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Python Programming Unit I - Complete Notes

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

UNIT I

INTRODUCTION

What is Python?

Python is a general-purpose, interpreted, interactive, object-oriented and

high-level Programming language.

Python source code is available under the General Public License (GPL)
and it is now maintained by a core development team at the National
Research Institute.

Who developed Python?

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum at the National Research

Institute for Computer Science in Netherlands during 1985-1990.

Python is derived from many other language including ABC, C, C++,

ALGOL-68, SmallTalk, Unix and other scripting languages.

Rossum was inspired by Monty Python's Flying Circus. Hence he named it

Python.

Features of Python

Simple and easy-to-learn

Interpreted and Interactive

Object-Oriented

Portable

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Scalable

GUI Programming Support

Dynamic

Free and Open Source

Broad Standard Library

Simple and easy-to-learn

Python is a simple language with few keywords, simple structure and its
syntax is also clearly defined.

This makes Python a beginner's language.

Interpreted and interactive

Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter.

We need not compile the program before executing it.

The Python prompt interact with the interpreter to interpret the programs that
you have written.

Object-Oriented

Python supports Object Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts.

All concepts in OOPs like data hiding, inheritance , polymorphism etc

can be well written in Python.

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Portable

Python can run on a wide variety of hardware and software platforms

and has the same interface on all platforms.

All variants of Windows, Unix, Linux and Macintosh are to name a few.

Scalable

Python provides a better structure and support for large programs.

It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to bytecode

(intermediate code that is platform independent) for building large
applications.

GUI Programming Support

Graphical User interfaces can be made using a module such as PyQt5,

PyQt4, wxPython, or Tk in Python.

PyQt5 is the most popular option for creating graphical apps with Python.

Dynamic

Python provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic
type checking.

It also supports automatic garbage collection.

Free and Open Source

Python language is freely available at the official website.

Since it is open-source, this means that source code is also available to the
public. So you can download it, use it as well as share it.

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Broad Standard Library

Python's library is portable and cross platform compatible on UNIX,

Linux, Windows and Macintosh.

This helps in the support and development of a wide range of applications

from simple text processing to browsers and complex games.

IDENTIFIERS

What is Identifier?

A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class,

module or any other object.

Python is case sensitive and hence uppercase and lowercase letters are
considered distinct.

Rules for naming an Identifier in Python

a) Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase

(A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_). For example Total and total is
different.

b) Reserved keywords cannot be used as an identifier.

c) Identifiers cannot begin with a digit. For example 2more, 3times etc. are
invalid identifiers.

d) Special symbols like @, !, #, $, % etc. cannot be used in an identifier. For

example sum@, #total are invalid identifiers.

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e) Identifier can be of any length. Some examples of valid identifiers are total,
max_mark, count2, Student etc.

Examples of Python Identifiers

Valid identifiers

• var1

• _var1

• _1_var

• var_1

Invalid Identifiers

• !var1

• 1var

• 1_var

• var#1

• var 1

Example Program

radius=int(input("Enter the radius of the circle: "))

pi=3.14

area=pi*radius*radius

perimeter=2*pi*radius

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rounded_num=round(area, 2)

rounded_number=round(perimeter, 2)

print(f"The area of the circle with radius {radius} is: {rounded_num:}")

print(f"The perimeter of the circle with radius {radius} is: {rounded_number:}")

Output

Enter the radius of the circle: 46

The area of the circle with radius 46 is: 6644.24

The perimeter of the circle with radius 46 is: 288.88

KEYWORDS

These are keywords reserved by the programming language and prevent the
user or the programmer from using it as an identifier in a program.

There are 33 keywords in Python 3.3.

This number may vary with different versions.

To retrieve the keywords in Python the following code can be given at the
prompt.

import keyword

print([Link])

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The following lists shows the python keywords

Keyword and Descriptions

Keyword Description
True, False They are the results of logical (Boolean) operations in Python.

None None is a special constant in Python that represents the absence of a

value or a null value.

and, or , and, or, not are the logical operators in Python.

not

assert assert is used for debugging purposes.

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return return statement is used inside a function to exit it and return a

value.

Keyword Description

class class is used to define a new user-defined class in Python.

def def is used to define a user-defined function.

if, else, elif if, else, elif are used for conditional branching or decision making.

except, except, raise, try are used with exceptions in Python.

raise, try

for,while for,while is used for looping

from, import keyword is used to import modules into the current

import namespace. from…import is used to import specific attributes or
functions.

STATEMENTS AND EXPRESSIONS

What is Statement in Python?

A Statement is a single, executable line of code.

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It represents a complete instruction that the Python interpreter can

execute.

Statements in Python can be simple, like variable assignments or they can be

complex, involving control flow structures like loops and conditional
statements.

What is Expression in Python?

An expression is a combination of operators and operands that is

interpreted to produce some other value.

In any programming language, an expression is evaluated as per the

precedence of its operators.

So that if there is more than one operator in an expression, their precedence

decides which operation will be performed first.

Types of Expression in Python

Constant Expression

Arithmetic Expression

Integral Expression

Floating Expression

Relational Expression

Logical Expression

Multi-Operator Expression

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Constant Expressions

These are the expressions that have constant values only.

Example

x = 15 + 1.3

print(x)

Output

16.3

Arithmetic Expressions

An arithmetic expression is a combination of numeric values and operators.

The result of this type of expression is also a numeric value.

The operators used in these expressions are arithmetic operators like

addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc.

Example

x=40

y=12

add=x+y

sub=x-y

pro=x*y

div=x/y

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print(add)

print(sub)

print(pro)

print(div)

Output

52

28

480

3.3333333333333335

Integral Expressions

These are the kind of expressions that produce only integer results after all
computations and type conversions.

Example

a=13

b=12.0

c=a+int(b)

print(c)

Output

25

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Floating Expressions

These are the kind of expressions which produce floating point numbers as
result after all computations and type conversions.

Example

a=13

b=5

c=a/b

print(c)

Output

2.6

Relational Expressions

In these types of expressions, arithmetic expressions are written on both

sides of relational operator (> , < , >= , <=).

Those arithmetic expressions are evaluated first, and then compared as per
relational operator and produce a boolean output in the end.

These expressions are also called Boolean expressions.

Example

a=21

b=13

c=40

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d=37

p=(a+b)>=(c-d)

print(p)

Output

True

Logical Expressions

These are kinds of expressions that result in either True or False.

It basically specifies one or more conditions.

Example

P=(10==9)

Q=(7>5)

R=P and Q

S=P or Q

T=not P

print(R)

print(S)

print(T)

Output

False

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True

True

Multi-operator expression

It’s a quite simple process to get the result of an expression if there is only
one operator in an expression.

But if there is more than one operator in an expression, it may give different
results on basis of the order of operators executed.

Example

a=10+3*4

print(a)

b=(10+3)*4

print(b)

c=10+(3*4)

print(c)

Output

22

52

22

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VARIABLES

What is Variable?

Variables are reserved memory locations to store values.

Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates memory and
decides what can be stored in the reserved memory.

Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables, you can store

integers, float, characters etc in these variables.

Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space.

The declaration happens automatically when you assign a value to a

variable.

The equal sign (=) is used to assign values to variables.

The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the variable and the
operand to the right of the = operator is the value stored in the variable.

Rules for naming a Variables in Python

a) Variables can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A

to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_). For example Total and total is
different.

b) Reserved keywords cannot be used as a variable name.

c) Variable cannot begin with a digit. For example 2more, 3times etc. are invalid
identifiers.

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d) Special symbols like @, !, #, $, % etc. cannot be used as a variable name.

For example sum@, #total are invalid identifiers.

e) Variables can be of any length. Some examples of valid variables are total,
max_mark, count2, Student etc.

Python allows you to assign a single value to several variables

simultaneously.

For Example, a=b=c=1

a,b,c=1,2, "Tom"

Here, two integer objects with values 1 and 2 are assigned to variables a and
b respectively, and one string object with the value "Tom" is assigned to the
variable c.

Example Program

a=100

b=1000.0

name="John“

print(a)

print(b)

print(name)

Output

100

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1000.0

John

Declaration and Initialization of Variables

# declaring the var

Number = 100

# display

print( Number)

Output

100

Redeclaring variables in Python

We can re-declare the Python variable once we have declared the variable
and define variable in python already.

# declaring the var

Number = 100

# display

print("Before re-declare: ", Number)

# re-declare the var

Number = 120.3

print("After re-declare:", Number)

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Output

Before re-declare: 100

After re-declare: 120.3

Global and Local Python Variables

Local Variables in Python are the ones that are defined and declared inside
a function. We cannot call this variable outside the function.

Global Variables in Python are the ones that are defined and declared
outside a function, and we need to use them inside a function.

Example Program

# Global variable

global_variable = 10

def example_function():

# Local variable

local_variable = 5

print("Local variable:", local_variable)

print("Global variable:", global_variable)

example_function()

print("Outside the function - Accessing global variable:", global_variable)

Output

Local variable: 5

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Global variable: 10

Outside the function - Accessing global variable: 10

OPERATORS

What is Operator?

An operator is a symbol that performs a specific operation on one or

more operands.

For Example, Consider the expression a+b=c.

Here a,b and c are the operands and +,= are the operators.

Types of operators supported by Python

Arithmetic Operators

Assignment Operators

Comparison Operators

Logical Operators

Bitwise Operators

Precedence and Associativity

Arithmetic Operators

Python Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical

operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

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The following are the arithmetic operators supported by Python

Operator Operation Description

+ Addition Adds two operands

– Subtraction Subtracts two operands

* Multiplication Multiplies two operands

/ Division Divides the first operand by the second

// Floor Divides the first operand by the second

Division
% Modulus Returns the remainder when the first operand is
divided by the second
** Exponent Performs Exponential Calculation

Example Program

a, b, c = 10, 5, 2

print("Sum-", (a+b))

print("Difference=", (a-b))

print("Product=", (a*b))

print("Quotient=", (a/b))

print("Remainder=", (b%c))

print("Exponent=", (b**2))

print("Floor Division=", (b//c))

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Output

Sum= 15

Difference= 5

Product= 50

Quotient= 2

Remainder=1

Exponent= 25

Floor Division= 2

Assignment Operators

Python provides various assignment operators.

Various shorthand operators for addition, subtraction multiplication,

division, modulus, exponent and floor division are also supported by Python.

The following are the assignment operators supported by Python

Operator Operation Description

= Equal to Assigns values from right side operand to the left

+= Add and Adds two operands and assigns result to the left
Assign operand
–= Subtract and Subtracts two operands and assigns result to the left
Assign operand
*= Multiply and Multiplies two operands and assigns result to the left
Assign operand

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/= Divide and Divides the first operand by the second and assigns
Assign result to the left operand
//= Floor Division Divides the first operand by the second and assigns
result to the left operand
%= Modulus Returns the remainder when the first operand is
divided by the second and assigns result to the left
operand
**= Exponent Performs Exponential Calculation and assigns result
to the left operand

Example Program

a,b=10,5

a+=b

print(a)

a, b=10,5

a-=b

print (a)

a, b=10,5

a*=b

print(a)

a,b=10,5

a/=b
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print (a)

b,c=5,2

b%=c

print (b)

b,c=5,2

b**=c

print (b)

b,c=5,2

b//=c

print (b)

Output

15

50

25

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Comparison Operator

Comparison operators are used for comparing the values.

It either returns True or False according to the condition.

These operators are also known as Relational Operators.

The following are the comparison operators supported by Python

Operator Operation Description

> Greater than True if the left operand is greater than the right

< Less than True if the left operand is less than the right

== Equal to True if both operands are equal

!= Not equal to True if operands are not equal

>= Greater than or equal True if left operand is greater than or equal to
to the right
<= Less than or equal to True if left operand is less than or equal to the
right

Example Program

a,b=10,5

print("a==b is", (a==b))

print("a!=b is", (a!=b))

print("a>b is", (a>b))

print("a<b is", (a<b))

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print("a>=b is", (a>=b))

print("a<=b is", (a<=b))

Output

a==b is False

a!-b is True

a>b is True

a<b is False

a>=b is True

a<=b is False

Logical Operators

Logical operators in Python is used to perform various logical operations.

The following are the logical operators supported by Python

Operator Operation Description

and Logical If both the operands are true then condition becomes
AND true.
or Logical OR If any one of the operands are true then condition
becomes true.
not Logical Used to reverse the logical state.
NOT

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Example Program

a,b,c,d=10,5,2,1

print((a>b)and(c>d))

print((a>b)or(d>c))

print(not(a>b))

Output

True

True

False

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators works on bits and performs bit by bit operation.

The following are the bitwise operators supported by Python

Operator Operation Description

& Bitwise AND Result bit 1,if both operand bits are 1;otherwise
results bit 0.
| Bitwise OR Result bit 1,if any of the operand bit is 1;
otherwise results bit 0.
^ Bitwise XOR Results bit 1,if any of the operand bit is 1,
otherwise results bit 0.
~ Binary Ones Inverts individual bits
Complement

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<< Binary Left Shift The left operand’s value is moved toward left by
the number of bits specified by the right operand.
>> Binary Right The left operand’s value is moved toward right by
Shift the number of bits specified by the right operand.

Example Program

a,b=60,2

print(a&b)

print(alb)

print(a^b)

print(~a)

print(a>>b)

print(a<<b)

Output

62

62

-61

15

240

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Precedence and Associativity

In Python, operators have different levels of precedence, which

determine the order in which they are evaluated.

When multiple operators are present in an expression, the ones with higher
precedence are evaluated first.

In the case of operators with the same precedence, their associativity comes
into play, determining the order of evaluation.

The operator precedence in Python is listed in the following table

Operators Meaning Associativity

() Parentheses Left to Right

** Exponent Right to Left

*, /, //, % Multiplication, Division, Floor division, Left to Right

Modulus
+, - Addition, Subtraction Left to Right

<<, >> Bitwise shift operators Left to Right

& Bitwise AND Left to Right

^ Bitwise XOR Left to Right

| Bitwise OR Left to Right

Operators Meaning Associativity

==, !=, >, >=, <, Comparisons Operators Left to Right

<=
not Logical NOT Right to Left

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and Logical AND Left to Right

or Logical OR Left to Right

DATA TYPES

The data stored in memory can be of many types.

For example, a person’s name is stored as alphabets, age is stored as numeric

value and address is stored as alphanumeric characters.

Python has the following standard data types

Numbers

Number data types store numeric values.

Number objects are created when you assign a value to them.

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For example a=1, b=20.

The number data type is classified as int, float and complex types.

It is also possible to delete the reference to a number object by using the del
statement

The syntax of del statement is as follows:

del variable1[,variable2,….variable N]

For example:

del a

del a,b

int

int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals, of

unlimited length.

Example

x=1

y = 35656222554887711

z = -3255522

print(x)

print(y)

print(z)

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Output

35656222554887711

-3255522

float

float, or "floating point number" is a number, positive or negative,

containing one or more decimals.

Example

x = 1.123

y = 1.0

z = -35.59

print(x)

print(y)

print(z)

Output

1.123

1.0

-35.50

Float can also be scientific numbers with an "e" to indicate the power of 10.

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Example

x = 35e3

y = 12E4

print(x)

print(y)

Output

35000.0

120000.0

complex

Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the imaginary part:

Example

x = 3+5j

y = 5j

print(x)

print(y)

Output

(3+5j)

5j

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Boolean

Python boolean type is one of the built-in data types provided by Python,
which represents one of the two values i.e. True or False.

Example

print(10>9)

print(10==9)

print(10<9)

Output

True

False

False

Printing a message based on true or false value

Example

a = 200

b = 33

if a > b:

print("a is greater than b")

else:

print("b is greater than a")

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Output

a is greater than b

Strings

Strings in python are identified as a continuous set of characters

represented in the quotation marks.

Python allows for either pairs of single or double quotes.

Subsets of strings can be taken using the slice operator with indexes starting
at 0 in the beginning of the string and ending at -1.

The + sign is the string concatenation operator and the asterisk * is the
repetition operator.

Example

str='Welcome to Python Programming'

print(str) #Prints complete string

print(str[0]) #Prints first character of the string

print(str[11:17]) #Prints characters starting from 11th to 17th

print(str[11:]) #Prints string starting from 11th character

print(str * 2) #Prints string two times

print(str+"Session") #Prints concatenated string

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Output

Welcome to Python Programming

Python

Python Programming

Welcome to Python ProgrammingWelcome to Python Programming

Welcome to Python ProgrammingSession

INDENTATION

What is Indentation in Python?

Python indentation refers to adding white space before a statement to a

particular block of code.

Python uses indentation to highlight the blocks of code.

Indentation is a very important concept of Python because without properly

indenting the Python code, you will end up seeing IndentationError and
the code will not get compiled.

Most programming languages like C, C++, and Java use braces { } to define
a block of code.

If a block has to be more deeply nested, it is simply indented further to the

right. You can understand it better by looking at the following lines of code.

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Example 1 – Program with wrong indentation

if True:

print("Answer")

print("Correct")

else:

print("Answer")

print("Wrong")

Example 1 - with proper indentation

if True:

print("Answer")

print("Correct")

else:

print("Answer")

print("Wrong")

Output

Answer

Correct

Example 2 – Program with wrong indentation

x=5

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if x > 0:

print("x is positive")

else:

print("x is non-positive")

Example 2 - with proper indentation

x=5

if x > 0:

print("x is positive")

else:

print("x is non-positive")

Output

x is positive

COMMENTS – SINGLE LINE & MULTILINE COMMENTS

What is Comments in Python?

Comments are very important while writing a program.

It describes what the source code has done.

Comments are for programmers for better understanding of a program.

In python, we use the # symbol to start writing a comment.

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Types of Comments in Python

Single line Comments

Multiline Comments

Single-Line Comments

Python single-line comment starts with the hashtag symbol # with no white
spaces.

If the comment exceeds one line then put a hashtag on the next line and
continue the Python Comment.

Python’s single-line comments are proved useful for supplying short

explanations for variables, function declarations, and expressions.

Example

#This is demo of comment

#Display of Hello

print("Hello")

This produces the following result:

Hello

Multiline Comments

Multiline comments in Python refer to a block of text or statements that are

used for explanatory or documentation purposes within the code.

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Types of Multiline Comments in Python

There are three ways by which we can add Python multiline comments in our
code. They are as follows:

Consecutive single-line comment

Using a Multi-line string as a comment

Using Backslash Method

Consecutive single-line comment

The hash character should be placed before each line to be considered as

multiline comments in Python.

Example Program

# Write Python code here

# Single line comment used

print("Python Comments")

# print("Mathematics")

Output

Python Comments

Using a Multi-line string as a comment

Multiline comments are enclosed by triple double quotes (""") or triple

single quotes ('''). There should be no white space between delimiters.

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These comments are often utilized to provide detailed explanations,

documentation, or notes about the code, and they can span multiple lines.

Example Program

""" Multi-line comment used

print("Python Comments") """

print("Mathematics")

Output

Mathematics

Using Backslash Method

A method to create multiline comments in Python involves using the

backslash \ at the end of each line to utilize the line continuation feature,
thereby allowing the comment to extend to the next line.

This line continuation method is less common than other approaches.

Example Program

The comments starting with # are extended to multiple lines using the
backslash (\) at the end of each line. The backslash indicates that the
comment continues on the next line.

# Using backslash for multiline comments

# This is a long comment \

#that spans multiple lines \

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#using the backslash continuation method. \

# Code continues below

print("Hello, World!")

Output

Hello, World!

READING INPUT AND PRINTING OUTPUT

Reading Input

Python provides two built-in functions to read a line of text from standard
input, which by default comes from the keyboard.

These functions are raw_input and input.

raw_input function

The raw_input(prompt) function reads one line from standard input and
returns it as a string.

This prompts you to enter any string and it would display same string on the
screen.

Example

str = raw_input("Enter your name: ")

print("Your name is : ", str)

Output

Enter your name: Collin Mark

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Your name is : Collin Mark

input function

This function is called to tell the program to stop and wait for the user to
input the values.

It is a built-in function.

The input(prompt) function is equivalent to raw_input

Example

n= input("Enter a number ")

print("The number is: ",n)

Output

Enter a number: 5

The number is : 5

Example

n = input(5*2)

print(n)

Output

10

Printing Output

This function is used to print output on a screen where you can pass zero
or more expressions separated by commas.
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The print function converts the expressions you pass into a string and writes
the result to standard output.

Example

print("Learning Python is fun and I enjoy it.")

Output

Learning Python is fun and I enjoy it.

Example

a=2

print("The value of a is", a)

This will produce the following output on the screen.

Output

The value of a is 2

Example

print(1,2,3,4)

print(1,2,3,4,sep='+')

print(1,2,3,4,sep='+',end='%')

Output

1234

1+2+3+4

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1+2+3+4%

The output can be formatted according to the requirement of the user.

TYPE CONVERSIONS

What is Type Conversion?

The act of changing an object’s data type is known as type conversion.

There are two types of Type Conversion in Python

Python Implicit Type Conversion

Python Explicit Type Conversion

Python Implicit Type Conversion

In Implicit type conversion of data types in Python, the Python interpreter

automatically converts one data type to another without any user
involvement.

Python prevents Implicit Type Conversion from losing data.

Example Program

x = 10

print("x is of type:",type(x))

y = 10.6

print("y is of type:",type(y))

z=x+y

print(z)
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print("z is of type:",type(z))

Output

x is of type: <class 'int'>

y is of type: <class 'float'>

20.6

z is of type: <class 'float'>

As we can see the data type of ‘z’ got automatically changed to the “float”
type while one variable x is of integer type while the other variable y is of
float type.

The reason for the float value not being converted into an integer instead is
due to type promotion that allows performing operations by converting data
into a wider-sized data type without any loss of information.

This is a simple case of Implicit type conversion in Python.

Python Explicit Type Conversion

The user converts the data types of objects using specified functions in
explicit type conversion, sometimes referred to as type casting.

When type casting, data loss could happen if the object is forced to conform
to a particular data type.

Example Program

# Example 1: Converting an integer to a float

integer_value = 42

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float_value = float(integer_value)

print("Original Integer:", integer_value)

print("Converted Float:", float_value)

print("Type of Converted Float:", type(float_value))

Output

Original Integer: 42

Converted Float: 42.0

Type of Converted Float: <class 'float'>

# Example 2: Converting a float to an integer

float_number = 3.14

integer_number = int(float_number)

print("Original Float:", float_number)

print("Converted Integer:", integer_number)

print("Type of Converted Integer:", type(integer_number))

Output

Original Float: 3.14

Converted Integer: 3

Type of Converted Integer: <class 'int'>

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# Example 3: Converting a string to an integer

string_number = "123"

integer_from_string = int(string_number)

print("Original String:", string_number)

print("Converted Integer:", integer_from_string)

print("Type of Converted Integer:", type(integer_from_string))

Output

Original String: 123

Converted Integer: 123

Type of Converted Integer: <class 'int'>

int() FUNCTION

The int() function converts the specified value into an integer number.

Python supports built-in functions for the same.

Example

#Convert a string into an integer:

x=int("12")

print(x)

Output

12

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The following table provides various functions and its purpose

Function Description

abs(x) Returns the absolute value of x

ceil(x) Finds the smallest integer not less than x

floor(x) Find the largest integer not greater than x

pow(x,y) Finds x raised to y

max(n1,n2,…xn) Returns the largest of its arguments

min(n1,n2,…xn) Returns the smallest of its arguments

round(x,n) In case of decimal numbers, x will be rounded to n

digits.

Example Program

import math

print("Absolute value of -120:",abs(-120))

print("Ceiling of 12.2:",[Link](12.2))

print("Floor of 12.2:",[Link](12.2))

print("3 raised to 4:",pow(3, 4));

print("Largest among 10,4,2:",max(10,4,2))

print("Smallest among 10,4,2:",min(10,4,2))

print("12.6789 rounded to 2 decimals places:",round(12.6789,2))

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Output

Absolute value of -120: 120

Ceiling of 12.2: 13

Floor of 12.2: 12

3 raised to 4: 81

Largest among 10,4,2: 10

Smallest among 10,4,2: 2

12.6789 rounded to 2 decimals places: 12.68

float() FUNCTION

The float() function converts the specified value into a floating point
number.

Example

#Convert a string into a floating point number.

x=float("3.14")

print(x)

Output

3.14

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Example Program 1

a = float(2)

print(a)

b = float(" 5.98 ")

print(b)

c = float("-24.17")

print(c)

d = float(" xyz ")

print(d)

Output

2.0

5.98

-24.17

ValueError: could not convert string to float: ' xyz '

Example Program 2

integer_value = 42

float_value = float(integer_value) #Converting int to float

print("Original Integer:", integer_value)

print("Converted Float:", float_value)

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print("Type of Converted Float:", type(float_value))

Output

Original Integer: 42

Converted Float: 42.0

Type of Converted Float: <class 'float'>

str() FUNCTION

str() is a built-in function in the Python programming language that is used

to convert the specified value into a string datatype.

Example

num = 42

str_num = str(num)

print("Original Integer:", num)

print("Converted String:", str_num)

Output

Original Integer: 42

Converted String: 42

len(string) – Returns the length of the string

Example

s='Learning python is fun'

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print("Length of given string is",len(s))

Output

Length of given string is 22

lower() – Returns a copy of the string in which all uppercase alphabets in a string
are converted to lowercase alphabets.

Example

s='Learning python is fun'

print([Link]())

Output

learning python is fun

upper() - Returns a copy of the string in which all lowercase alphabets in a string
are converted to uppercase alphabets.

Example

s='Learning python is fun'

print([Link]())

Output

LEARNING PYTHON IS FUN

swapcase() – Returns a copy of the string in which the case of all the alphabets are
swapped i.e the lowercase alphabets are converted to uppercase and vice versa.

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Example

s='LEARNing PYTHON is fun'

print([Link]())

Output

learnING python IS FUN

capitalize() – Returns a copy of the string with only its first character capitalized.

Example

s='learning python is fun'

print([Link]())

Output

Learning python is fun

title() – Returns a copy of the string in which first character of all the words are
capitalized.

Example

s='learning python is fun'

print([Link]())

Output

Learning Python Is Fun

lstrip() – Returns a copy of the string in which all the characters have been
stripped (removed) from the beginning. The default character is whitespaces.
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Example

s=' learning python is fun'

print([Link]())

s='*****learning python is fun'

print([Link]('*'))

Output

learning python is fun

learning python is fun

rstrip() – Returns a copy of the string in which all the characters have been
stripped (removed) from the end. The default character is whitespaces.

Example

s='learning python is fun '

print([Link]())

s='learning python is fun*****'

print([Link]('*'))

Output

learning python is fun

learning python is fun

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strip() – Returns a copy of the string in which all the characters have been stripped
(removed) from the beginning and end. The default character is white spaces.

Example

s=' learning python is fun '

print([Link]())

s='*****learning python is fun*****'

print([Link]('*'))

Output

learning python is fun

learning python is fun

chr() FUNCTION
The chr() function returns the character that represents the specified unicode.
Syntax
chr(number)

Example Program
x=chr(97)
y=chr(65)
print(x)
print(y)
Output
a

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More Python chr() Function Examples

In this example, we are printing Computer Science with the chr() in
Python.
Example Program
print(chr(67), chr(111),
chr(109), chr(112),
chr(117), chr(116),
chr(101), chr(114),
chr(83),chr(99),
chr(105), chr(101),
chr(110), chr(99),
chr(101))

Output
ComputerScience

Python chr() to Print Dollar Symbol

Example Program
unicode_value = 36
character = chr(unicode_value)
print(character)
Output
$

Python chr() to print Smiley Emoji

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Example Program
smiley_unicode = 0x1F604
smiley_emoji = chr(smiley_unicode)
print("The smiley emoji is:", smiley_emoji)
Output
The smiley emoji is: 😄

chr() with Non-Integer Arguments

Example Program
print(chr('Ronald'))
print(chr('Lupin'))
Output
TypeError: 'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer.
In the above example, we have used the chr() method with Non-Integer
Arguments. This results in a TypeError.

complex() FUNCTION
Python complex() function returns a complex number ( real + imaginary)
example (5+2j) when real and imaginary parts are passed, or it also converts a
string to a complex number.
Syntax
complex ([real[, imaginary]])
Example Program
print(complex(1, 2))
Output
(1+2j)

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complex() With Integer and Float Type Parameters

In this example, we are using complex() to create a complex number in
Python with integer and float type parameters.
Example Program
z = complex()
print("complex() with no parameters:", z)
complex_num1 = complex(5)
print("Int: first parameter only", complex_num1)
complex_num2 = complex(7, 2)
print("Int: both parameters", complex_num2)
complex_num3 = complex(3.6)
print("Float: first parameter only", complex_num3)
complex_num4 = complex(3.6, 8.1)
print("Float: both parameters", complex_num4)
print()
print(type(complex_num1))

Output
complex() with no parameters: 0j
Int: first parameter only (5+0j)
Int: both parameters (7+2j)
Float: first parameter only (3.6+0j)
Float: both parameters (3.6+8.1j)

<class 'complex'>

complex() with String Type Parameters of the Numeric Form

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In this example, we are using complex() to create a complex number in

Python with String Type Parameters of the Numeric Form.
Example Program
z1 = complex("7")
print(z1)
z2 = complex("2", "3")
print(z2)
Output
(7+0j)
TypeError: complex() can't take second arg if first is a string

ord() FUNCTION
Python ord() function returns the Unicode code from a given character.
Syntax
ord(ch)
Example
print(ord('a'))
print(ord('€'))
Output
97
8364

The following example shows the ord() value of an integer, character, and
unique character with ord() function in Python.
Example

print(ord('2'))

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print(ord('g'))

print(ord('&'))

Output
50
103
38

If the string length is more than one, a TypeError will be raised. The
syntax can be ord(“a”) or ord(‘a’), both will give the same results. The example is
given below.
Demonstration of Python ord() function
Example
value = ord("A")
value1 = ord('A')
print (value, value1)
Output
AA

Error Condition while Using Ord(0)

A TypeError is raised when the length of the string is not equal to 1 as
shown below.
Example
value1 = ord('AB')
print(value1)
Output

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TypeError: ord() expected a character, but string of length 2 found.

Example of ord() and chr() functions

This code print() the Unicode of the character with the ord() and after
getting the Unicode we are printing the character with the chr() function.
Example
value = ord("A")
print (value)
print(chr(value))
Output
65
A

hex() FUNCTION
The hex() function in Python is used to convert a decimal number to its
corresponding hexadecimal representation. Hexadecimal is a base-16 numbering
system commonly used in computer science and programming.
It takes an integer as an argument and returns a string representing the
hexadecimal value.
Syntax
hex(x)
Parameter: x – an integer number

Example Program: Basic Usage

decimal_number = 42
hex_string = hex(decimal_number)

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print(f"The hexadecimal representation of {decimal_number} is:

{hex_string}")
Output
The hexadecimal representation of 42 is: 0x2a

Example Program: Passing Negative Number as Argument

negative_number = -15
hex_string = hex(negative_number)
print(f"The hexadecimal representation of {negative_number} is:
{hex_string}")
Output
The hexadecimal representation of -15 is: -0xf

Example Program: Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

hex_string = "0x1a"
decimal_number = int(hex_string, 16)
print(f"The decimal representation of {hex_string} is: {decimal_number}")
Output
The decimal representation of 0x1a is: 26

Example Program: hex() with loop

for i in range(5):
hex_string = hex(i)
print(f"The hexadecimal representation of {i} is: {hex_string}")
Output
The hexadecimal representation of 0 is: 0x0
The hexadecimal representation of 1 is: 0x1
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The hexadecimal representation of 2 is: 0x2

The hexadecimal representation of 3 is: 0x3
The hexadecimal representation of 4 is: 0x4

oct() FUNCTION
Python oct() function takes an integer and returns the octal representation in
a string format.
Syntax
oct(x)

Parameters
x – Must be an integer number and can be in either binary, decimal or
hexadecimal format.
Returns
octal representation of the value.

Example Program: Basic Usage

decimal_number = 42
octal_string = oct(decimal_number)
print(f"The octal representation of {decimal_number} is: {octal_string}")
Output
The octal representation of 42 is: 0o52

Example Program: Negative Number

negative_number = -15
hex_string = hex(negative_number)

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print(f"The hexadecimal representation of {negative_number} is:

{hex_string}")
Output
The hexadecimal representation of -15 is: -0xf

Example Program: Octal to Decimal Conversion

octal_string = "0o24"
decimal_number = int(octal_string, 8)
print(f"The decimal representation of {octal_string} is: {decimal_number}")
Output
The decimal representation of 0o24 is: 20
Example Program: oct() with Loop
for i in range(5):
octal_string = oct(i)
print(f"The octal representation of {i} is: {octal_string}")
Output
The octal representation of 0 is: 0o0
The octal representation of 1 is: 0o1
The octal representation of 2 is: 0o2
The octal representation of 3 is: 0o3
The octal representation of 4 is: 0o4

type() FUNCTION AND ITS OPERATOR

The type() function is mostly used to find out the type of the given object
and also for debugging purposes.
Syntax
type(object)
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Example Program
a = ("C", "C++", "Java")
b = ["Python", ".NET", "Ruby?"]
c = {1:"Hello",2:"Computer",3:"Science"}
d = "Hello World"
e = 10.23
f = 11
g=True
print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
print(type(d))
print(type(e))
print(type(f))
print(type(g))

Output
<class 'tuple'>
<class 'list'>
<class 'dict'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'bool'>

Example Program
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user_input = input("Enter a value: ")

value_type = type(user_input)
print(f"The entered value '{user_input}' is of type: {value_type}")
Output
Enter a value: 42
The entered value '42' is of type: <class 'str'>

DYNAMIC AND STRONGLY TYPED LANGUAGE

Dynamic Typing:
Dynamic typing means that the type of a variable is determined at runtime.
You can assign different types of values to a variable, and its type can
change during the execution of the program.
Example Program
variable = 42
print(type(variable))
variable = "Hello, Python!"
print(type(variable))

Output
<class 'int'>
<class 'str'>
Here, variable starts as an integer and later becomes a string. The type is
determined dynamically based on the assigned values.

Strong Typing
Strong typing means that the interpreter enforces strict type-checking rules.

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Operations between incompatible types result in errors, and explicit type

conversion is often required.
Example Program
num = 10
text = "20"
# Attempting to perform addition with different types
result = num + text # This will raise a TypeError

In this example, attempting to add an integer (num) to a string (text) results

in a TypeError because Python does not automatically convert between
incompatible types.

Dynamic and Strong Typing Combined

When dynamic and strong typing are combined, the interpreter dynamically
determines types but enforces strict type-checking during operations.
Example Program:
x=5
y = "10"
# Attempting to concatenate a string and an integer
result = x + y # This will raise a TypeError

In this case, trying to concatenate an integer (x) and a string (y) raises a
TypeError because Python is both dynamically typed and strongly typed. The
interpreter doesn't implicitly convert types during operations.

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Example Program:
value = 42
print(type(value))
value = value + 0.5
print(type(value))
value = str(value) + " is the answer."
print(type(value))
print(value)

Output
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'str'>
42.5 is the answer.

In this example, value starts as an integer, then becomes a float, and finally
becomes a string during runtime. The types change dynamically, demonstrating
dynamic typing. Additionally, strong typing is evident as explicit type conversion
is required when concatenating the float and string.

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