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Database Normalization Lecture Notes

The lecture notes on Database Normalization cover the process of organizing data in relational databases to reduce redundancy and improve integrity. Key concepts include functional dependencies, normalization stages from UNF to 3NF and BCNF, and the identification of data anomalies such as insertion, update, and deletion anomalies. The notes also outline the advantages and disadvantages of normalization, emphasizing its importance in maintaining data consistency and integrity.

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2 views2 pages

Database Normalization Lecture Notes

The lecture notes on Database Normalization cover the process of organizing data in relational databases to reduce redundancy and improve integrity. Key concepts include functional dependencies, normalization stages from UNF to 3NF and BCNF, and the identification of data anomalies such as insertion, update, and deletion anomalies. The notes also outline the advantages and disadvantages of normalization, emphasizing its importance in maintaining data consistency and integrity.

Uploaded by

pele dpele
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Database Normalization - Lecture Notes

Course: Database Systems


Level: Undergraduate (BSc IT)

Learning Outcomes
 Define normalization and its objectives.
 Explain functional dependencies.
 Normalize relations from UNF to 3NF and BCNF.
 Identify insertion, update and deletion anomalies.

Introduction
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a relational database to reduce
redundancy and improve data integrity. It divides large tables into smaller related tables
while preserving relationships.

Objectives of Normalization
 Reduce data redundancy
 Eliminate insertion, update and deletion anomalies
 Improve consistency
 Simplify maintenance
 Enhance data integrity

Key Terms
 Attribute: A column in a table.
 Tuple: A row in a table.
 Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each record.
 Foreign Key: References a primary key in another table.
 Functional Dependency: Relationship where one attribute determines another.

Data Anomalies
 Insertion anomaly: inability to add data without other data.
 Update anomaly: same data updated in multiple places.
 Deletion anomaly: deleting one record removes useful information.

First Normal Form (1NF)


Requirements: eliminate repeating groups; ensure atomic values; each row uniquely
identified.
Example: split multiple phone numbers into separate rows.

Second Normal Form (2NF)


Requirements: table must be in 1NF and all non-key attributes fully depend on the whole
primary key. Remove partial dependencies.
Third Normal Form (3NF)
Requirements: table must be in 2NF and contain no transitive dependencies. Non-key
attributes depend only on the primary key.

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)


A stronger version of 3NF. Every determinant must be a candidate key.

Worked Example
UNF:
StudentID, StudentName, CourseCode, CourseName, Lecturer

Functional Dependencies:
StudentID -> StudentName
CourseCode -> CourseName, Lecturer

3NF Tables:
STUDENT(StudentID, StudentName)
COURSE(CourseCode, CourseName, Lecturer)
REGISTRATION(StudentID, CourseCode)

Advantages
 Less redundancy
 Improved consistency
 Efficient updates
 Better data integrity

Disadvantages
 More joins may reduce query performance
 Design can be more complex

Review Questions
 Differentiate 2NF and 3NF.
 Normalize a given table to 3NF.
 Explain three data anomalies.
 Define functional dependency with an example.

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