ALGEBRA 1

From Unknowns to Understanding

WHAT IS ALGEBRA?
Taken from the Arabic word “al – jabr” which
means restoration.
Science of “restoration”, “completion”, “reduction”,
or “balancing”.
Developed by Al‑Khwarizmi (9th century)
Teddy Yu Chidi Eze
ARITHMETIC VS ALGEBRA
Arithmetic Algebra
Deals with Known numbers Deals with Unknowns
and basic operations (variables) and equations

Teddy Yu Chidi Eze

ARITHMETIC VS ALGEBRA
Arithmetic Algebra
Mia has 6 candies. Her friend Mia has some candies. Her
Lila has 4 candies. How many friend Lila has 6 candies.
candies do they have Together they have 10
together? candies total. How many
candies does Mia have?
6+4=? Let x = number of candies Mia
has.
Teddy Yu Chidi Eze
x + 6 = 10
x=?
 SUB TOPICS:
Number Systems & Fundamentals
Number
Numerals
Number System
Significant Figures
LCM & GCF
Lars Peeters Teddy Yu Chidi Eze
NUMBER
WHAT IS NUMBER?
A number is an item that describes magnitude and position.

TYPES OF NUMBERS:
Cardinal
Number that describes magnitude (size) or count of the
collection of objects.
Example: 1, 2, 3,....
Ordinal
Number that describes position relative to an ordering.
Example: 1ᵗʰ, 2ⁿᵈ, 3ʳᵈ...
Lars Peeters Chidi Eze
NUMERALS
NUMERALS (ARABIC AND ROMAN)
A numeral is a symbol or a combination of symbols used to
represent a number
Two common types:

Arabic numerals:. Roman Numerals

the ones we use every day. the old system from ancient Rome.
→ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 → I, V, X, L, C, D, M

Examples: 1, 2 , 25, 3.14 Examples: I , IV , XI

ARABIC VS ROMAN
Examples: TWO THOUSAND TWENTY - SIX

ARABIC: ROMAN:
2026 MMXXVI

→ Just simple digits

ROMAN NUMERALS
.Consist of seven symbol written in Latin Alphabet.

I=1 C = 100
V=5 D = 500
X = 10 M = 1000
L = 50

Mnemonic (Easy to Remember)

→ MeDiCaL XaVIer
FORMING NUMBERS – RULES
Rule 1: Addition Rule
→ If a bigger or equal symbol comes AFTER a larger one, ADD.
Rule 2: Subtraction Rule
→ If a smaller symbol comes BEFORE a larger one, SUBTRACT.

Rule 3: Repetition Rule

I, X, C, M → can be repeated up to 3 times only

V, L, D → never repeated
ROMAN NUMERAL
EXAMPLE: 2. MXLIV
→ ARABIC NUMBERALS
1. XXIV
MXLIV =1044
XXIV = 24

ARABIC NUMBERALS
EXAMPLE:
→ ROMAN NUMERAL
1. 14 2. 2026
14 = XIV 2026= MMXXVI
REALLY BIG NUMBERS – ROMAN NUMERALS
To represent very large numbers, the Romans used special notations that
multiply the basic numeral's value.

Bar – ? Multiply the value inside the bar by 1,000

Example : V =5,000

Doorframe– ? Multiply the value inside the doorframe by 100,000

Example : X = 1,000,000
NUMBER SYSTEM
 NUMBER SYSTEM
COMPLEX
________|_________
| |
REAL NUMBER IMAGINARY NUMBER
__________|___________
| |
RATIONAL NUMBER IRRATIONAL NUMBER
__________|___________
| |
INTEGERS NON-INTEGERS
___________|___________
| |
| ZERO |
|
NEGATIVE POSITIVE
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Composed of Real and Imaginary numbers
a.k.a. "Gaussian Integer"
Plot in "Argand Diagram"
FORM :
a + bi (Where a & b are both real numbers)

Case 1: Case 2:
If a = 0 If b = 0
z = 0 + bi z = a + 0i

→ Pure Imaginary number → Real number

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. What is the best description of the number 10 + 0i?
A . Irrational number
B. Real number
C. Complex
D. Surd
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. What is the best description of the number 10 + 0i?
A . Irrational number
B. Real number
C. Complex
D. Surd
NUMBER SYSTEM

COMPLEX
________|_________
| |
REAL NUMBER IMAGINARY NUMBER

Chidi Eze
IMAGINARY NUMBERS
Imaginary numbers are numbers that involve the
square root of a negative number
√
Denoted as i, where i = −1
Introduced by Leonhard Euler
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
2. What is the product of √-7 and √-10
√
A. -70
√
B. - 70
C. -70i
D. 70
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
2. What is the product of √-7 and √-10
√
A. -70
√
B. - 70
C. -70i
D. 70
REAL NUMBERS

REAL NUMBER
_____________|______________
| |
RATIONAL NUMBER IRRATIONAL NUMBER
Can be expressed in ratio of two Cannot be expressed in ratio of
integers. two integers.
Examples: 2/3, -5, 0.25, 0.11111... Examples: π, e, √ 2 (first known
iirrational
A.k.a. "Transcendental Numbers"
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
3. The number 0.099099099099... is:
A. Rational number
B. Irrational number
C. Imaginary
D. complex
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
3. The number 0.099099099099... is:
A. Rational number
B. Irrational number
C. Imaginary
D. complex
SURD
√
a root expression (like n, ∛n, etc.) that cannot
be simplified into a rational number.
In other words, it’s the square root (or higher
root) of an irrational value.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
4. Which of the following number is a surd?
√
a. 3
√
b. 4 + 5
c. 3 + 5i
√
d. 5 + 0
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
4. Which of the following number is a surd?
√
a. 3
√
b. 4 + 5
c. 3 + 5i
√
d. 5 + 0
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
RATIONAL NUMBER
_____________|______________
| |

INTEGERS NON-INTEGERS
Consist of zero, positive natural Terminating Decimal
numbers (Whole numbers/Counting Example: 0.5, 0.125 etc.
Numbers) and their opposites.
​{..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3..., } Non-terminating but repeating
decimals
Example: 0.63636363...
NATURAL NUMBERS
The basic counting numbers starting from 1.
Also known as "Counting Numbers."

EXAMPLE :
The set starts at 1 (1, 2, 3...).

Note:
Zero is NOT a natural number.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
√
The number 4+ 4 is:
a. Irrational number
b. Imaginary number
c. Rational number
d. Complex
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
√
The number 4+ 4 is:
a. Irrational number
b. Imaginary number
c. Rational number
d. Complex
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
√
5. The number 4+ 2 is:
a. Irrational number
b. Integer
c. Rational number
d. Complex
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
√
5. The number 4+ 2 is:
a. Irrational number
b. Integer
c. Rational number
d. Complex
INTEGERS
INTEGERS
________|_________
| |

NEGATIVE ZERO POSITIVE

EXAMPLE :
(...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...).
PRIME NUMBERS
A natural number that has exactly two divisors: 1 and itself.

Keyword: EXACTLY 2 factors (1 and itself factors)

EXAMPLE:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11
COMPOSITE NUMBERS
A natural number that has more than two divisors.

Keyword: MORE THAN 2 factors

EXAMPLE:
4, 6, 8, 9, 12
SPECIAL CASE: NUMBER 1
The number 1 is a special case because it has only one divisor
(itself).
It is neither prime nor composite.

Keyword: Unit
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6. Which of the following number is a PRIME NUMBER?
a. 377
b. 313
c. 357
d. 333
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6. Which of the following number is a PRIME NUMBER?
a. 377
b. 313
c. 357
d. 333
HAPPY NUMBER
is a number defined by the following process:
Starting with any positive integer, replace the
number by the sum of the squares of its digits,
and repeat the process until the number equals 1.

Note: Numbers do not end in 1 are unhappy numbers

(or sad numbers)
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
4. Which of the following is a happy number?
A. 143
B. 69
C. 70
D. 12
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
4. Which of the following is a happy number?
A. 143
B. 69
C. 70
D. 12
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Digits that show how exact and reliable a measurement is

RULES OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Rule 1: All non-zero digits are significant

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Example:
347 → 3 significant figures
1235 → 4 significant figures
ZERO RULES OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Rule 2: Zeros between non-zero digits are significant

Example:
1002 → 4 sig figs
3.05 → 3 sig figs

Rule 3: Leading zeros are NOT significant

Example:
0.0045 → 2 sig figs
0.2 → 1 sig figs
Rule 4: Trailing zeros WITH decimal point are significant

Example:
2.50 → 3 sig figs
3.400 → 4 sig figs
1000. → 4 sig figs

Rule 5: Trailing zeros WITHOUT decimal point are NOT significant

Example:
1500 → 2 sig figs
200 → 1 sig fig
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. 5000 has four significant figures
b. 0.0005 has five significant figures
c. 100050 has six significant figures
d. 0.00300 has three significant figures
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. 5000 has four significant figures
b. 0.0005 has five significant figures
c. 100050 has six significant figures
d. 0.00300 has three significant figures
RECALL SW
1. Which best describes the number 96?
A. Cardinal
B. Ordinal
C. Fraction
D. Decimal
2. What is the Roman numeral for the number 96?
A. XCVI
B. LXXXXVI
C. IC
D. XCV
RECALL SW
3. What is the best description of the number 0 + 10i?
A . Irrational number
B. Real number
C. Complex
D. Pure Imaginary
4. What is the product of √-3 and √-12?
A. √36
B. -√36
C. 6i
D. -6i
RECALL SW
5. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. 0.00780 has three significant figures
B. 45000 has five significant figures
C. 0.00092 has three significant figures
D. 1200.0 has three significant figures
6. Which of the following numbers is a prime number?
A. 221
B. 229
C. 247
D. 285
RECALL SW ANSWER KEY
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. A
6.B
LCM & GCF
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE ( LCM )
The smallest number that is a multiple of two or more each of
the given numbers.
The LCM is the product of the prime factors with the highest
power in the factorization.

Keyword:
Least = Smallest
Multiple
Example: 4 & 5
Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,...
LCM = 20
Multiples of 5: 5, 10, 15,20,...
GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF)
the largest counting numbers which is a factor of each of the
given numbers
GCF is the product of the smallest prime factors common to
both.

Keyword:
Greatest = Largest
Factor / Divisor
Example: 12 & 18
Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 GCF = 6
Factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
LCM & GCF (WORD PROBLEMS)
LCM (Least Common Multiple ) GCF (Greatest Common Factor )
If the problem is about things If the problem is about
happening together → use LCM dividing equally → use GCF

Keyword: Keyword:
Repeat / together / coincide Divide Exactly / Equal Distribution.
Problem:
Maria has two ribbons. One is 8 meters long, and the other is 26 meters
long. She wants to cut both ribbons into equal-length pieces so that there
is no leftover ribbon. What is the longest possible length of each piece?
A) 1 m C) 4 m
B) 2 m D) 8 m

Keyword:
Divide Exactly / Equal Distribution → GCF
Problem:
A traffic light turns red every 8 seconds, and another traffic light turns
red every 26 seconds. If they turn red at the same time now, after how
many seconds will they turn red together again?
A) 52 s C) 208 s
B) 104 s D) 26 s

Keyword:
Repeat / together / coincide → LCM
BASIC LAWS OF ALGEBRA
THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF ALGEBRA
Commutative Law:
→ The order does not matter for addition or multiplication.
Addition → a + b = b + a Multiplication → a • b = b • a
Associative Law:
→ The grouping does not matter.
Addition → a (b + c) = (a + b) c Multiplication → a (b • c) = (a • b) c
Distributive Law:
→ Multiplying a sum by a number is the same as multiplying each
addend individually.
a(b + c) = ab + ac
THE CORE LAWS OF EXPONENTS
Product Rule: → When multiplying same bases, add the exponents.
→ x⁵ • x³ = x⁸
Quotient Rule: → When dividing same bases, subtract the exponents.
→ x⁵ / x³ = x²
Power of a Power: → Multiply the exponents.
→ (x⁵)³ = x¹⁵
Negative Exponent Rule: → A negative exponent means the base is on the
wrong side of the fraction.
→ x^(-5) = 1/x⁵
Fractional Exponents: → in over out
√
→ x^(5/3) = ³ (x⁵)
THE POWER OF ZERO
Addition Property : → Any number plus zero remains the same.
→5+0=5
Multiplication Property: → Any number multiplied by zero is always zero.
→5•0=0
Zero as a Dividend: → Zero divided by any non-zero number is zero.
→ 0/5 = 0
Division by Zero: → You can never divide by zero. It is Undefined.
→ 5 / 0 = undefined
Zero Exponent: → Any non-zero number raised to the power of zero is 1.
→5⁰=1
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
&
ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
A combination of numbers, variables, and operation symbols
No equal sign is involved.

EXAMPLE: Variable:
→ A letter representing an unknown
value (usually x, y, z).
Coefficient:
→ The number multiplied by the variable
(in 2x, the coefficient is 2).

Constant:
→ A fixed number that stands alone (+9).
ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
An algebraic expression set equal to another expression or value.
It always contains an equal sign (=).
Variable:
EXAMPLE:
→ A letter representing an unknown
value (usually x, y, z).
Coefficient:
→ The number multiplied by the variable
(in 2x, the coefficient is 2).

Constant:
→ A fixed number that does not change its
value(not multiplied by a variable).
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Solve for x and y in the equations
3x + 5y = 16
7x + 10y - 14 = 0
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Solve for x and y in the equations
3x + 5y = 16
7x + 10y - 14 = 0

MODE 5-1 (2eqs→ 2 unknowns)

3x + 5y = 16 → eq 1 anX + bnY = Cn
7x + 10y = 14 → eq 2
EQUATION TO UNKNOWN
2 equations, 2 unknowns 4 equations, 4 unknowns
MODE 5:1 MODE 5:3
or
anX + bnY + cnz + dnt = en
anX + bnY = cn

3 equations, 3 unknowns
MODE 5:2
or
anX + bnY + cnz = dn
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Solve for m, k and z in the equations
5m + 2k - 3z = 5
7m + 4z - 3k - 7 = 0
2z + 6m - 4k = 15
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Solve for m, k and z in the equations
5m + 2k - 3z = 5
7m + 4z - 3k - 7 = 0
2z + 6m - 4k = 15

STNDRD FORM: 3 equations, 3 unknowns

5m + 2k - 3z = 5 MODE 5:2
7m - 3k + 4z = 7 or
6m - 4k + 2z = 15 anX + bnY + cnz = dn
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
A fruit vendor sells fruits in different bundles:
3 apples and 2 bananas for ₱50
2 apples and 4 mangoes for ₱60
1 apple, 3 bananas, and 2 mangoes for ₱70
Find the price of one apple, one banana, and one mango.

A. Apple = ₱7.78, Banana = ₱13.33, Mango = ₱11.11

B. Apple = ₱10.71, Banana = ₱10.51, Mango = ₱15 .3
C. Apple = ₱8.6, Banana = ₱12, Mango = ₱20.5
D. Apple = ₱6.7, Banana = ₱15.1, Mango = ₱12
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
A fruit vendor sells fruits in different bundles:
3 apples and 2 bananas for ₱50
2 apples and 4 mangoes for ₱60
1 apple, 3 bananas, and 2 mangoes for ₱70
Find the price of one apple, one banana, and one mango.
Let:
3x + 2y + 0z = 50 3 equations, 3 unknowns
x = Apple MODE 5:2
2x + 0y + 4z = 60
y = Banana or
1x + 3y + 2z = 70
z = mangoes anX + bnY + cnz = dn
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
REPEATED ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

Solve the value of x from the following equation

x^x^x^x....= 5

a. 1.745619
b. 2.128419
c. 1.258925
d. 1.379729
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Expand (x - y)³

a. x³ + 2x²y - 3xy² + y³
b. x³ - 3x²y + 3xy² - y³
c. x³ + 3x²y + 3xy² - y³
d. x³ - 3x²y + 3xy² - 4y³
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Give the factors of a² - x².
A. 2a - 2x
B. (a + x)(a - x)
C. (a + x)(a + x)
D. 2x - 2a
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Find the value of B in the partial fraction equation:
x + 10 A B
------ = ---- + ----
x² - 4 x-2 x+2
a. -1
b. 3
c. -2
d. 5
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
A quadratic equation is an equation in the
form:
ax² + bx + c = 0 , where a ≠ 0

GENERAL FORMULA: DISCRIMINANT

√
-b ± (b²-4ac)
x = -----------------
D = b² - 4ac
2a
D = 0 → one real repeated root
D > 0 → two real and distinct roots
D > 0 → no real roots (complex roots)
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Solve for : x^2 - 5x + 6 = 0 , What are the roots?
A. x = 2 , x = 3
B. x = -2 , x = -3
C. x = 1, x = 6
D. x = -1 , x = -6
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Solve for x: 10x² + 10x + 1 = 0
A. -0.113, -0.887
B. -0.331, -0.788
C. -0.113, -0.788
D. -0.311, -0.887
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
What is the discriminant of the equation
2x^2 + 4x - 3 = 0?
A. -8
B. 40
C. 8
D. -40
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
If the sum of the roots is − 7 /6 ​ and the product of the roots
is − 1 /2 ​, what is the quadratic equation?
A. 6x² + 7x - 3 = 0
B. 6x² - 7x + 3 = 0
C. 6x² - 7x - 3 = 0
D. 6x² - 7x + 1 = 0
SUM AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS
Let the roots are x_1 and x_2 :
Sum of roots :
x1 + x2 = - b / a
FORMULA TO FORM A QUADRATIC
FROM SUM AND PRODUCT ROOT
Product of roots :
x1 • x2 = c / a x ^ 2 - (sum)x + (product) = 0
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
If the sum of the roots is − 7 /6 ​ and the product of the roots
is − 1 /2 ​, what is the quadratic equation?
A. 6x² + 7x - 3 = 0
B. 6x² - 7x + 3 = 0
C. 6x² - 7x - 3 = 0
D. 6x² - 7x + 1 = 0
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Two students attempted to solve a quadratic equation.
Student A copied the coefficient of x wrongly and obtained
roots of -3 and -3. Student B copied the constant term
wrongly and obtained roots of 3 and 7. What is the correct
quadratic equation?
A. x^2+ 10x + 9 = 0
B. x^2 - 10x + 9 = 0
C. x ^2 + 10x - 9 = 0
D. x^ 2 - 10x - 9 = 0
REMAINDER THEOREM
&
FACTOR THEOREM
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
What is the remainder if 3x^4 + 2x^3 - 4x^2 + x + 4 is divided by
(x - 2)?
a. 50
b. 54
c. 52
d. 56
REMAINDER THEOREM
When a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x-r) the remainder is what you
get when you plug in r for x.

1: Equate the divisor to

f(x)
--------- zero; Solve for x
x-r x-r=0
x=r
f (r) → remainder
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
What is the remainder if 3x^4 + 2x^3 - 4x^2 + x + 4 is divided by
(x - 2)?
a. 50
b. 54
c. 52
d. 56
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Find the remainder if 4x^3 + 18x^2 + 8x - 4 is divided by (2x + 3).
A. 15
B. 7
C. 9
D. 11
FACTOR THEOREM
If f(r) = 0 , then (x - r) is a factor of f(x)

1: Equate the divisor to

zero; Solve for x
f(x)
--------- x-r=0
x-r x=r
f (r) → 0 (remainder)
(x - r) is a factor
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Which of the following is a factor of 3x^5 + 6x^4 + 25x - 1290?
a. x + 3
b. x + 5
c. x - 7
d. x - 3
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Find the value of k for which x + 4 is a factor of x^3 + 2x^2 - 7x + k.
A. 4
B. 1
C. 6
D. 9
THANK YOU