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Module II

The document discusses the importance of complex numbers in solving algebraic equations, linking exponential and trigonometric functions, and their applications in physics. It covers graphical representations like the Argand diagram, De-Moivre’s theorem, and Euler’s formula, as well as functions of complex variables and core theorems such as Morera’s theorem and Liouville’s theorem. Additionally, it addresses power series, multiple valued functions, and the concept of branch points.

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2 views8 pages

Module II

The document discusses the importance of complex numbers in solving algebraic equations, linking exponential and trigonometric functions, and their applications in physics. It covers graphical representations like the Argand diagram, De-Moivre’s theorem, and Euler’s formula, as well as functions of complex variables and core theorems such as Morera’s theorem and Liouville’s theorem. Additionally, it addresses power series, multiple valued functions, and the concept of branch points.

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eventsphysics7
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Complex Variables

PHYS223

Dr. Sudipta Koley


Importance of Complex Numbers

• Solving Algebraic Equations: Extending the real number system to allow roots for equations like (x2 + 1 =
0).

• Unified Perspective: Naturally link exponential and trigonometric functions, simplifying mathematical
analysis.

• Physics Applications: Crucial for modeling oscillations, wave motion, electromagnetism, and quantum
mechanics.

• Vector Representation: Provide a powerful 2D framework for simultaneous tracking of magnitude and
phase.
Graphical Representation

• Argand Diagram: Represents complex numbers as points in a 2D Euclidean plane (the Complex Plane).

• Axes Definitions: The horizontal axis represents the real part, and the vertical axis represents the
imaginary part.

• Vector Interpretations: A complex number (z = x + iy) can be viewed as a position vector from the origin
((0,0)) to the point ((x,y)).

• Polar Coordinates: Visualized using modulus (r) (distance from origin) and argument (theta) (angle from
positive real axis).
De-Moivre’s Theorem & Euler’s Formula

• Euler’s Formula: (eiθ = cosθ+ i sinθ ), providing the bridge between exponential and trigonometric forms.

• De-Moivre’s Theorem: ((cosθ + i sinθ )n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)).

• Utility: Simplifies raising complex numbers to powers and finding roots, as (zn = rn einθ).

• Roots of Unity: Euler's formula allows the roots of zn = 1 to be represented as vertices of a regular
polygon.
Functions of Complex Variables

• Function Mapping: A function (f(z)) maps a point in the (z)-plane (domain) to a point in the (w)-plane
(codomain).

• Analytic Functions: A function is analytic (or holomorphic) at a point if it has a derivative there and in
some neighborhood around it.

• Cauchy-Riemann Equations: Necessary conditions for a function (f(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y)) to be analytic.

• Harmonic Functions: If (f(z)) is analytic, then its real ((u)) and imaginary ((v)) parts satisfy Laplace's equation
((nabla^2 u = 0)).
Core Theorems

• Morera’s Theorem: If (f(z)) is continuous in a domain and ∫f(z)dz = 0 for every closed contour, then (f(z)) is
analytic.

• Cauchy’s Inequality: Provides an upper bound for the (n)-th derivative of an analytic function:
where M is the maximum modulus on a circle of radius R.

• Liouville’s Theorem: If a function is analytic and bounded in the entire complex plane, then it must be a
constant.

• Implication: These theorems define the rigidity and unique behavior of analytic functions compared to real
functions.
Series and Multiple Values

• Power Series: An analytic function (f(z)) can be represented by a Taylor series within its radius of
convergence.

• Multiple Valued Functions: Functions like ln(z) or z1/n take multiple values for a single z, requiring "branch
cuts".

• Branch Points: Singular points where paths encircling them lead to a change in the function value.

• Convergence: Power series of complex variables converge uniformly within their disk of convergence.
Questions
?
Thank you for your attention.

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