recit class discussion: MAIN TYPE OF SOURCES
-Ahra
-harold 1. Primary sources - testimony of an eyewitness.
-calle It is sources produced at the same time as the
- event, period, or subject being studied.
Link guysssss: 2. Secondary sources - anyone who is not an
[Link] eyewitness- that is, who was not present at the
Pnz1330wXsfysWXwCgHsAR3PzKHWgDriWjan events of which the tells (Louis Gottschalk, 1950)
YTVkVcNMiAw/viewform?usp=dialog E.g. Bibliography, commentaries, annotations
MAIN TYPE OF UNWRITTEN SOURCES
LESSON 1: Meaning and Relevance of history 1. Artifacts - things, used by the ancient.
Example:
History was derived from the Greek word ● Laguna Copperplate Inscription was
Historia which means “knowledge acquire found in Lumbang River in Wawa,
through inquiry or investigation”. Lumban, Laguna. It proves that pre-
colonial Philippine societies were highly
The objective of history is to answer, quite simply literate, engaged in complex commerce,
- “truth”. and connected to a wider Southeast Asian
maritime and trade network centuries
Aristotle: history = systematic account of natural before Spanish colonization.
phenomena (chronology optional) ● Manunggul Jar was to serve as a
secondary burial vessel for the remains
AHA: history = never-ending process of of the dead. It is found in Palawan.
understanding the past
2. Ecofacts - nature, environment. E.g. Meteor
Zeus Salazar: history = meaningful narrative tied
METHODS TO CRITICIZE THE SOURCES
to a group's identity, language, and culture
OF INFORMATION
According to Zeus Salazar, “Ang Kasaysayan ay
1. External Criticism: The Test of
salaysay hinggil sa nakaraan o nakalipas na
Authenticity - practice of verifying the
may saysay”.
authenticity of evidence by examining its
physical characteristics; consistency of
historical characteristics of the time it 2. Background and Purpose of the
produced; and the material used for
Expedition
evidence.
a. Lower criticism • Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães), a
b. Higher criticism Portuguese-born navigator, offered his
2. Internal Criticism: The Test of services to King Charles I of Spain after
Credibility- competence of the sources falling out of favor with the Portuguese
telling the truth. crown.
- Examination of truthfulness of the
• King Charles I authorized and funded a fleet
evidence. Willingness of the source in
of five ships, known as the Armada de
telling the truth. Adequacy of data delayed
Molucca:
by source. Reliability of the source when
corroborated by other independent ◦Trinidad (flagship, commanded by
sources. Magellan)
3. Historical Criticism - through examining
◦ San Antonio
data. Historiography refers to the process
of reconstructing historical data that have ◦ Concepción
already been tested by the method.
◦ Victoria
◦ Santiago
LESSON 2: The First Voyage Around the
World
3. Crossing the Atlantic and Along
South America
1. Who Was Antonio Pigafetta? • The fleet stopped at the Canary Islands to
resupply before the long Atlantic crossing.
• Born around 1491 in Vicenza, in the Republic
of Venice (present-day Italy); died around
Encounter with the Patagonian
1531.
"Giants"
• An Italian scholar, nobleman, and amateur
astronomer/cartographer, educated in • At Puerto San Julián and along the Patagonian
astronomy, geography, and navigation, coast, the crew encountered the Tehuelche
likely at the University of Padua. people, whom Pigafetta described as
remarkably tall — he called them "giants,"
and the region became known as Patagonia its husk, fiber used for cordage, and uses of
partly from this account. its shell — one of the first European
descriptions of the fruit.
The Grueling Pacific Crossing
Butuan and Limasawa: Blood Compacts and
• The Pacific proved far larger than anticipated; the First Mass
the fleet sailed roughly three months and
twenty days without resupply, covering an • The fleet met Rajah Colambu (Kolambu),
estimated 4,000 leagues of open sea. ruler of Butuan/Caraga area, and his brother
Rajah Siagu — Pigafetta described Siagu as
• Scurvy devastated the crew: swollen gums the most handsome man he had encountered
prevented many from eating at all. Nineteen on the voyage.
men died of the disease during this leg,
along with one of the captured Patagonians. • Magellan and Rajah Colambu performed a
casi-casi or blood compact (sandugo), a
5. Guam and the "Islands of Thieves" local ritual of alliance in which both parties
drew a small amount of blood
• On March 6, 1521, the exhausted fleet reached
islands in the Marianas, principally Guam, • On March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday), the
encountering the Chamorro people. expedition's chaplain, Father Pedro de
Valderrama, celebrated the first Catholic
Mass recorded in the Philippines, on the
6. Arrival in the Philippine Archipelago
island of Mazaua (identified by most
• On March 16, 1521, the fleet sighted the historians with present-day Limasawa)
island of Zamal (Samar); Magellan chose
to land on a smaller, uninhabited island Cebu: Alliance and Mass Conversion
nearby for safety, later identified as
• Guided by Rajah Colambu, the fleet sailed to
Homonhon.
Cebu, arriving in April 1521, where they
• Pigafetta named the site the "Watering Place met Rajah Humabon, the local ruler.
of Good Signs" after finding fresh water
• On April 14, 1521, Humabon, his wife, and a
and encouraging indications (such as gold
large number of his subjects were baptized
ornaments worn by later visitors)
as Christians in a mass ceremony; Humabon
• Two days later, on March 18, local islanders took the Christian name Carlos (after the
arrived bearing fish, palm wine ("uraca"), Spanish king), his heir was named Fernando,
bananas/figs, and coconuts ("cocos"); and Humabon's wife took the name Juana.
Pigafetta described the coconut in detail —
A wooden cross and a small image of the included manipulation by Enrique or a
Child Jesus (the Santo Niño) were left reassessment of loyalty toward the
behind as gifts to Humabon's household; the weakened expedition — invited several
Santo Niño image is venerated in Cebu to officers to a banquet.
this day.
• During this banquet, Humabon's men killed
most of the attending Spanish officers,
7. The Battle of Mactan and
including Barbosa and Serrão; estimates of
Magellan's Death the dead range around 24–27 men.
Against the advice of some of his own men, • The surviving crew, now leaderless and
Magellan chose to lead a punitive expedition severely reduced in number, fled Cebu. With
personally, with a small landing force — too few men to sail three ships, they scuttled
Pigafetta states about 49 armed men, along and burned the Concepción, continuing
with allied warriors from Cebu who on with only Trinidad and Victoria.
reportedly held back from the fighting.
8. Reaching the Spice Islands and the
• On April 27, 1521, the landing force faced a Return Voyage
much larger force of Mactan warriors,
estimated by Pigafetta at over 1,500. The • The two remaining ships wandered through
Spanish found their firearms and crossbows the Philippine and Indonesian archipelagos
less effective than expected on soft ground for months
and against bamboo shields.
• The Trinidad, found to be taking on water,
• Magellan was wounded in the leg, then further stayed behind for repairs and later attempted
attacked as he tried to cover his men's to sail back across the Pacific to Panama;
retreat; he was ultimately killed by the this attempt failed, and the ship was
Mactan warriors in the shallows near the eventually seized by the Portuguese.
shore.
Return to Spain
Pigafetta, who was wounded in the same
battle, was among the survivors who lll• On September 6, 1522, the Victoria entered the
managed to retreat to the ships. harbor at Sanlúcar de Barrameda, nearly three years
after departure.
The Cebu Massacre
• Of roughly 260–270 men who had set out,
• Shortly after Magellan's death, Rajah only 18 returned aboard the Victoria,
Humabon — for reasons Pigafetta suggests most of them seriously ill from the ordeal.
Figure Role / Significance Enrique of Enslaved interpreter traveling
Ferdinand Portuguese-born captain- Malacca with Magellan; possibly the
Magellan general of the expedition; first person in history to circle
killed at the Battle of Mactan, the globe, having originated in
April 27, 1521. Southeast Asia.
Antonio Italian scholar and chronicler; Duarte Officers who assumed joint
Pigafetta one of 18 survivors; author of Barbosa / command after Magellan's
the primary account of the João death; killed shortly after in
voyage. Serrão the Cebu banquet massacre.
Juan Basque navigator who took
Sebastián command of the Victoria after Date Event
Elcano the deaths at Cebu and Sept 20, Fleet of five ships departs
completed the 1519 Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain.
circumnavigation. Dec 1519 Fleet reaches Brazil, near Rio de
Rajah Ruler of Butuan/Caraga; Janeiro.
Colambu formed a blood-compact March– Winter camp and mutiny at
(Kolambu) alliance with Magellan and Aug 1520 Puerto San Julián, Patagonia;
guided the fleet to Cebu. encounter with Tehuelche
Rajah Colambu's brother; described "giants"; loss of the Santiago.
Siagu by Pigafetta as strikingly Oct–Nov Fleet navigates the Strait of
handsome. 1520 Magellan; San Antonio deserts.
Rajah Ruler of Cebu; allied with and Nov 1520 Fleet enters the Pacific Ocean,
Humabon was baptized alongside named by Magellan.
Magellan; later implicated in Nov 1520 Grueling three-month-plus Pacific
the killing of Spanish officers – March crossing; starvation and scurvy.
after Magellan's death. 1521
Lapu- Chieftain of Mactan who March 6, Arrival at Guam / the Marianas
Lapu refused submission and led the 1521 ("Islands of Thieves").
warriors who killed Magellan; March Fleet reaches Homonhon in the
regarded today as an early 16–18, Philippine archipelago.
Filipino resistance figure. 1521
March First Catholic Mass in the
31, 1521 Philippines, at Limasawa 1. insults,
2. theft,
(Mazaua). 3. debt,
4. marriage violations;
April 14, Rajah Humabon and many
1521 Cebuanos baptized. punishments ranged from fines
to death
April 27, Battle of Mactan; Magellan killed
1521 by Lapu-Lapu's forces.
Early Cebu banquet massacre;
Leadership Good datu = just datu; unjust
May 1521 Concepción scuttled; fleet rulers lost the people's respect
(Plasencia)
reduced to two ships.
Nov 1521 Trinidad and Victoria reach
Significance Shows Filipinos had organized
Tidore in the Moluccas; spices government, laws, and justice
before Spanish colonization
loaded.
Dec 1521 Victoria departs alone for Spain Inheritance Legitimate children share equally;
slave's child excluded (must be
via the Indian Ocean; Trinidad freed + given something);
stays for repairs. natural child (unmarried woman)
Sept 6, Victoria arrives at Sanlúcar de gets 1/3 share;
1522 Barrameda with 18 survivors,
no legitimate heirs concubine's child inherits a
completing the circumnavigation.
no children passes to father, grandparents, sibl
LESSON 4: INTRODUCTION TO
TAGALOG CUSTOMS
Dowry Paid by groom's family to bride's
TOPIC family to;
KEY POINTS
1. legitimizes marriage,
Social 3 social classes; status could 2. shows provider capability
Organization 3. , compensates for bride's
shift via marriage, bravery,
lost labor,
debt repayment, or being freed 4. strengthens family
alliances;
Laws & Datu
Justice could include gold, land, disputes;
heard cases first outside arbitrators if disputed joint judges for inter-barangay
livestock, goods
Marriage & M
aharlica + own slave children/mother freed;
Usual cases faced of Ancient Status
Tagalog (Maharlica)
The Debt System
Maharlica + another's slave child half-free ●(fully
Loans
slave if(gold, rice, goods) were an
father disowns);
important part of the pre-colonial Tagalog
economy.
● Creditors
Maharlica-slave marriage odd children take father's status, evencharged
childrenusury (extremely
take mother's status;high
interest), making repayment difficult.
relocating after marriage ● Debtors often had to surrender half their
required a 1–3 tael fine + produce/profits from cultivated land until
banquet
the loan was paid.
● Debts could be transferred to another
creditor, letting the original lender profit
while the borrower remained obligated.
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS
GODS, WORSHIP, DEATH AND
Laws, Authority & Process BURIAL ASSOCIATED RITUALS
● Laws & Tradition: Rules were not
written; they existed as customs passed
down orally from generation to
★ Key Takeaways — Worship & Religious Practices
generation.
• Worship = occasional, feast-based (pandot), NOT temple-
● Decision-Makers: based.
➔ Dato — served as ruler, lawgiver, • Bathala = supreme creator god, has NO idol.
and judge • Lesser gods/patrons: Lacapati & Idianale (agriculture), Dian
Masalanta (love/childbirth).
➔ Elders — trusted advisers who
• Sacred natural objects/animals: crow (Meylupa), cayman
helped interpret customs and settle ("grandfather").
matters • Priests could become "possessed" during rituals — seen as
channeling spirits.
● Public Hearings: All investigations,
trials, and rulings were done openly, in
front of the whole barangay.
● Disagreements: If a party was unsatisfied,
a neutral arbiter — a respected, fair person
from another barangay — was chosen to
decide.
B. Sorcerers and Witch Doctors
★ Key Takeaways — Omens & Divination
• Tigmamanukin bird = the most important omen- • 5. Mangagauay — witches who
animal; 2 calls = good/bad fortune. deceived people by pretending to heal;
• Sonat = predicts fate of the soul capable of causing illness, inducing
(salvation/condemnation) at death. death, or prolonging life with charms.
• Pangatahojan = general soothsayer/oracle for the • 6. Manyisalat — practitioners with the
future.
power to manipulate love; they cursed
• A bad omen = an aborted journey or task, no
lovers to abandon and despise their
exceptions.
partners.
• Divination was democratic — practiced by ordinary
folk, not just spiritual leaders. • 7. Mancocolam — a figure who
emitted unquenchable fire at night;
IThe Twelve Spiritual Practitioners (Priests spread sickness and death by being
and Ministers) dirty near people's homes.
• 8. Hocloban — a highly powerful witch
Plasencia categorizes the pre-colonial spiritual who could kill or heal simply by saluting
leaders and supernatural practitioners into 12 or raising their hands, without using
distinct roles, grouped into three broad physical medicine.
categories. • 9. Mangagayoma — creators of love
charms made from herbs, stones, and
A. The Core Religious Officiants wood to infuse hearts with love.
• 1. Catolonan — the primary priest or
priestess. An honorable office held C. Ghouls and Monsters (Ministers)
ordinarily by people of high rank, general • 10. Silagan — a creature that targeted
to all the islands. individuals wearing white, tearing out and
• 2. Sonat — equivalent to a "preacher." A eating their livers.
sort of bishop who ordained priestesses • 11. Magtatangal — a nocturnal being that
and received reverence. Assisted people at separated its head and entrails from its
the time of death by predicting the body, returning to its complete form by
salvation or condemnation of the soul. morning.
• 3. Pangatahojan — a soothsayer or oracle • 12. Osuang — a flying sorcerer who
who predicted the future. Common murdered men and ate human flesh.
throughout the islands.
• 4. Bayoguin — a male practitioner whose
nature and appearance inclined toward that
of a woman; treated as women in terms of
social status and often held spiritual
leadership positions.
★ Key Takeaways — The 12 Spiritual
Practitioners
• 3 categories: (1) Core Officiants, (2)
Sorcerers/Witch Doctors, (3) Ghouls/Monsters.
• Catolonan = the main/general priest(ess);
highest-ranking spiritual office.
• Sonat = judges the soul's fate at death
(salvation/condemnation).
• Bayoguin = male practitioner with feminine
identity/social role — notable for gender fluidity
in pre-colonial spiritual leadership.
• Osuang is the origin of the modern Filipino
"aswang" myth.
• Silagan specifically attacks people wearing
WHITE clothing.
★ Key Takeaways — Afterlife Beliefs
• Maca = paradise/village of rest for the just and
virtuous.
• Casanaan = place of punishment, ruled by demons
called Sitan.
• Bathala's highest heaven Maca — ordinary souls do not go directly to Bathala.
• Manner of death mattered: heroic/tragic death =
rainbow bridge to heaven; natural death =
★ Key Takeaways — Burial Customs
underworld.
• Burial practice reflected social class: simple white
shroud + quick burial (commoners) vs. gold-laden
coffin + mourning house (chiefs).
• Boat burial (barato) was reserved for elites,
reflecting belief in a mirrored afterlife society.
• Slaves were sometimes killed to accompany and
serve a chief in the afterlife.
• Corpses exited through WINDOWS, not doors, to
prevent bad luck (malas) from lingering.
★ Key Takeaways — Feasting & Intoxication
• Feasts were called "drinking sessions"
(inuman) rather than eating occasions.
• Native wines: tuba (coconut), rice wine,
★ Key Takeaways — San Juan del Monte
sugarcane brew — offered to anitos first.
• Illustrates syncretism/resistance: pre-colonial
• Drinking was ALWAYS communal — used
religion persisted secretly under a Christianized
for alliances, healing feuds, honoring
surface.
ancestors.
• The idol was physically hidden inside a bamboo
• Despite heavy drinking, Chirino noted
roof prop — discovered by Father Diego de
remarkable self-control and preserved
etiquette — a point he found remarkable Santiago.
compared to European drinking customs. • One priestess amassed ~300 escudos through
health-related "sacrifices" — showing the
economic dimension of native religious practice.
• Resolution: public burning of the idol + mass
confessions + relocation of the priestesses.
★ Key Takeaways — Civility & Courtesy
• Community life revolved around shared feasts,
ceremonies, and respect for the catolonan.
• Omens/signs guided both major and minor
daily decisions — reinforcing the earlier Omens ★ Key Takeaways — Baths & Hygiene
& Divination section. • Bathing was a daily, lifelong practice starting from
• Elaborate courtesy customs distinguished infancy.
Tagalog society, per Chirino, as comparably • Modesty was maintained even during frequent
civil to Chinese/Japanese standards of etiquette. bathing (submerged to the neck).
• Post-burial ritual bathing (Panay) parallels practices
Chirino compares to Jewish customs.
• Hot springs of Bai = famous thermal medicine site
used by both natives and Spaniards.
Topic One-Line Essential Fact
Worship Feast-based (pandot), no temples; Bathala =
supreme god with no idol.
Omens & Tigmamanukin bird's song determines whether
Divination to proceed on a journey.
12 Spiritual 3 groups: Core Officiants, Sorcerers/Witch
Practitioners Doctors, Ghouls/Monsters.
Afterlife Maca (paradise) vs. Casanaan (punishment,
ruled by Sitan).
Burial Class-based: simple shroud (commoners) vs.
Customs gold-laden coffin & boat burial (chiefs).
Feasting Feasts = "drinking sessions" (inuman); wines
offered to anitos first.
Civility & Deep respect for catolonan; honorific speech;
Courtesy potong (head-cloth) instead of hats.
San Juan del Secret priestess network hid a golden idol inside
Monte a bamboo roof prop for 2+ years.
Baths & Lifelong daily bathing from infancy; post-burial
Hygiene ritual bathing in Panay.
Notable Balete tree = hardy, culinary, and symbolic of
Flora death/regeneration.
Shrouding & 8-step process from pre-death sacrifice to
Burying special elite burial.
Embalming Reserved for chiefs/nobles; used balms, resins,
gums, and ivy juice.