firms, hospitals
• ADHOCRACY: Consulting firm
*
3.14 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
ORGANIZATION & ITS ENVIRONMENT

THE ENVIRONMENT:
RESOURCES & CONSTRAINTS
GOVERNMENTS
COMPETITORS
THE FIRM
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
CULTURE
KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION SYSTEMS
TECHNOLOGY

3.15 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT

• PROGRAMMERS: Write software


• SYSTEMS ANALYSTS: Translate
business problems into solutions
• IS MANAGERS: Department leaders
• END USERS: Department reps for
whom applications are
developed
*
3.16 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
THE ORGANIZATION
SENIOR MANAGEMENT
MAJOR END-USERS (DIVISIONS)

INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT


Information System
Specialists:

IT Infrastructure: CIO
Managers
Hardware System Analysts
Software System Developers
Data Networks Programmers
Network Specialists
Database
Administrator Clerical
3.17 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
HOW INFO SYSTEMS
AFFECT ORGANIZATIONS

• MICROECONOMIC MODEL: Info


technology is a factor of production,
like capital & labor
• TRANSACTION COST THEORY:
Firms attempt to minimize
transaction costs internally &
externally
*
3.18 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
HOW INFO SYSTEMS
AFFECT ORGANIZATIONS

• AGENCY THEORY: Firm is nexus of


contracts among self-interested
parties requiring supervision
• BEHAVIORAL THEORIES: Info
systems could change hierarchy of
decision making; reduce need for
middle management & clerical
support; distribute information
3.19 * © 2002 by Prentice Hall
IMPLEMENTING CHANGE
TASK
RESISTANCE

TECHNOLOGY PEOPLE

MUTUAL
ADJUST
MENT
STRUCTURE
3.20 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
Source: Leavitt, Handbook of Organization (1965)
INTERNET & ORGANIZATIONS

• E-mail communication
• Electronic handbooks published &
revised
• Interactive training classes
• Employees review, update personal
data
*

3.21 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


ROLE OF MANAGERS
• CLASSICAL: Describe functions-
plan, organize, coordinate, decide,
control
• BEHAVIORAL: Based on
observations of managers on the job
*

3.22 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


INFO SYSTEMS, LEVELS, DECISIONS
ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
TYPE OF
DECISION OPERATIONAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIC

STRUCTURED ACCOUNTS
RECEIVABLE
ELECTRONIC PRODUCTION
SCHEDULING COST OVERRUNS
TPS
OAS MIS
SEMI- BUDGET
STRUCTURED PREPARATION

PROJECT
SCHEDULING DSS
FACILITY
LOCATION
KWS ESS
UNSTRUCTURED PRODUCT DESIGN NEW PRODUCTS
NEW MARKETS

3.23 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


STAGES OF
DECISION MAKING
• INTELLIGENCE: Collect
information; identify problem
• DESIGN: Conceive alternatives;
select criteria
• CHOICE: Use criteria to evaluate
alternatives; select
• IMPLEMENTATION: Put decision into
effect; allocate resources; control
*
SOURCE: Simon, The New Science of Management Decision (1960)
3.24 © 2002 by Prentice Hall
INDIVIDUAL MODELS OF
DECISION MAKING
• RATIONAL: Comprehensive
rationality; evaluate all
alternatives
• SYSTEMATIC: Structured, formal
method
• INTUITIVE: Trial & error, unstructured,
multiple approach
*

3.25 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


ORGANIZATIONAL
MODELS OF
DECISION MAKING
• BUREAUCRATIC: Follow
standard operating procedures
(SOP)
• POLITICAL: Key groups compete and
bargain
• “GARBAGE CAN”: Organizations not
rational; solutions accidental
3.26
*
© 2002 by Prentice Hall
BUSINESS LEVEL STRATEGY

LOCK IN CUSTOMERS & SUPPLIERS


• SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: Stockless
inventories, continuous replenishment,
just-in-time delivery
• INTRA FIRM STRATEGY: Product
differentiation, focused differentiation,
low-cost producer
• EFFICIENT CUSTOMER RESPONSE:
Point-of-sale systems, datamining
3.27 * © 2002 by Prentice Hall
COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL

SUBSTITUTE
NEW MARKET
PRODUCTS &
ENTRANTS
SERVICES
THE
INDUSTRY

TRADITIONAL
THE FIRM INDUSTRY
COMPETITORS

SUPPLIERS CUSTOMERS

3.28 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL

INDUSTRY SUBSTITUTE
NEW MARKET
PRODUCTS &
ENTRANTS SET
SERVICES

INDUSTRY INDUSTRY
1 2

INDUSTRY COMPETITORS
INDUSTRY INDUSTRY
3 4

SUPPLIERS CUSTOMERS

3.29 © 2002 by Prentice Hall


c h a p t e r

3
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS,
ORGANIZATIONS,
MANAGEMENT,
AND STRATEGY
3.30 © 2002 by Prentice Hall

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