Science 9 Reviewer
Gawa ni Martin cute (mabantot ang mag bura sa pangalan ko)
Electricity
Electric Circuit
- A closed loop through which electric charges can move.
- Current flows from the starting point of the circuit.
Electric Current
- Rate at which charge flows past a point on circuit.
Current
- The rate of flow of electric charge.
Formula: I = Q / t
➢ I = current (A)
➢ Q = charge (C)
➢ t = time (s)
Charge
- Formula: Q = I × t
- 1 electron = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
Time
Formula: t = Q / I
Series Circuit
- Components are connected in a single path.
- If one component fails, the whole circuit is affected.
Parallel Circuit
- Components are connected in two or more paths.
- Current has multiple paths to flow.
Resistance
- The hindrance to the flow of electric charge.
Switch
- Switch ON = Closed circuit.
- Switch OFF = Open circuit.
Circuit Symbols
➢ Battery – source of electrical energy.
➢ Light (Lamp) – produces light.
➢ Resistor – limits current flow.
➢ Switch – opens or closes the circuit.
➢ AC Voltage Source – provides alternating current.
Ohm's Law
Current is directly proportional to voltage.
Formula: I = V / R Recto from 9-Gold
- I = Current (A)
- V = Voltage (V)
- R = Resistance (Ω)
Electromagnetic waves
Wave
- a way energy moves from one place to another
Types of waves
○ Light wave
○ Sound wave
○ Ocean wave
What does a wave look like?
- Waves have a repeating pattern.
- This pattern helps us describe how waves move.
Crest
- highest point.
Trough
- lowest point.
Amplitude
- height of a wave, it tells us how strong the wave is.
Wavelength
- distance between two waves.
- it is measured from crest to crest, trough to trough
Electromagnetic radiation
- type of energy transferred by way of varying electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic spectrum
- range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation .
Electromagnetic waves
- disturbance to electric and magnetic fields which propagates through space and
repeats time (frequency) and space (wavelength).
Frequency
- rate at which something occurs or repeats within a given amount of time.
Gamma rays
- an electromagnetic wave with a higher frequency than x-ray that is produced on
nuclear reactions.
Infrared
- slightly higher frequency than microwave. It is still visible to the human eye and used
for transmitting heat.
Microwaves & Radiowaves → Communication/signals
Microwave
- a low frequency in electromagnetic wave of a frequency used for long-distance
communication
Ultraviolet
- an electromagnetic wave with a slightly higher frequency than visible light. It is used
for devices such as blacklights and is absorbed from sunlight to cause sunburn.
Visible light
- An electromagnetic wave with a slightly higher frequency than infrared that we can
see. It allows us to see colors.
X-rays
- An electromagnetic wave with a slightly higher frequency than ultraviolet radiation. X-
rays are responsible for X-ray machines that allow us to see through skin.
Lower frequencies are generally better for long-distance communication, they generally
carry radio and television signals.
Higher frequencies are better for highspeed data transfer, or radar, or even for looking
inside things like X-rays do.
Types Wavelength Frequency Uses
Radiowaves Ranges from Ranges from about 3 Broadcasting,
several millimeters kHz to 300 GHz. communication, radar,
to kilometers. navigation systems.
Microwave Ranges from about Ranges from about Microwave ovens, satellite
1 millimeter to 1 300 MHz to 300 communication, radar,
meter. GHz. wireless networking.
Infrared Ranges from about Ranges from about Heat radiation, night vision
700 nanometers to 300 GHz to 430 devices, remote controls,
1 millimeter. THz. infrared photography.
Visible lights Ranges from about Ranges from about Illumination, photography,
400 to 700 430 THz to 750 THz. optical communication.
nanometers.
X-rays Ranges from about Ranges from about Medical imaging (X-ray
0.01 to 10 30 PHz to 30 EHz. radiography, CT scans),
nanometers. airport security screening,
material analysis.
Gamma rays Ranges from less Greater than 30 Cancer treatment (radiation
than 0.01 EHz. therapy), nuclear medicine,
nanometers. sterilization, astrophysical
observations