What is Physics

➢ Study of matter (material object ) and energy

➢ Interaction between matter and energy

What is meant by term “ Quantity “

➢ It is the characteristic of an object

➢ With the help of it we can compare the objects.

For example:
Length
➢ It is a distance between two points

❑ It is a measurable quantity
What is meant by term “ Quantity “

➢ It is the characteristic of an object

➢ With the help of it we can compare the objects.

For example:
mass

➢ amount of matter is called mass.

❑ It is a measurable quantity
What is meant by term “ Quantity “

➢ It is the characteristic of an object

➢ With the help of it we can compare the objects.

For example:
Volume
➢ Space occupied by the object.

❑ It is a measurable quantity
What is meant by term “ Quantity “

➢ It is the characteristic of an object

➢ With the help of it we can compare the objects.

For example:
Friendship

➢ Friendship means familiar and liking of each other's mind.

➢ The friendship cannot be measured.

➢ The strength of the bond of friendship between two people can vary. If the
bond is very strong, they are called best friends

❑ It is not measurable quantity

What is meant by term “ Quantity “

➢ It is the characteristic of an object

➢ With the help of it we can compare the objects.

For example:
Hate

➢ Hate is an intense, extreme dislike towards a person or a thing.

➢ Hate is also not measurable quantity.

❑ It is not measurable quantity

Quantities in Physics OR Physical Quantities

➢ Those quantities which are measurable, are called Physical Quantities.

In our earlier discussion “ Length “ “ mass “ and “ volume “ are measurable

quantities, So these are called Physical Quantities.

➢ Physics deals only those Quantities which are measurable.

 How to express Physical Quantity

Physical Quantity = magnitude with unit

mass of wooden box can be express length of pencil can be express

mass of wooden box = 4 kg length of pencil = 3 cm

Physical Quantity magnitude unit Physical Quantity magnitude unit

 Physical Quantities

In this unit we have to measure ….

1 . Length of different objects

2 . Time intervals of different events

3 . Mass of different objects

4. Volume of different objects

5. Density of different objects

 Physical Quantities
measuring the Length
meter ruler

❖How to measure length of pencil on centimeter scale

1st reading = 1cm 2nd reading = 12.3 cm

Measurement of pencil= 2nd Reading – 1st Reading

Measurement of pencil= 12.3 – 1

Measurement of pencil= 11.3 cm

❑ Let length of pencil we measure with the help of meter ❑ Let length of block measured with help of ruler as
ruler, as we know the least count of meter ruler is 0.1 cm shown in the figure.
So reading should be written up to 1 decimal place.

Length of pencil = 5.1 cm

Note:
This number cannot be written as Length of block = 4.0 cm
Note:
Length of pencil = 5.10 cm This number cannot be written as
Length of block = 4 cm
 measuring the Length
Source of inaccuracy ( error ) in measuring length with ruler

1. Parallax error

Parallax error in a meter ruler occurs when the observer's eye is

not directly above the measurement mark, causing the reading to
be inaccurate. .

Solution:
Always position your eye directly above perpendicular to the
measurement mark to get a proper reading.
 measuring the Length
Source of inaccuracy ( error ) in measuring length with ruler
1st reading = 1 cm 2nd reading = 3 cm

2 . Worn or Damaged Ruler Ends

Figure shows a meter rule with a zero error. The end of

the ruler has worn out and gives a reading of 0.1 cm
instead of 0 cm. Hence, the readings of the measurements
using this meter rule are always bigger than their actual
value . such a error is also called Zero error
Solution
Start measuring from 1cm mark then subtract 1cm
from the final reading Length of block = 2nd reading – 1st reading
Length of block = 3 cm – 1 cm
❖ For example we can measure the length of block by
using such kind of ruler which has zero error as follow: Length of block = 2 cm
 measuring the Length
Source of inaccuracy ( error ) in measuring length with ruler

3. Poor Alignment
The ruler is not aligned properly with the object being measured.

▪ The object is not touching ▪ The ruler is not aligned Solution:

the marking of scale properly with the object
•Ensure the ruler is placed parallel and flush against the object.
•Use rulers with a guiding edge or flat base to maintain alignment.
Wrong Wrong

right
 measuring the Length
Source of inaccuracy ( error ) in measuring length with ruler

4. Thickness of the Ruler

Thick rulers can create a gap between the object and the scale.

Solution:

•Use a ruler with fine, thin edges for more precise contact.
 measuring the Length
Source of inaccuracy ( error ) in measuring length with ruler

5. Human Estimation Errors

Difficulty in reading between markings, especially when Note final reading is in between 16mm & 17mm
estimating between millimeter or fractional units.

Solution:

• Use rulers with finer divisions (e.g., 0.5 mm).

mm 0 10
 measuring the Length
Source of inaccuracy ( error ) in measuring length with ruler

6. Temperature Changes

Expansion or contraction of the ruler or object due to temperature fluctuations.

Solution:

• Conduct measurements at a standard room temperature (usually 20°C).

• Use rulers made from materials with low thermal expansion (like steel or Invar).
 measuring the Length

1. measuring length of straight wire with ruler

1st reading = 0 cm 2nd reading = 5 cm
➢ Align one end of the wire with the zero mark of the ruler

➢ Read the measurement at the other end of the wire.

How to improve accuracy in the measurement?

1. The wire must be straight.

2. Check zero error meter ruler, if there is no zero error the

wire must be line up against the 0 on the scale.

3. The ruler used must be properly calibrated.

4. Wire must be laid alongside the rule. Length of wire = 2nd reading – 1st reading
Length of wire = 5 cm – 0 cm
5. Ends of the wire must be neatly cut.
Length of wire = 5 cm
6. Take readings accurately avoiding the parallax error.
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 measuring the Length
2. measuring length of diameter of sphere with ruler
1st reading = 3 cm 2nd reading = 6 cm

We can use set squares which have one rectangular side,

we can use it to project end points of sphere on scale and
measure avoiding parallax error.

How to improve accuracy in the measurement?

1. Accurately aligning the ruler along the sphere's diameter can
be challenging, especially for a three-dimensional object.

2. The ruler needs to be held perpendicular to the surface of

the sphere at the points where it touches the sphere.

3. Set square must be aligned with surface of sphere.

4. The ruler used must be properly calibrated.

Length of diameter of sphere = 2nd reading – 1st reading
5. Ends of the set square must be neatly cut.
Length of diameter of sphere = 6 cm – 3 cm
6. Take readings accurately avoiding the parallax error. Length of diameter of sphere = 3 cm
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 measuring the Length

More measurement techniques in a small length

1. Measuring the diameter of wire using a ruler

2 . Measuring the diameter of a ball bearing using a ruler

3 . Measuring the thickness of one paper using a ruler

 measuring the Length

More measurement techniques in a small length

1. Measuring the diameter of wire using a ruler

1st reading = 0 cm 2nd reading = 0.9 cm

1. Take any object , for example here I m taking a pencil
2. Wound wire around the pencil
3. Measure the length of turns using ruler
4. Divide number of turns on measured value to find the diameter of wire
Length of turns = 2nd reading – 1st reading
Length of turns = 0.9 cm – 0 cm
Length of turns = 0.9 cm
Length of turns
diameter of wire = number of turns

0.9
diameter of wire =
6
diameter of wire = 0.15 cm
diameter of wire = 0.2 cm
 measuring the Length
More measurement techniques in a small length
How to improve accuracy in measuring diameter of wire with ruler

1. Use a Better Ruler (with finer divisions)

•Use a ruler with millimeter or smaller divisions.

1st reading = 0 cm 2nd reading = 0.9 cm
•Prefer steel rulers over plastic ones for better precision and edge clarity.
2. Lay the Wire Flat and Straight

• Press it gently to keep it from moving or rolling.

3. Take Multiple Measurements

•Measure the wire at different spots

•Average the results improve the accuracy.
4. Avoid Parallax Error

•Ensure your eye is directly perpendicular above the wire when reading the ruler.
•Avoid viewing from an angle.
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 measuring the Length
More measurement techniques in a small length
2 . Measuring the diameter of a ball bearing using a ruler
Materials Needed:

• A ruler with millimeter (mm) markings

• A flat surface

• Number of ball bearings at least 4 or 5

Steps to Measure Diameter with a Ruler:

1. Place 4 Ball Bearings on a Flat Surface: Ensure they don’t roll.

2. Align two wooden blocks on both sides to hold the ball bearings
steady and to avoid parallel axis .

3 Read the Opposite Edge: measure the length of 4 ball bearings

4 To calculate the diameter of one ball bearing , divide the length by 4

 measuring the Length
More measurement techniques in a small length
How to improve accuracy in measuring diameter of wire with ruler
1. Use a Better Ruler (with finer divisions)

•Use a ruler with millimeter or smaller divisions.

•Prefer steel rulers over plastic ones for better precision and edge clarity.
2. Lay ball bearing Straight

• Press gently to keep from moving or rolling.

3. Take Multiple Measurements

•Average the results improve the accuracy.

4. Avoid Parallax Error

•Ensure your eye is directly perpendicular above the wire when reading the ruler.
•Avoid viewing from an angle.

5 Use as many ball bearing as possible for better accuracy .

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 measuring the Length
More measurement techniques in a small length
3 . Measuring the thickness of one paper using a ruler

1. Take a stack of papers (e.g., 100 or 200 sheets). The more

sheets, the more accurate the result.

2. Align the stack neatly so the edges are even.

3. Use a ruler to measure the total height (thickness) of the

entire stack in millimeters (mm) or centimeters (cm).

4. Divide the total thickness by the number of sheets.

Total thickness
Thickness of one sheet =
number of sheets
 measuring the Length
More measurement techniques in a small length
How to improve accuracy in measuring thickness of one with ruler
1 . Use as many sheets as possible for better accuracy .

2 . Press the stack gently so it’s compact but not crushed.

3. Take Multiple Measurements

•Average the results improve the accuracy.

4. Avoid Parallax Error

•Ensure your eye is directly perpendicular when reading the ruler.

•Avoid viewing from an angle.
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❑ What is Time ?

❑ How to measure it ?
 ❑ What is Time ?
Time is a measure in which events can be ordered from the
past through present into the future .

t1 t2 t3 t4

t1 ˂ t2 ˂ t3 ˂ t4
 Analog Clock
An analog clock is a time keeping device that displays the time using rotating hands on a dial.

Key Features of an Analog Clock

Clock Face (Dial):

1. A circular face marked
with numbers 1 to 12.
2. Each number represents
an hour of the day. Minute Hand: Longer hand; moves faster
than the hour hand and shows minutes.

Hour Hand: Shorter hand; moves Second Hand (optional): Thin hand; moves
slowly and shows the hour. the fastest and shows seconds.

1. The hands move continuously in a clockwise direction.

2. Most analog clocks use a mechanical, quartz, or battery-powered movement.

 Analog Clock
Sources of Inaccuracy in an Analog Clock:

[Link] Error

When reading the time from an angle (not directly in front), the
hands may appear to point at a different number.
2 .Imprecise Hand Movement

In low-quality clocks, the hands might not move smoothly,

especially the minute and second hands.
3 .Wear and Tear

•Over time, gears and springs inside the analog clock can wear
out, affecting the accuracy of timekeeping.
4 .No Markings for Seconds or Fractions

It is difficult to measure exact seconds or smaller intervals, because the

clock usually doesn't have fine divisions.
 Digital Clock
➢ A digital clock is an electronic timekeeping device that displays
the time using numerical digits, rather than with hands on a dial
like an analog clock.

➢ It shows hours, minutes, and often seconds in a digital format

Sources of Inaccuracy in an Digital Clock:

1. Power Supply Issues
Hours minutes seconds
•Battery-powered clocks may run slower or stop if the battery is low.

2 . Internal Oscillator Drift

•Digital clocks rely on a crystal oscillator (usually quartz).

•Over time or due to temperature changes, the oscillator
frequency may drift, causing small time errors.
 Analog Stop Watch
An analog stopwatch is a time-measuring instrument used to measure the
duration of an event with high precision ( fraction of second )

Let’s first e find the least count of second scale

➢ Least count or precision of

1
Analog stop watch =
5 •Dial with graduated
➢ Least count or precision of markings for minuets.
Analog stop watch = 0.2 s

•Dial with graduated markings for

seconds & fractions of seconds.
 Analog Stop Watch
An analog stopwatch is a time-measuring instrument used to measure the
duration of an event with high precision ( fraction of second )

Let’s first e find the least count of second scale

➢ Least count or precision of

1
Analog stop watch =
5 •Dial with graduated
➢ Least count or precision of markings for minuets.
Analog stop watch = 0.2 s

Uses of Analog Stopwatch:

•Sports events (e.g., races)
•Scientific experiments •Dial with graduated markings for
•Laboratory activities seconds & fractions of seconds.
•Industrial and engineering measurements
 Analog Stop Watch
An analog stopwatch is a time-measuring instrument used to measure the
duration of an event with high precision ( fraction of second )
Sources of Inaccuracy in analog stop watch :
1. Human Reaction Time
•The most significant inaccuracy comes from starting and
stopping the watch manually.
•Average human reaction time is around 0.2 to 0.3 seconds,
which affects both the start and stop.
2. Parallax Error
•Occurs when the observer does not look directly
perpendicularly at the dial.
•Misreading the position of the needle due to angle can cause
inaccuracy in the reading .

3 . Resolution Limitation
•Analog stopwatches typically measure to the nearest 0.2 second or 0.1s
•Any value between markings must be estimated, which can lead to inaccuracy

4 . Zero Error
•Sometimes the needle may not return exactly to zero, This cause zero error .
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