Goa

Goa (/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ GOH-ə;[10] Konkani: [ɡɔ̃j]; Portuguese: [ˈɡoɐ] ⓘ ) is a

state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region. It Goa
is geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the State
Western Ghats.[11][12] It is bordered by the Indian states of
State of Goa
Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south, with
the Arabian Sea forming its western coastline. It was the capital of
the eastern Portuguese empire until 1961. It is India's smallest state
by area and fourth-smallest by population.[13] Panaji (Panjim) is the
state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is its largest city by
population.[14] The state's official language is Konkani, spoken by
the majority of its inhabitants.[15]

The Portuguese, who first voyaged to the subcontinent in the early

16th century as merchants, conquered it on request of Timoji shortly
thereafter. Goa became an overseas territory of the Portuguese
Empire and part of what was then known as Portuguese India,
remaining under Portuguese rule for approximately 451 years until
its annexation by India in December 1961.[16][17] The ancient City
of Goa (now Old Goa), considered one of the greatest cities of Asia
in the 16th century, is now nothing but a few scattered churches and
convents amidst ruins. The historic cities of Margão and Panjim still
reflect the cultural legacy of Portugal.

Goa is one of India’s most developed small states and has the
second-highest GDP per capita among all Indian states,[18][19] more
than twice the national average GDP per capita.[20] The Eleventh
Finance Commission of India named Goa the best-placed state in
terms of infrastructure, while India's National Commission on
Population ranked it as having the highest quality of life in the
country.[20] It ranks highest among Indian states in the Human
Development Index.[21] Goa has a robust tourism sector. It has
biodiversity, lying near the Western Ghats, a biodiversity
hotspot.[22]

Etymology
After the Bahmani-Bijapuri city of Goa was captured by Afonso de
Albuquerque in 1510, and made the capital of the Estado da Índia,
the city gave its name to the contiguous territories.[23]

The origin of the city name Goa is unclear. In ancient literature, Goa
was known by many names, such as Gomanchala, Gopakapattana,
Gopakapattam, Gopakapuri, Govapuri, Govem, and Gomantak.[24]
Other historical names for Goa are Sindapur, Sandabur, and
Mahassapatam.[25]
History

Prehistory
Rock art engravings found in Goa are one of the earliest known
traces of human life in India.[26] Goa, situated within the Shimoga-
Goa Greenstone Belt in the Western Ghats (an area composed of Cola Beach
metavolcanics, iron formations, and ferruginous quartzite), yields
evidence for Acheulean occupation.[27] Rock art engravings
(petroglyphs) are present on laterite platforms and granite boulders
in Usgalimal, near the west-flowing Kushavati river, and in
Kajur.[28] In Kajur, the rock engravings of animals, tectiforms, and Reis Magos Salcete Countryside
other designs in granite have been associated with what is
considered to be a megalithic stone circle, with a round granite stone
in the centre.[29] Petroglyphs, cones, stone-axe, and choppers dating
to 10,000 years ago have been found in various locations in Goa,
including Kazur, Mauxim, and the Mandovi-Zuari basin.[30] Mahadev Temple Safa Mosque
Recently, these petroglyphs have been included in the tentative list
of UNESCO world heritage sites.

Evidence of Paleolithic life is visible at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigao,

Sé Cathedral St. Francis of St. Cajetan
Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, and Aquem- Assisi Church
Margaon. Difficulty in carbon dating the laterite rock compounds
poses a problem for determining the exact time period.[31]

Early Goan society underwent radical change when Indo-Aryan and

Dravidian migrants amalgamated with the aboriginal locals, forming
the base of early Goan culture.[32] Mangueshi Temple Shanta Durga Temple

Early history
In the 3rd century BC, Goa was part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by
the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha.[33] Buddhist monks laid
Immaculate Dudhsagar Falls
the foundation of Buddhism in Goa. Between the 2nd century BC Conception Church
and the 6th century AD, Goa was ruled by the Bhojas of Goa. The
Chutus of Karwar also ruled some parts as feudatories of the
Satavahanas of Kolhapur (2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD),
Western Kshatrapas (around 150 AD), the Abhiras of Western
Maharashtra, Bhojas of Goa, and the Konkan Mauryas as
feudatories of the Kalachuris.[34] The rule later passed to the
Chalukyas of Badami, who controlled it between 578 and 753, and
later the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed from 753 to 963. From 765 to
1015, the Southern Silharas of Konkan ruled Goa as the feudatories
of the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas.[35] Over the next few
centuries, Goa was successively ruled by the Kadambas as the Basilica of Bom Jesus
feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. They patronised Jainism in
Goa.[36]

In 1312, Goa came under the governance of the Delhi Sultanate.[37]

The kingdom's grip on the region was weak, and by 1370, it was
forced to surrender it to Harihara I of the Vijayanagara Empire. The
Vijayanagara monarchs held on to the territory until 1469, when it
was appropriated by the Bahmani Sultanate. After that dynasty
crumbled, the area fell into the hands of the Sultanate of Bijapur,
who established as their auxiliary capital the city known under the
Portuguese as Velha Goa (or Old Goa).[38]

Emblem of Goa

Nickname: "Pearl of the Orient"

Motto: Sarve Bhadrāṇi Paśyantu Mā Kaścid
The Mahadev Temple, attributed to Duḥkhamāpnuyāt (Sanskrit)
the Kadambas of Goa, in what is "May everyone see goodness, may none suffer
today Bhagwan Mahaveer any pain"
Sanctuary and Mollem National
Park

Gold coins issued by the Kadamba king

of Goa, Shivachitta Paramadideva, c.
1147–1187 CE

Portuguese period
In 1510, the Portuguese defeated the ruling Bijapur sultan Yusuf
Adil Shah with the help of a local ally, Thimmayya[39] or Timoji, a Location of Goa in India
privateer.[40] They set up a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (Old Coordinates: 15.50°N 73.83°E
Goa). This was the beginning of Portuguese colonial rule in Goa
Country India
that would last for four and a half centuries, until its annexation by
Region West India
India in 1961. The Goa Inquisition, a formal tribunal, was
established in 1560, and was finally abolished in 1812.[41] Previously was Goa, Daman and Diu
Alongside the Portuguese, the Croatian Republic of Ragusa Admission to union 19 December 1961
maintained a small colonial settlement – Sao Braz – in the Goan Formation 30 May 1987
(by bifurcation)
village of Gandaulim during this time.[42][43]
Capital Panaji
From the latter decades of the eighteenth century, the territory of Largest city Vasco da Gama, Goa
Goa was composed of two segments: the central nucleus of the Districts 3
Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests)—Bardes, Ilhas de Goa, and Government
Salcette—which territories had been under Portuguese • Body Government of Goa
administration since the sixteenth century; and the Novas • Governor Ashok Gajapathi Raju
Conquistas (New Conquests)—Bicholim, Canacona, Pernem, • Chief Minister Pramod Sawant
(BJP)
Quepem, Sattari, and Sanguem—territories which had been
successively added through the eighteenth century. State Legislature Unicameral
• Assembly Goa Legislative
In 1787, Goa experienced its first revolt from its Catholic elite, with Assembly (40 seats)
the Pinto Revolt led by a Goan noble family who revolted against National Parliament Parliament of India
the Portuguese due to racial discrimination in administration and • Rajya Sabha 1 seat
• Lok Sabha 2 seats
clergy. They were betrayed by a member of the revolt. The High Court Bombay High Court
Portuguese government executed some of the family members, Area[1]

while others, such as Abbe Faria, went on to join the French • Total 3,702 km2
Revolution. This remains legend in Goa today. (1,429 sq mi)
• Rank 28th
In 1843, the Portuguese moved the capital to the Cidade da Nova Highest elevation 1,026 m (3,366 ft)
Goa (City of New Goa), today known as Panaji (Panjim), from (Sonsogor)
Velha Goa (Old Goa). By the mid-18th century, Portuguese Lowest elevation 0 m (0 ft)
expansions lost other possessions in India until their borders (Arabian Sea)
stabilised and formed the Goa, Daman and Diu, which included Population (2025)[2]
Silvassa prior to the Annexation, it was known as Estado da Índia in • Total 1,591,000
Portuguese. • Rank 28th
• Density 380/km2 (980/sq mi)
Some wealthy Goan zamindars such as Baron Dempo and Viscount • Urban 77.89%
Deshprabhu were included in the Portuguese nobility, and were • Rural 22.11%
among the richest men in Independent India due to the mineral
Demonym(s) Goenkar, Goan
wealth of Goa.[44][45][46]
Language
• Official Konkani[3]
Contemporary period • Additional official Marathi[4] and
After India gained independence from British rule in 1947, India English[5]
requested that Portuguese territories on the Indian subcontinent be • Official script Devanagari script

ceded to India. Portugal refused to negotiate on the sovereignty of GDP[7]

its Indian enclaves. On 19 December 1961, the Indian Army invaded • Total (2026–2027) $15.00 billion
(nominal)
with Operation Vijay resulting in the annexation of Goa,[47] and of
$63.47 billion
Daman and Diu islands into the Indian union. Goa, Daman and Diu, (PPP)[6]
were organised as a single centrally administered union territory of • Rank 23rd
India.[48] On 16 January 1967 a referendum was held in Goa, to • Per capita $9,416 (nominal)
decide the future of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. It $39,843 (PPP)
was the only referendum to have been held in independent India. (2nd)
The referendum offered the people of Goa a choice between Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)
continuing as a union territory or merging with the state of ISO 3166 code IN-GA
Maharashtra and the majority chose the former.[49][50][51] On 30 Vehicle registration GA
May 1987, the union territory was split, and Goa was made India's HDI (2023) 0.862 Very High[8]
twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining a union (1st)
territory.[52] Literacy (2025) 99.7%[9] (2nd)
Sex ratio (2025) 986♀/1000 ♂ (5th)
Website [Link] ([Link]
Geography [Link])
Symbols of Goa
Goa encompasses an area of 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi). It lies
between the latitudes 14°53′54″ N and 15°40′00″ N and longitudes
73°40′33″ E and 74°20′13″ E.[53]

Goa is a part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is

an escarpment rising up to the Western Ghats range of mountains,
which separate it from the Deccan Plateau. The highest point is the
Emblem of Goa
Sonsogor Peak, with an altitude of 1,026 m (3,366 ft). Goa has a
coastline of 160 km (99 mi). Foundation day Goa Day
Bird Flame-throated bulbul
Goa's seven major rivers are the Mandovi, Zuari, Terekhol, Chapora, Flower Jasmine
Galgibag, Cumbarjua canal, Talpona, and the Sal.[54] The Zuari and Fruit Cashew
the Mandovi are the most important rivers, interspaced by the Mammal Gaur
Cumbarjua canal, forming a major estuarine complex.[54] These Tree Matti Terminalia
crenulata
rivers are fed by the Southwest monsoon rain and their basin covers List of Indian state symbols
69% of the state's
geographical area.[54] These
rivers are some of the busiest in
India. Goa has more than 40
estuarine, eight marine, and about
90 riverine islands. The total
navigable length of Goa's rivers
is 253 km (157 mi). Goa has
more than 300 ancient water
tanks built during the rule of the
Usgalimal rock engravings Kadamba dynasty and over 100
medicinal springs.

Mormugao Harbour, at the mouth

of the Zuari River, is considered
one of the best natural harbours
in South Asia.

Most of Goa's soil cover is made Taluka map of Goa

up of laterites rich in ferric-
aluminium oxides and reddish in
The 1619 Se Cathedral at Old Goa is an colour. Further inland and along
example of Portuguese architecture and the riverbanks, the soil is mostly
is one of the largest churches in Asia. alluvial and loamy. The soil is
rich in minerals and humus, thus
conducive to agriculture. Some
of the oldest rocks in the Indian subcontinent are found in Goa between
Molem and Anmod on Goa's border with Karnataka. The rocks are classified
as Trondjemeitic Gneiss estimated to be 3,600 million years old, dated by
rubidium isotope dating. A specimen of the rock is exhibited at Goa
University.

Dudhsagar Falls at Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem

National Park

Coat of Arms of the Pintos, awarded by

the King of Portugal in 1770

Dudhsagar Train passing next to the Lower half of

Waterfalls in Dudhsagar Falls Dudhsagar
August Falls

Climate
Goa features an extreme tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. Being in the torrid zone and
near the Arabian Sea, the state has a hot and humid climate for most of the year. The month of May is usually the hottest,
seeing daytime temperatures of over 35 °C (95 °F) coupled with high humidity due to proximity to the sea. Due to high
humidity, the feels-like temperature may reach 48 °C or 118.4 °F during summer afternoons, which can cause severe
 discomfort and excessive sweating. Goa's three
seasons are southwest monsoon period (June–
September), post-monsoon period (October–
January), and pre-monsoon period (February–
May).[54] Over 90 per cent of the average annual
rainfall (3,048 mm or 120 in) is received during the
monsoon season.[54]

Picture of coastline of Vasco da

Gama, Goa, taken from an
aircraft's window Goa coastline at Dona Paula

Climate data for Goa

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Mean
daily 31.6 31.5 32.0 33.0 33.0 30.3 28.9 28.8 29.5 31.6 32.8 32.4 31.3
maximum (88.9) (88.7) (89.6) (91.4) (91.4) (86.5) (84.0) (83.8) (85.1) (88.9) (91.0) (90.3) (88.3)
°C (°F)

Daily
26.0 26.3 27.7 29.3 30.0 27.6 26.7 26.4 26.9 27.9 27.6 26.6 27.4
mean °C
(78.8) (79.3) (81.9) (84.7) (86.0) (81.7) (80.1) (79.5) (80.4) (82.2) (81.7) (79.9) (81.4)
(°F)

Mean
daily 19.6 20.5 23.2 25.6 26.3 24.7 24.1 24.0 23.8 23.8 22.3 20.6 23.2
minimum (67.3) (68.9) (73.8) (78.1) (79.3) (76.5) (75.4) (75.2) (74.8) (74.8) (72.1) (69.1) (73.8)
°C (°F)

Average
rainfall 0.2 0.1 1.2 11.8 112.7 868.2 994.8 512.7 251.9 124.8 30.9 16.7 2,926
mm (0.01) (0.00) (0.05) (0.46) (4.44) (34.18) (39.17) (20.19) (9.92) (4.91) (1.22) (0.66) (115.2)
(inches)

Average
rainy 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 4.2 21.9 27.2 13.3 13.5 6.2 2.5 0.4 90.1
days

Mean
monthly
313.1 293.8 291.4 288.0 297.6 126.0 105.4 120.9 177.0 248.0 273.0 300.7 2,834.9
sunshine
hours

Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[55]

Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory[56] for sunshine and mean temperatures

Flora and fauna

Equatorial forest cover in Goa stands at 1,500 km2 (579 sq mi),[24] most of which is owned by the government.
Government-owned forest is estimated at 1,300 km2 (502 sq mi) while private is given as 200 km2 (77 sq mi). Most of
the forests in the state are located in the interior eastern regions of the state. The Western Ghats, which form most of
eastern Goa, have been internationally recognised as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. In the February 1999
issue of National Geographic Magazine, Goa was compared with the Amazon and the Congo basins for its rich tropical
biodiversity.[57]

Goa's wildlife sanctuaries boast of more than 1512 documented species of plants, over 275 species of birds, over 48
kinds of animals and over 60 genera of reptiles.[58] Nanda Lake is the first and the only Ramsar wetland site in Goa.[59]
Goa is also known for its coconut cultivation. The coconut tree has been
reclassified by the government as a palm (like grass), enabling farmers and
real estate developers to clear land with fewer restrictions.

Rice is the main food crop, and pulses (legume), ragi (finger millet), and
other food crops are also grown. Main cash crops are arecanut, coconut,
cashew nut, sugarcane, and fruits like banana, mango, and pineapple.[24]
Goa's state animal is the gaur, the state bird is the flame-throated bulbul, and
the state tree is the Indian laurel.

The important forest products are Coconut palms are a ubiquitous sight
bamboo canes, Maratha barks, statewide.

chillar barks, and the bhirand.

Coconut palm trees are common
throughout Goa barring the elevated regions. A variety of deciduous trees,
such as teak, Sal tree, cashew, and mango trees are present. Fruits include
jackfruit, mango, pineapple, and blackberry. Goa's forests are rich in
medicinal plants.[60]

Foxes, wild boar and migratory birds are found in the jungles of Goa. The
Rice paddies are common in rural Goa.
avifauna (bird species) includes kingfisher, myna and parrot. Numerous types
of fish are also caught off the coast of Goa and in its rivers. Crab, lobster,
shrimp, jellyfish, oysters, and catfish are the basis of the marine fishery. Goa also has a high snake population. Goa has
many famous national parks, including the renowned Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary on the island of Chorão. Other wildlife
sanctuaries include the Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary, Molem Wildlife Sanctuary, Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary, Mhadei
Wildlife Sanctuary, Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary, and Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary.

Goa has more than 33% of its geographic area under government forests (1,224.38 km2 or 472.74 sq mi) of which about
62% has been brought under Protected Areas (PA) of Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Park. Since there is a substantial
area under private forests and a large tract under cashew, mango, coconut, etc. plantations, the total forest and tree cover
constitutes 56.6% of the geographic area.

Demographics

Population
A native of Goa is called a Goan (Goenkar in Romi Konkani). Goa has a Population growth
population of 1.459 million residents as of 2011,[62] making it the fourth least
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
populated state of India after Sikkim, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh.
1901 475,513 —
Population density of Goa is 394 per km2 which is higher than national average
1911 486,752 +0.23%
382 per km2. Goa is the state with highest proportion of urban population with 1921 469,494 −0.36%
62.17% of the population living in urban areas. The sex ratio is 973 females to 1931 505,281 +0.74%
1,000 males. The birth rate was 15.70 per 1,000 people in 2007. Scheduled Castes 1940 540,925 +0.76%
and Scheduled Tribes make up 1.74% and 10.23% of the population respectively. 1950 547,448 +0.12%
As of the 2011 census, over 76% of the population was born in Goa, while just 1960 589,997 +0.75%
over half of migrants to the state are from the neighbouring states of Karnataka 1971 795,120 +2.75%
and Maharashtra.[63] As per a 2021 report, over 50% of the permanent resident 1981 1,007,749 +2.40%
population is of non-Goan origin, outnumbering the native ethnic Goan 1991 1,169,793 +1.50%
population.[64] 2001 1,347,668 +1.43%
2011 1,458,545 +0.79%
According to the NITI Aayog's Fiscal Health Index 2025, Goa ranks third with a Source: [61]
score of 53.6.[65]
Filipino community
As of 2022, Goa has about 200 Filipinos, primarily women who settled after marrying Goans who had worked abroad.
They formed the Fil-Goan community, with Marissa A. D’Souza serving as its first president.[66]

Russian community
Goa attracts a significant number of Russian visitors. In 2013, approximately 103 Russians were settled in the state. They
are primarily based in North Goa, particularly in the coastal town of Morjim, which is also known as "Little Russia" due
to the sizeable Russian community residing there and operating local businesses.[67][68]

The first Russian arrivals in Goa were reported around the year 2000. According to media sources, approximately
300,000 to 400,000 Russian tourists travel to Goa annually. This number has reportedly declined following the COVID-
19 pandemic and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[69]

Some reports have also linked Russian nationals to drug-related activities.[70] In 2025, the Morjim panchayat raised
concerns regarding Russian-language public signages installed in the town.[68]

Languages
The Official Language Act, 1987, of the erstwhile Union Territory of Goa, Daman
and Diu makes Konkani in the Devanagari script the sole official language of Goa,
but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes".
Portuguese was the sole official language during Portuguese colonial rule, but its
use has declined drastically since the annexation of the territory by India. The
government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in
Marathi.[73] There have been demands for according Konkani in the Roman script
official status in the state. There is widespread support for keeping Konkani as the
sole official language of Goa.[74]

Konkani is spoken as a first language by about 66.11% of the people in the state,
Languages in Goa (2011)[71][72] but almost all Goans can speak and understand Konkani. A large population of
Konkani (66.1%) people can speak and understand English as well. Other linguistic groups with
Marathi (10.9%) significant population in the state per the 2011 census are speakers of Marathi
(10.89%), Hindi (8.64%), Kannada (4.65%) and Urdu (2.82%).[75]
Hindi (8.64%)
Kannada (4.65%) Historically, Konkani was neither the official nor the administrative language of
Urdu (2.82%) the many rulers of the State. Under the Kadambas (c. 960–1310), the court
Others (6.92%) language was Kannada. When under Muslim rule (1312–1370 and 1469–1510),
the official and cultural language was Persian. Various stones in the
Archaeological Museum and Portrait Gallery from the period are inscribed in
Kannada and Persian.[76] During the period in between the two periods of Muslim rule, the Vijayanagara Empire, which
had control of the state, mandated the use of Kannada and Telugu.[76]

Religion
According to the 2011 census, in a population of 1,458,545 people, 66.1% were Hindu, 25.1% were Christian, 8.3% were
Muslim, and 0.1% were Sikh.[62] However, in September 2024, Goa Governor P.S. Sreedharan Pillai stated that the
Muslim population of Goa has increased from 3% to 12% while the Christian population decreased from 36% to 25%.
He later clarified that his remarks referred to "brain drain" and were not intended as a commentary on religious
demographics.[77]

In 1909, the Catholic Encyclopedia documented the total Catholic population in Portuguese Goa as 293,628 out of a total
population of 365,291 (80.33%).[78] Since the 20th century, the percentage of Goan Catholics has gradually declined
caused by a combination of permanent emigration from Goa to cosmopolitan Indian cities (e.g. Mumbai, Pune,
 Bangalore) and foreign countries
(e.g. Portugal, the United
Kingdom)[79] with the mass
immigration of non-Christians
from the rest of India since the
20th century.[80] By 2021, ethnic
Goans accounted for less than half
of the state's residents.[64]

The Catholics in Goa state and

Hindu–Christian Unity Memorial at
Daman and Diu union territory are
Miramar Beach
served by the Metropolitan Roman Religion in Goa (2011)[62]
Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and
Hinduism (66.1%)
Daman, the primatial see of India, in which the titular Patriarchate of the East
Christianity (25.1%)
Indies is vested.[81]
Islam (8.33%)
Sikhism (0.10%)
Government and politics Other or not religious (0.39%)

The politics of Goa are a result of the uniqueness of this region due to 450
years of Portuguese rule, in comparison to two centuries of British rule experienced
by most of the rest of India. The Indian National Congress was unable to achieve
electoral success in the first two decades after the State's incorporation into India.[82]
Instead, the state was dominated by the regional political parties like
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party and the United Goans Party.[83]

Government
Goa has two members of parliament (MP) elected from each district representing the
state in the Lok Sabha (House of the People), the lower house of the national
Parliament of India. It is also has one member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha
(Council of the States), the upper house of the Indian parliament.[84]

Goa's administrative capital is based in Panaji, often referred as Panjim in English,

Pangim in Portuguese and Ponjê in Konkani, the official language of the state. It lies
Jack de Sequeira, the father of
on the left bank of the Mandovi river. The seat of the Goa Legislative Assembly is in
the Goan referendum
Porvorim, across the Mandovi from Panaji. The state's highest judiciary is the Goa
Bench of the Bombay High Court, a
branch of the Bombay High Court
permanently seated at Panjim. Unlike
other states, which follow the model
of personal laws framed for individual
religions introduced in the days of
British Raj, the Portuguese Civil Code
of Goa and Damaon, a uniform code
based on the Napoleonic Code was Goa Assembly
retained in Goa as well as the union
territory of Damaon, Diu &
Silvassa.[85]

Goa has a unicameral legislature, the Goa Legislative Assembly, of 40 members, headed by a speaker. The Government
of Goa is de jure headed by the Governor and de facto headed by the elected Chief Minister. The chief minister heads the
executive, which is made up of the party or coalition elected with a majority in the legislature. The governor, the head of
the state, is appointed by the president of India. After having stable governance for nearly thirty years up to 1990, Goa is
now notorious for its political instability having seen fourteen governments in the span of the fifteen years between 1990
and 2005.[86]

In March 2005, the assembly was dissolved by the Governor and President's Rule was declared, which suspended the
legislature. A by-election in June 2005 saw the Indian National Congress coming back to power after winning three of
the five seats that went to polls. The Congress Party and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) are the two largest parties in
the state. In the assembly poll of 2007, the INC-led coalition won and formed the government.[87] In the 2012 Vidhan
Sabha Elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party along with the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party won a clear majority,
forming the new government with Manohar Parrikar as the Chief Minister. Other parties include the United Goans
Democratic Party, the Nationalist Congress Party.[88]

In the 2017 assembly elections, the Indian National Congress gained the most seats, with the BJP coming in second.
However, no party was able to gain a majority in the 40 member house. The BJP was invited to form the Government by
Governor Mridula Sinha. The Congress claimed the use of money power to blame its struggle on BJP and took the case
to the Supreme Court. However, the Manohar Parikkar led Government was able to prove its majority in the Supreme
Court mandated "floor test".[89][90][91]

In the 2022 Goa Legislative Assembly Elections, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won 20 seats with support of
2 seats by MGP and 3 seats by independents while on 14 September 2022 when 8 Congress MLA switched party and
joined BJP.[92]

The current seats of NDA lies at 33 with 28 of BJP, 2 of MGP and 3 independents while the opposition Indian National
Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) with 7 seats consisting of Congress at 3 seats AAP with 2 seats GFP and
RGP with 1 seats each.

Subdivisions
The state is divided into two administrative districts—North Goa and South
Goa. Each district is administered by a District Collector, appointed by the
Government of Goa.[93] These two districts are further divided into
subdivisions and talukas, headed by a Deputy Collector-cum-Sub Divisional
Officer and a Mamlatdar, respectively. The talukas are further divided into
villages, each headed by a Talathi, who is responsible for land revenue and
related matters.

Panaji (Panjim) is the headquarters of North Goa district and is also the
capital of Goa. North Goa is further divided into three subdivisions—Panaji,
Mapusa, and Bicholim; and five talukas (subdistricts)—Tiswadi (Panaji),
Bardez (Mapusa), Pernem, Bicholim, and Sattari (Valpoi). Margao
(Madgaon) is the headquarters of the South Goa district. It is also the cultural
and commercial capital of Goa. South Goa is further divided into five
subdivisions—Ponda, Mormugao-Vasco, Margao, Quepem, and
Dharbandora; and seven talukas—Ponda, Mormugao, Salcete (Margao),
Quepem, and Canacona (Chaudi), Sanguem, and Dharbandora. Goa has a
total number of 334 villages. District map of Goa

Local government in Goa operates through a two-tier system in rural areas

and urban local bodies in towns and cities. Rural local government in Goa consists of 191 Village Panchayats and two
Zilla Panchayat, while urban areas are governed by 13 municipal councils and the Corporation of the City of
Panaji.[94][95] These local bodies are divided into wards, with representatives elected every five years.[96]
Local governance
Goa's major cities are—Panaji, Margao, Vasco-Mormugao, Mapusa, Ponda, Bicholim, and Valpoi. Panaji (Panjim) has
the only Municipal Corporation in Goa. There are thirteen Municipal Councils—Margao, Mormugao (merged with
Vasco), Pernem, Mapusa, Bicholim, Sanquelim, Valpoi, Ponda, Cuncolim, Quepem, Curchorem, Sanguem, and
Canacona.[97] There are two Zilla Panchayats — South Goa and North Goa — and 191 Gram Panchayats for rural
governance.[98]

Local governance in Goa is administered through a two-tier system in rural areas and a municipal system in urban areas.
Rural local bodies consist of the Zilla Panchayats at the district level and Gram Panchayats at the village level,
functioning under the Goa Panchayat Raj Act, 1994. Urban areas are governed by municipal councils or municipal
corporations in accordance with the Goa Municipalities Act, 1968, and the Corporation of the City of Panaji Act, 2002.
These institutions are responsible for local administration, civic amenities, and community development within their
respective jurisdictions.[99]

Economy
Goa's state domestic product for 2017 is estimated at $11 billion at current Gross state domestic product (in
prices. Goa is India's richest state with the highest GDP per capita—two and a millions of rupees)[100]
half times that of the country—with one of its fastest growth rates: 8.23%
Year GSDP
(yearly average 1990–2000).[101] Tourism is Goa's primary industry: it gets
12%[102] of foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons: 1980 3,980
winter and summer. In winter, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come, 1985 6,550
and summer (which, in Goa, is the rainy season) sees tourists from across
1990 12,570
India. Goa's net state domestic product (NSDP) was around US$7.24 billion
in 2015–16.[103] 1995 33,190

2000 76,980
The land away from the coast is rich in minerals and ores, and mining forms
the second largest industry. Iron, bauxite, manganese, clays, limestone, and 2010 150,000

silica are mined. The Mormugao port handled 31.69 a million tonnes of cargo
in 2007, which was 39% of India's total iron ore exports. Sesa Goa (now owned by Vedanta Resources) and Dempo are
the lead miners. Rampant mining has been depleting the forest cover as well as posing a health hazard to the local
population. Corporations are also mining illegally in some areas. During 2015–16, the total traffic handled by Mormugao
port was recorded to be 20.78 million tonnes.

Agriculture, while of shrinking importance to the economy over the past four
decades, offers part-time employment to a sizeable portion of the populace. Rice is
the main agricultural crop, followed by areca, cashew, and coconut. Fishing employs
about 40,000 people, though recent official figures indicate a decline in the
importance of this sector and also a fall in the catch, due perhaps, to traditional
fishing giving way to large-scale mechanised trawling.

Medium-scale industries include the manufacturing of pesticides, fertilizers, tires,

tubes, footwear, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, wheat products, steel rolling, fruits and
fish canning, cashew nuts, textiles, brewery products.

Currently, there are 16 planned SEZs in Goa. The Goa government has recently
decided to not allow any more Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Goa after strong
opposition to them by political parties and the Goa Catholic Church.[104]
Vasantrao S. Dempo, aristocrat
Goa is also notable for its low-priced beer, wine, and spirits prices due to its very low and Industrialist, one of Goa's
wealthiest mining barons
excise duty on alcohol. Another main source of cash inflow to the state is remittance,
from many of its citizens who work abroad, to their families. It is said to have some
of the largest bank savings in the country.
In 1976, Goa became the first state in India to legalise some types of gambling. This enabled the state to levy taxes on
gambling, strengthening the economy. Manohar Parrikar granted permanent licences to casinos in 2014.[105][106] There
are several casinos available in Goa. From 2018 to 2019, tax revenue from casinos reached ₹4.14 billion (equivalent to
₹5.1 billion or US$54 million in 2023).[107]

Goa is the second state in India to achieve a 100 per cent automatic telephone system with a solid network of telephone
exchanges. As of September 2017, Goa had a total installed power generation capacity of 547.88 MW. Goa is also one of
the few states in India to achieve 100 per cent rural electrification.[108]

Train carrying iron ore to Commercial area in

Marmagao Port, Vasco Panaji

Tourism

Indian and foreign tourists at beaches in Goa. Ships can be seen in the background in the top image, while hills can be seen in
the background in the center image and Bogmalo beach near Goa airport in the bottom image.

Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with lower tourist activity inland. In 2010, there were more
than 2 million tourists reported to have visited Goa, about 1.2 million of whom were from abroad.[109] As of 2013, Goa
was a destination of choice for Indian and foreign tourists, particularly Britons who wanted to vacation outside their
countries. The state was hopeful that changes could be made which would attract a more upscale demographic.[110]
Goa stands 6th in the Top 10 Nightlife cities in the world in National Geographic Travel.[111] One of the biggest tourist
attractions in Goa is water sports. Beaches like Baga and Calangute offer jet-skiing, parasailing, banana boat rides, water
scooter rides, and more. Patnem beach in Palolem stood third in CNN Travel's Top 20 Beaches in Asia.[112]

Over 450 years of Portuguese rule and the influence of the Portuguese culture presents to visitors to Goa a cultural
environment that is not found elsewhere in India. Goa is often described as a fusion between Eastern and Western culture
with Portuguese culture having a dominant position in the state be it in its architectural, cultural or social settings. The
state of Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, churches, and temples.[113]

Historic sites and neighbourhoods

Goa has one World Heritage Site: the Bom Jesus Basilica[114] with churches and convents of Old Goa. The basilica holds
the mortal remains of Saint Francis Xavier, regarded by many Catholics as the patron saint of Goa (the patron of the
Archdiocese of Goa is actually Saint Joseph Vaz). These are both Portuguese-era monuments and reflect a strong
European character. The relics are taken down for veneration and for public viewing (exposition), per the prerogative of
the Church in Goa. The first exposition was held in 1782 nearly 230 years after the death of St. Francis Xavier. The
second exposition was held 77 years after the first exposition. After the Liberation of Goa, the expositions were held
every 10 years between December and January.[115] The last exposition was held in 2024.[116]

Tourist Arrivals[117]
Year Total Arrivals % Change
1985 775,212

1990 881,323 13.3

1995 1,107,705 23.7

2000 1,268,513 13.8

2005 2,302,146 66.3

Our Lady of Immaculate Conception
2010 2,644,805 13.9
Church in Panaji
2015 5,297,902 76.4

The Velhas Conquistas regions are known for Goa-Portuguese style architecture. There are many forts in Goa such as
Tiracol, Chapora, Corjuem, Aguada, Reis Magos, Nanus, Mormugao, Fort Gaspar Dias and Cabo de Rama.[118]

In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Indo-Portuguese style architecture still stand, though, in some
villages, most of them are in a dilapidated condition. Fontainhas in Panaji has been declared a cultural quarter,
showcasing the life, architecture and culture of Goa. Influences from the Portuguese era are visible in some of Goa's
temples, notably the Shanta Durga Temple, the Mangueshi Temple, the Shri Damodar Temple and the Mahalasa Temple.
After 1961, many of these were demolished and reconstructed in the indigenous Indian style.[119]

Museums and science centre

Goa has three important museums: the Goa State Museum, the Naval Aviation Museum and the National Institute of
Oceanography. The aviation museum is one of three in India (the others are in Delhi and Bangalore). The Goa Science
Centre is in Miramar, Panaji.[120] The National Institute of Oceanography, India (NIO) is in Dona Paula.[121] Museum of
Goa is a privately owned contemporary art gallery in Pilerne Industrial Estate, near Calangute.[122]

Beaches
Most of the beauty of Goa is present on the beaches. The coastline of about 103 kilometres (64 mi) has some of the most
attractive beaches flanked by the Arabian Sea. The beaches of Goa are counted among the most beautiful in the
world.[123] Some of the beaches include Anjuna Beach, Baga beach, Bambolim Beach, Calangute Beach, Candolim
Beach, Colva Beach, and Miramar [Link] has around 54 beaches minimum by a tourist website, however including
small minor beaches could take the count to 100+.[124]
Culture
Having been a Portuguese territory for over 450 years,[125] Goan culture is an
amalgamation of both Eastern and Western styles, with the latter having a
more dominant role. European royal attire of kings is as much part of Goa's
cultural heritage as are regional dances performed depicting a unique blend
of different religions and cultures of this State. Prominent local festivals are
Christmas, Easter, Carnival, Diwali, Shigmo, Chavoth, Samvatsar Padvo,
Dasara etc. The Goan Carnival and Christmas-new year celebrations attract
many tourists.

The Gomant Vibhushan, the highest civilian honour of the state of Goa, is
given annually by the Government of Goa since 2010.[126][127]

Dance and music

Being a former territory of Portugal, Goa has a dominant western musical
scene with the use of instrument such as the violin, drums, guitar, trumpet
and piano. It has also produced a number of prominent musicians and singers
for the world of Indian music. Portuguese Fado also has significance in Goa.

Traditional Goan art forms are Corridinho, Mando, Dekhnni, Fugdi, Dulpod
and Fado.[128]
Map of North Goan coastline
Many famous Indian classical singers hail from Goa, including Mogubai
Kurdikar, Lata Mangeshkar, Deenanath Mangeshkar, Kishori Amonkar,
Kesarbai Kerkar, Jitendra Abhisheki and Pandit Prabhakar Karekar.

Other famous Goan singers and musicians are Lorna Cordeiro (Nightingale of Goa),[129] Chris Perry and Alfred Rose
(Melody King of Goa).[130]

Theatre
Natak, Tiatr (most popular) and Zagor are the chief forms of Goa's traditional performance arts. Other forms are
Ranmale, Dashavatari, Kalo, Goulankala, Lalit, Kala and Rathkala. Stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata
along with more modern social subjects are narrated with song and dance.[131][132]

Jagor, the traditional folk dance–drama, is performed by the Hindu Kunbi and Christian Gauda communities of Goa, to
seek the Divine Grace for protection and prosperity of the crop. The literal meaning of Jagor is "jagran", or wakeful
nights. The strong belief is that the night-long performance awakens the deities once a year and they continue to remain
awake throughout the year guarding the village.

Perni Jagor is the ancient mask dance–drama of Goa, performed by Perni families, using well crafted and painted
wooden masks, depicting various animals, birds, supernatural power, deities, demons, and social characters.

Gauda Jagor is an impression of social life that displays all the existing moods and modes of human characters. It is
predominantly based on three main characters, Gharasher, Nikhandar, and Parpati, wearing shining dresses and headgear.
The performance is accompanied by vibrant tunes of Goan folk instruments like Nagara/Dobe, Ghumat, Mhadalem, and
Kansallem.

In some places, Jagor performances are held with the participation of both Hindus and the Christian community, whereby
characters are played by Hindus and musical support is provided by Christian artistes.[133]
Tiatr (Teatro) and its artists play a major role in keeping the Konkani language and music alive. Tiatrs are conducted
solely in the Roman script of Konkani as it is primarily a Christian community-based act. They are played in scenes with
music at regular intervals, the scenes are portrayals of daily life and are known to depict social and cultural scenarios.
Tiatrs are regularly held especially on weekends mainly at Kala Academy, Panaji, Pai Tiatrist Hall at Ravindra Bhavan,
Margao and most recent shows have also started at the new Ravindra Bhavan, Baina, Vasco. Western Musical
Instruments such as Drums, Bass, Keyboards, and Trumpets are part of the show and most of them are played
acoustically. It is one of Goa's few art forms that is renowned across the world with performances popular among Goans
in the Middle-East, Americas and Europe.

Konkani cinema
Konkani cinema is an Indian film industry, where films are made in the
Konkani language, which is spoken mainly in the Indian states of Goa,
Maharashtra and Karnataka and to a smaller extent in Kerala. Konkani films
have been produced in Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala.[134]

The first full-length Konkani film was Mogacho Anvddo, released on 24

April 1950, and was produced and directed by A. [Link] Braganza, a native
of Mapusa, under the banner of ETICA Pictures.[135][136] Hence, 24 April is
celebrated as Konkani Film Day.[137] Since 2004, starting from the 35th
edition, the International Film Festival of India moved its permanent venue India Goa Film Festival
to Goa, it is annually held in the months of November and December.[138]
Konkani film Paltadcho manis has been included in the world's best films of
2009 list.[139]

Konkani films are eligible for the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Konkani. The most commercially
successful Konkani film, as of June 2011, is O Maria directed by Rajendra Talak.[140] In 2012, the whole new change
was adopted in Konkani Cinema by introducing Digital Theatrical Film The Victim directed by Milroy Goes.[141] Some
old Konkani films are Sukhachem Sopon, Amchem Noxib, Nirmonn, Mhoji Ghorkarn, Kortubancho Sonvsar, Jivit
Amchem Oxem, Mog ani Moipas, Bhuierantlo Munis, Suzanne, Boglantt, Padri and Bhogsonne. Ujwadu is a 2011
Konkani film directed by Kasargod Chinna and produced by KJ Dhananjaya and Anuradha Padiyar.

Goan Film Movement

The Gen-Z Goan Film Movement, also known as the Goan New Wave, is a youth-driven development in Goan cinema
that began in late 2024 and expanded rapidly through 2025. It is characterised by a rise in independently produced short
films and documentaries by Goan filmmakers under the age of 25, several of which received international festival
recognition.

The movement gained early visibility after the environmental short film The Awakening by filmmaker Rameez Shaikh
won the South Asian Regional Award at the Don Bosco Global Youth Film Festival on 18 October 2024.[142] The film
was subsequently screened at the WAVES International Short Film Festival in January 2025 and at the Urban Adda Film
Festival in June 2025.[143]

A significant boost to documentary filmmaking within the movement came from Prachi Shirodkar and Mario Pimenta,
whose film Bhaangar Kalakusar Karigiri won Best Documentary at the Miseentage Indian Film Festival on 22 August
2025, followed by selections at NanoCon in the United States and at Jackson Doc Fest in Tennessee.[144]

During the same period, Pimenta’s environmental short Act To Achieve received its first international screening in the
United Kingdom and was later selected for the Egyptian American Film Festival in New York. His experimental horror
short RAW was screened at the Willlachen Comedy & Satire Filmprize in Vienna.[145]

The movement expanded as other youth filmmakers attracted international attention. The environmental documentary
Naturally Selected, created by Valanka, Shaurya, Aniza and Anaya with support from Fundação Oriente, was included in
the line-up of the Footprint Film Festival on 31 October 2025.[146]
By late 2025, Goan Gen-Z filmmakers had collectively achieved more than ten international festival selections across
documentary, environmental, social awareness and experimental genres. The movement is credited with expanding the
global visibility of Goan and Konkani cinema through low-budget production methods, mobile-phone filmmaking and
emerging youth-led creative networks.

Food

Goan prawn curry, a Pork vindaloo is a Chamuças, Goan Traditional Goan fish curry
popular dish throughout popular Goan curry dish samosas
the state in the state and around
the world.

Rice with fish curry (xit koddi in Konkani) is the staple diet in Goa. Goan cuisine is famous for its rich variety of fish
dishes cooked with elaborate recipes. Coconut and coconut oil are widely used in Goan cooking along with chili peppers,
spices, and vinegar, used in the Catholic cuisine, giving the food a unique flavor. Goan cuisine is heavily influenced by
Portuguese cuisine.

Goan food may be divided into Goan Catholic and Goan Hindu cuisine with each showing very distinct tastes,
characteristics, and cooking styles. Pork dishes such as vindalho, xxacuti, chouriço, and sorpotel are cooked for major
occasions among the Goan Catholics. A mixed vegetable stew, known as khatkhate, is a very popular dish during the
celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike. Khatkhate contains at least five vegetables, fresh coconut, and
special Goan spices that add to the aroma. Sannas, Hitt, are local rice cakes and Polle, Amboli, and Kailoleo are rice
pancakes; all are native to Goa. A rich egg-based, multi-layered baked sweet known as bebinca is traditional at
Christmas.

Stone chocolate is a type of handcrafted dark chocolate associated with Goan cuisine. It is made using traditional
techniques and often incorporates local ingredients, including spices that reflect the region's culinary heritage. The
chocolate is known for its smooth texture and rich flavor, influenced by Goa's tropical climate and unique cultural blend.

The most popular alcoholic beverage in Goa is feni. Cashew feni is made from the double distillation of the fermented
fruit juice of the cashew tree, while coconut feni is made from the double distillation of the fermented sap of toddy
palms. Urrak is another local liquor prepared from the single distillation of the fermented cashew fruit juice. In fact the
bar culture is one of the unique aspects of the Goan villages where a local bar serves as a meeting point for villagers to
unwind.[147] Goa also has a rich wine culture due to Portuguese rule.[148][149]

Architecture

The House of the Seven Velha Goa Galeria, in Panaji

Gables in Margao
The architecture of Goa is a combination of native Goan, Ottoman and Portuguese styles. Since the Portuguese ruled and
governed for four centuries, many churches and houses bear a striking element of the Portuguese style of architecture.
Goan Hindu houses do not show any Portuguese influence, though the modern temple architecture is an amalgam of
original Goan temple style with Dravidian, Hemadpanti, Islamic, and Portuguese architecture.[150] The original Goan
temple architecture fell into disuse as the temples were demolished by the Portuguese and the Sthapati known as Thavayi
in Konkani were converted to Christianity though the wooden work and the Kavi murals can still be seen.[151]

Transportation

Air
Goa is served by two international Airports. Goa International Airport, is a
civil enclave at INS Hansa, a Naval airfield[152] located at Dabolim, near
Vasco da Gama while the Manohar International Airport is located in the
North at Mopa.[153] Within five months of its inception, Mopa airport began
handling 30 per cent of all air traffic of Goa.[154] The airports cater to
scheduled domestic and international air services, with the new airport
having started international operations from March 2023.[155] Goa has
scheduled international connections to Doha, Dubai, Muscat, Sharjah and Goa International Airport, Dabolim
Kuwait in the Middle East by airlines like Air Arabia, Air India, GoAir,
IndiGo, Oman Air, SpiceJet and Qatar Airways.

Road
Goa's public transport largely
consists of privately operated
buses linking the major towns to
rural areas. Government-run
buses, maintained by the Most of Goa is well connected by roads.
Kadamba Transport Corporation,
link major routes (like the
Panaji–Margao route) and some remote parts of the state. The Corporation
owns 15 bus stands, 4 depots and one Central workshop at Porvorim and a
Government-run Kadamba buses at a Head Office at Porvorim.[156] In large towns such as Panaji and Margao,
bus station in Goa intra-city buses operate. However, public transport in Goa is less developed,
and residents depend heavily on their own transportation, usually motorised
two-wheelers and small family cars.

Goa has four National Highways passing through it. NH-66 (ex NH-17) runs
along India's west coast and links Goa to Mumbai in the north and Mangalore
to the south. NH-4A running across the state connects the capital Panaji to
Belgaum in east, linking Goa to cities in the Deccan. The NH-366 (ex NH-
17A) connects NH-66 to Mormugao Port from Cortalim. The new NH-566
(ex NH-17B) is a four-lane highway connecting Mormugao Port to NH-66 at
Verna via Dabolim Airport, primarily built to ease pressure on the NH-366
for traffic to Dabolim Airport and Vasco da Gama. NH-768 (ex NH-4A) links
Panaji and Ponda to Belgaum and NH-4. Goa has a total of 224 km (139 mi)
Motorcycle taxi, or pilot
of national highways, 232 km (144 mi) of state highway and 815 kilometres
(506 miles) of district highway. National Highways in Goa are among the
narrowest in the country and will remain so for the foreseeable future, as the state government has received an exemption
that allows narrow national highways. In Kerala, highways are 45 metres (148 feet) wide. In other states National
Highways are grade separated highways 60 metres (200 feet) wide with a minimum of four lanes, as well as 6 or 8 lane
access-controlled expressways.[157][158]

Hired forms of transport include unmetered taxis and, in urban areas, auto rickshaws. Another form of transportation in
Goa is the motorcycle taxi, operated by drivers who are locally called "pilots". These vehicles transport a single pillion
rider, at fares that are usually negotiated. Other than buses, "pilots" tend to be the cheapest mode of transport.[159] River
crossings in Goa are serviced by flat-bottomed ferry boats, operated by the river navigation department.

Goa will get two new expressways in the coming years, which will connect the state and will enhance connectivity and
commute with the rest of the country. They are as follows:

Nagpur–Goa Expressway: Proposed, to be completed by 2028/29.[160][161]

Konkan Expressway: Proposed.[162]

Rail
Goa has two rail lines – one run by the South Western Railway and the other
by the Konkan Railway. The line run by the South Western Railway was built
during the colonial era linking the port town of Vasco da Gama, Goa with
Belgaum, Hubli, Karnataka via Margao. The Konkan Railway line, which
was built during the 1990s, runs parallel to the coast connecting major cities
on the western coast.

Metro
Margao railway station
In 2018, a metro rail was planned by the NITI Aayog, linking the capital city
of Panaji. In the future, it would be extended from South Goa till the coastal
city of Karwar in Karnataka, close to the Kanataka-Goa border.[163]

Skybus Metro
Indian scientist B. Rajaram started the ambitious Skybus Metro project under
the Konkan Railway Corporation in partnership with Bharat Earth Movers
Limited (BEML). Like the Wuppertal Schwebebahn in Germany, the scheme
proposed an elevated, suspended railway layout where vehicles would swing
from above lines. The objective was to minimise urban congestion by
offering a quick and effective urban transportation alternative.

Despite its promise, the project encountered some obstacles, like as safety
issues after a 2004 test run disaster. The idea ultimately faced shelving
Skybus Metro car at a station
despite its early promise and creative approach to urban transportation.

Although the Skybus did not succeed, the idea demonstrated India's desire to
investigate other forms of transportation, and Indian Railways was granted a patent for the system.

Sea
The Mormugao Port Trust near the city of Vasco handles mineral ore, petroleum, coal, and international containers.
Much of the shipments consist of minerals and ores from Goa's hinterland. Panaji, which is on the banks of the Mandovi,
has a minor port, which used to handle passengers steamers between Goa and Mumbai till the late 1980s. There was also
a short-lived catamaran service linking Mumbai and Panaji operated by Damania Shipping in the 1990s.
Education

Goa University Carmel College for Goa Medical College,

Women, established previously called Escola
more than 50 years ago Médico–Cirúrgica de Goa
to address the education
gender gap, is affiliated to
Goa University.

Goa had India's earliest educational institutions built with European support. The Portuguese set up seminaries for
religious education and parish schools for elementary education. Founded c. 1542 by Saint Francis Xavier, Saint Paul's
College, Goa was a Jesuit school in Old Goa, which later became a college. St Paul's was once the main Jesuit institution
in Asia. It housed the first printing press in India and published the first books in 1556.[164][165][166]

Medical education began in 1801 with the offering of regular medical courses at the Royal and Military Hospital in the
old City of Goa. Built-in 1842 as the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de (Nova) Goa (Medical-Surgical School of Goa), Goa
Medical College is one of Asia's oldest medical colleges and has one of the oldest medical libraries (since 1845).[167] It
houses the largest hospital in Goa and continues to provide medical training to this day.

According to the 2011 census, Goa has a literacy rate of 87%, with 90% of males and 84% of females being literate.[168]
Each taluka is made up of villages, each having a school run by the government. Private schools are preferred over
government-run schools. All schools come under the Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, whose
syllabus is prescribed by the state education department. There are also a few schools that subscribe to the all-India ICSE
syllabus or the NIOS syllabus. Most students in Goa complete their high school with English as the medium of
instruction. Most primary schools, however, use Konkani and Marathi (in private, but government-aided schools). As is
the case in most of India, enrolment for vernacular media has seen a fall in numbers in favour of English medium
education. Per a report published in The Times of India, 84% of Goan primary schools were run without an
administrative head.[169]

Some notable schools in Goa include Sharada Mandir School in Miramar, Loyola High School in Margao and The King's
School in São José de Areal. After ten years of schooling, students join a Higher Secondary school, which offers courses
in popular streams such as Science, Arts, Law, and Commerce. A student may also opt for a course in vocational studies.
Additionally, they may join three-year diploma courses. Two years of college is followed by a professional degree
programme. Goa University, the sole university in Goa, is located in Taleigão and most Goan colleges are affiliated with
it.

There are six engineering colleges in the state. Goa Engineering College and National Institute of Technology Goa are
government-funded colleges whereas the private engineering colleges include Don Bosco College of Engineering at
Fatorda, Shree Rayeshwar Institute of Engineering and Information Technology at Shiroda, Agnel Institute of
Technology, and Design (AITD), Assagao, Bardez and Padre Conceicao College of Engineering at Verna. In 2004, BITS
Pilani one of the premier institutes in India, inaugurated its second campus, the BITS Pilani Goa Campus, at Zuarinagar
near Dabolim. The Indian Institute of Technology Goa (IIT Goa) began functioning from its temporary campus, located
in Goa Engineering College since 2016. The site for permanent campus was finalised in Cotarli, Sanguem.[170]

There are colleges offering pharmacy, architecture and dentistry along with numerous private colleges offering law, arts,
commerce and science. There are also two National Oceanographic Science related centres: the National Centre for
Antarctic and Ocean Research in Vasco da Gama and the National Institute of Oceanography in Dona Paula. Goa
Institute of Management located at Sanquelim, near Panaji is one of India's premier business schools. In addition to the
engineering colleges, there are government polytechnic institutions in Panaji, Bicholim and Curchorem, and aided
institutions like Father Agnel Polytechnic in Verna and the Institute of Shipbuilding Technology in Vasco da Gama which
impart technical and vocational training.[171]

Other colleges in Goa include Shri Damodar College of Commerce and Economics, V.V.M's R.M. Salgaocar Higher
Secondary School in Margao, G.V.M's S.N.J.A higher secondary school, Don Bosco College, D.M.'s College of Arts,
Science and Commerce, St Xavier's College, Carmel College, The Parvatibai Chowgule College, Dhempe College,
Damodar College, M. E. S. College of Arts & Commerce, S. S. Samiti's Higher Secondary School of Science and Rosary
College of Commerce & Arts. As the result of renewed interest in the Portuguese language and culture, Portuguese at all
levels of instruction is offered in many schools in Goa, largely private ones. In some cases, Goan students do student
exchange programs in Portugal.

Media and communication

Historically, the media in Goa grew in the late 1800s before being clamped down on during the rule of António de
Oliveira Salazar. The first printing press in Goa was founded in 1556.[172] In 1886, Tipografia Rangel, one of the
pioneers in widescale publishing was founded.[173] Prior to this the only existing presses were those of the government
and individual family presses existing to print the political newspapers such as O Ultramar. Tipografia Rangel was
among the leaders in providing print media to a larger section of society in Goa.[174]

Goa is served by almost all television channels available in India. Channels

are received through cable in most parts of Goa. In the interior regions,
channels are received via satellite dishes. Doordarshan, the national
television broadcaster, has two free terrestrial channels on air. Television
broadcasts (DD Goa) began in 1982.[175]

DTH (Direct To Home) TV services are available from Dish TV, Videocon
D2H, Tata Sky and DD Direct Plus. The All India Radio is the only radio
channel in the state that broadcasts on both FM and AM bands. Two AM
channels are broadcast, the primary channel at 1287 kHz and the Vividh
Bharati channel at 1539 kHz. AIR's FM channel is called FM Rainbow and is
broadcast at 105.4 MHz. A number of private FM radio channels are
available, Big FM at 92.7 and Radio Indigo at 91.9 MHz. There is also an
educational radio channel, Gyan Vani, run by IGNOU broadcast from Panaji
at 107.8 MHz. In 2006, St Xavier's College, Mapusa, became the first college
in the state to launch a campus community radio station "Voice of
Xavier's".[176]

Major cellular service operators include Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Essar, Idea Jaime Valfredo Rangel, Director of
Cellular (merged with Vodafone in 2018), Telenor, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Tipografia Rangel
DoCoMo, BSNL CellOne and Jio.

Local publications include the English language O Heraldo (Goa's oldest, once a Portuguese language paper), The
Gomantak Times and The Navhind Times. In addition to these, The Times of India and The Indian Express are also
received from Mumbai and Bangalore in the urban areas. The Times of India has recently started publication from Goa
itself, serving the local population news directly from the state capital. Among the list of officially accredited newspapers
are O Heraldo, The Navhind Times and The Gomantak Times in English; Bhaangar Bhuin in Konkani (Devanagari
script); and Tarun Bharat, Gomantak, Navprabha, Goa Times, Sanatan Prabhat, Govadoot and Lokmat (all in Marathi).
All are dailies. Other publications in the state include Planet Goa (English, monthly), Goa Today (English, monthly),
Goan Observer (English, weekly), Vauraddeancho Ixtt (Roman-script Konkani, weekly) Goa Messenger, Vasco Watch,
Gulab (Konkani, monthly), Bimb (Devanagari-script Konkani).[177]

One electronic mailing list that is based in Goa is Goanet.[178][179]

Sports
Association football is the most popular sport in Goa and is embedded in
Goan culture as a result of the Portuguese influence.[180] Its origins in the
state are traced back to 1883 when the visiting Irish priest Fr. William Robert
Lyons established the sport as part of a "Christian education".[180][181] On 22
December 1959, the Associação de Futebol de Goa was formed, which
continues to administer the game in the state under the new name Goa
Football Association.[180] Goa, along with West Bengal, Kerala and
Northeast India[180] is the locus of football in India and is home to many
football clubs in the national I-League. The state's football powerhouses
Fatorda Stadium
include Salgaocar, Dempo, Churchill Brothers, Vasco, Sporting Clube de Goa
and FC Goa. The first Unity World Cup was held in Goa in 2014. The state's
main football stadium, Fatorda Stadium, is located at Margao and also hosts
cricket matches. [182] The state hosted few matches of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup and several matches of the 2022
FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in Fatorda Stadium.[183][184]

A number of Goans have represented India in football and six of them, namely Samir Naik, Climax Lawrence,
Brahmanand Sankhwalkar, Bruno Coutinho, Mauricio Afonso and Roberto Fernandes have all captained the national
team. Goa has its own state football team and league, the Goa Professional League. It is probably the only state in India
where cricket is not considered the most important of all sports. Goan's are avid football fans, particularly of the football
teams from Portugal (Benfica, Sporting), and Brazil especially during major football events such as the European Cup
and the World Cup championships. The Portuguese footballer Ronaldo and Brazilian Neymar, are revered superstar
football players in Goa.

Goa also has its own cricket team. Dilip Sardesai and Shikha Pandey remain the only Goans to date to play international
cricket for India.[185] Another Goan cricketer, Suyash Prabhudessai was selected by the Royal Challengers Bangalore for
a base price of ₹20 lakh in IPL 2021 and for ₹30 lakh in IPL 2022.[186][187]

India (Goa) is a member of the Lusofonia Games which are hosted every four years in one of the Portuguese CPLP
member countries, with 733 athletes from 11 countries. Most of the countries competing are countries that are members
of the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries), but some are countries with significant Portuguese
communities or have a history with Portugal. This event is similar in concept to the Commonwealth Games (for members
of the Commonwealth of Nations) and the Jeux de la Francophonie (for the Francophone community).

Notable people

Organised crime
Several local Indian, Russian, Israeli and Nigerian criminal groups are reported to be heavily involved in the organised
drug trade in Goa, one of the smallest states of India. Sources reveal that there are also individual players who are
British, French, Italian, Portuguese, and of other European nationalities. Some have been visiting the state for over two
decades and have their fixed international and local clientele.[188] Goa has, in recent days, become a principal hub of the
international drug trade apart from being a key point of consumption. According to estimates, drugs flowing out of
different foreign locations lands on the comparatively unguarded Goan coastline as Mumbai and its hinterland are no
longer considered an easy route for trafficking since checks by the Coastguard, Navy, Customs, and other government
bodies began.[189]
See also
Konkan
LGBT rights in Goa
Portuguese Goa and Damaon

Notes

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Further reading
Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). "Goa" ([Link]
nica/Goa). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 159–161.
Andrada (undated). The Life of Dom John de Castro: The Fourth Vice Roy of India. Jacinto Freire de
Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664). Henry Herrington, New Exchange, London.
Facsimile edition (1994) AES Reprint, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-0900-X.

External links

Government

Government of Goa ([Link]

Department of Tourism ([Link]

General information

Geographic data related to Goa ([Link] at OpenStreetMap

Retrieved from "[Link]