ELG3311: Solutions for Assignment 1

Problem 2-6:

A 15-kVA 8000/230-V distribution transformer has an impedance referred to the primary

of 80 + j300Ω. The components of the excitation branch referred to the primary side are
RC = 350 kΩ and XM = 70 kΩ.
(a) If the primary voltage is 7967 V and the load impedance is ZL = 3.0 +j1.5 Ω, what
is the secondary voltage of the transformer? What is the voltage regulation of the
transformer?
(b) If the load is disconnected and a capacitor of –j4.0 Ω is connected in its place,
what is the secondary voltage of the transformer? What is its voltage regulation
under these conditions?

Solution:

(a) The turns ratio is

a = 8000 / 230 = 34.78

The load impedance referred to the primary side is

Z LP = a 2 Z L = (34.78) 2 (3.0 + j1.5) = 3629 + j1815 Ω

The referred secondary current is

VP 7967∠0°
I SP = = = 1.87∠ − 29.7° A
Z iP+ Z L (80 + j 300) + (3629 + j1815)
P

The referred secondary voltage is

VSP = I SP Z LP = (1.87∠ − 29.7°)(3629 + j1815) = 7588∠ − 3.1° V

The actual secondary voltage is

VSP 7588∠ − 3.1°

VS = = = 218.2∠ − 3.1° V
a 34.78

The voltage regulation is

VP − VSP 7967 − 7588

VR = = × 100% = 4.99%
VSP 7588

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(b) The turns ratio is

a = 8000 / 230 = 34.78

The load impedance referred to the primary side is

Z LP = a 2 Z L = (34.78) 2 (− j 4.0) = − j 4839 Ω

The referred secondary current is

VP 7967∠0°
I SP = = = 1.75∠89.0° A
Z iP+ Z L (80 + j 300) + (− j 4839)
P

The referred secondary voltage is

VSP = I SP Z LP = (1.75∠89.0°)(− j 4839) = 8468∠ − 1.0° V

The actual secondary voltage is

VSP 8468∠ − 1.0°

VS = = = 243.2∠ − 1.0° V
a 34.78

The voltage regulation is

VP − VSP 7967 − 8468

VR = = × 100% = −5.92%
VSP 8468

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Problem 2-7:

A 5000-kVA 230/13.8-kV single-phase power transformer has a per-unit resistance of 1

percent and a per-unit reactance of 5 percent (data taken from the transformer’s
nameplate). The open-circuit test performed on the low-voltage side of the transformer
yielded the following data: VOC = 13.8 kV, IOC = 15.1 A, POC = 44.9 kW
(a) Find the equivalent circuit referred to the low-voltage side of this transformer.
(b) If the voltage on the secondary side is 13.8 kV and the power supplied is 4000
kW at 0.8 PF lagging, find the voltage regulation of the transformer. Find its
efficiency.

Solution:

(a) The components of the excitation branch relative to the low-voltage side (secondary
side) are

I OC 15.1
YEX = GC − jBM = = = 0.0010942
VOC 13.8k
POC 44.9k
θ = − cos −1 = − cos −1 = −77.56°
VOC I OC (13.8k )(15.1)
YEX = YEX ∠θ = GC − jBM = 0.0010942∠ − 77.56° = 0.0002358 − j 0.0010685
1 1
RC = = = 4240 Ω
GC 0.0002358
1 1
XM = = = 936 Ω
BM 0.0010685

The base impedance of this transformer referred to the low-voltage side (secondary side)
is

2
Vbase (13.8k ) 2
Z base = = = 38.09 Ω
S base 5000k

So that

REQ = 1% Z base = (0.01)(38.09) = 0.38 Ω

X EQ = 5% Z base = (0.05)(38.09) = 1.90 Ω

The resulting equivalent circuit is shown below

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REQ ,S = 0.38 Ω X EQ,S = 1.9 Ω
RC ,S = 4240 Ω X M ,S = 936 Ω

(b) The secondary current is

Pout 4000 kW
IS = = = 362.3 A
VS PF (13.8 kV)(0.8)
θ = − cos −1 PF = − cos −1 (0.8) = −36.87°
I S = 362.3∠ − 36.87° A

The voltage on the primary side of the transformer (referred to the secondary side) is

VPS = VS + I S Z EQ,S = 13800∠0° + (362.3∠ − 36.87°)(0.38 + j1.9) = 14330∠1.9° V

The voltage regulation of the transformer is

VPS − VS 14330 − 13800

VR = × 100% = × 100% = 3.84%
VS 13800

The transformer copper losses and core losses are

Pcopper = I S2 REQ ,S = (362.3) 2 (0.38) = 49.9 kW

(VPS ) 2 (14330) 2
Pcore = = = 48.4 kW
RC 4240

Therefore the efficiency of this transformer at these conditions is

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 Pout 4000 kW
η= × 100% = × 100% = 97.6%
Pout + Pcopper + Pcore 4000 kW + 49.9 kW + 48.4 kW

Problem 2-8:

A 200-MVA, 15/200-kV single-phase power transformer has a per-unit resistance of 1.2

percent and a per-unit reactance of 5 percent (data taken from the transformer’s
nameplate). The magnetizing impedance is j80 per unit.
(a) Find the equivalent circuit referred to the low-voltage side of this transformer.
(b) Calculate the voltage regulation of this transformer for a full-load current at
power factor of 0.8 lagging.
(c) Assume that the primary voltage of this transformer is a constant 15 kV, and plot
the secondary voltage as a function of load current for currents from no load to
full load. Repeat this process for power factors of 0.8 lagging, 1.0, and 0.8
leading.

Solution:

(a) The base impedance of this transformer referred to the low-voltage side (primary) is

2
Vbase (15k ) 2
Z base = = = 1.125 Ω
S base 200M

So that

REQ = 1.2% Z base = (0.012)(1.125) = 0.0135 Ω

X EQ = 5% Z base = (0.05)(1.125) = 0.0563 Ω

And

X M = (80) Z base = (80)(1.125) = 90 Ω

The equivalent circuit referred to the low-voltage side of this transformer is shown below

REQ , P = 0.0135Ω X EQ , P = 0.0563Ω

RC , P = not − spcified X M , P = 90Ω

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(b) The current on the secondary side of the transformer (referred to the primary side) is

Pout 200 MW
I SP = = = 16667 A
VS PF (15 kW )(0.8)
θ = − cos −1 PF = − cos −1 (0.8) = −36.87°
I SP = 16667∠ − 36.87°A

The voltage on the primary side of the transformer is

VP = VSP + I SP Z EQ , P = 15000∠0° + (16667∠ − 36.87°)(0.0135 + j 0.0563) = 15755∠2.24°V

Therefore the voltage regulation of the transformer is

VP − VSP 15755 − 15000

VR = × 100% = × 100% = 5.03%
VSP 15000

(c) This problem is repetitive in nature, and is ideally suited for MATLAB. A program to
calculate the secondary voltage of the transformer as a function of load is shown below:

% M-file: prob2_8.m
% M-file to calculate and plot the secondary voltage
% of a transformer as a function of load for power
% factors of 0.8 lagging, 1.0, and 0.8 leading.
% These calculations are done using an equivalent
% circuit referred to the primary side.

% Define values for this transformer

VP = 15000; % Primary voltage (V)
amps = 0:166.67:16667; % Current values (A)
Req = 0.0135; % Equivalent R (ohms)
Xeq = 0.0563; % Equivalent X (ohms)

% Calculate the current values for the three

% power factors. The first row of I contains
% the lagging currents, the second row contains
% the unity currents, and the third row contains
% the leading currents.
I(1,:) = amps .* ( 0.8 - j*0.6); % Lagging
I(2,:) = amps .* ( 1.0 ); % Unity

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I(3,:) = amps .* ( 0.8 + j*0.6); % Leading

% Calculate VS referred to the primary side

% for each current and power factor.
aVS = VP - (Req.*I + j.*Xeq.*I);

% Refer the secondary voltages back to the

% secondary side using the turns ratio.
VS = aVS * (200/15);

% Plot the secondary voltage (in kV!) versus load

plot(amps,abs(VS(1,:)/1000),'b-','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(amps,abs(VS(2,:)/1000),'k--','LineWidth',2.0);
plot(amps,abs(VS(3,:)/1000),'r-.','LineWidth',2.0);
title ('\bfSecondary Voltage Versus Load');
xlabel ('\bfLoad (A)');
ylabel ('\bfSecondary Voltage (kV)');
legend('0.8 PF lagging','1.0 PF','0.8 PF leading');
grid on;
hold off;

The resulting plot of secondary voltage versus load is shown below:

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Problem 2-14:

A 13.2-kV single-phase generator supplies power to a load through a transmission line.

The load’s impedance is Zload = 500 ∠36.87°Ω , and the transmission line’s impedance is
Zline = 60 ∠53.1°Ω .

(a) If the generator is directly connected to the load, what is the ratio of the load
voltage to the generated voltage? What are the transmission losses of the system?
(b) If a 1:10 step-up transformer is placed at the output of the generator and a 10:1
transformer is placed at the load end of the transmission line, what is the new ratio
of the load voltage to the generated voltage? What are the transmission losses of
the system now? (Note: The transformers may be assumed to be ideal.)

Solution:

(a) In the case of the directly-connected load, the line current is

VG 13.2∠0°kV
I line = I load = = = 23.66∠ − 38.6°A
Z line + Z load 60∠53.1° + 500∠36.87°

The load voltage is

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Vload = I load Z load = (23.66∠ − 38.6°)(500∠36.87°) = 11.83∠ − 1.73°kV

The ratio of the load voltage to the generated voltage is

Vload 11.83 kV
ratio = = = 0.896
VG 13.2 kV

The resistance in the transmission line is

Rline = Z line cosθ = (60)(cos 53.1°) = 36Ω

The transmission losses in the system are

2
Ploss = I line Rline = (23.66) 2 (36) = 20.1 kW

(b) In this case, a 1:10 step-up transformer precedes the transmission line a 10:1 step-
down transformer follows the transmission line. If the transformers are removed by
referring the transmission line to the voltage levels found on either end, then the
impedance of the transmission line becomes

′ = a 2 Z line = (1 / 10) 2 (60∠53.1°) = 0.60∠53.1°Ω

Z line

The current in the referred transmission line and in the load becomes

VG 13.2∠0°kV
′ = I load =
I line = = 26.37∠ − 36.89° A
′ + Z load 0.60∠53.1° + 500∠36.87°
Z line

The load voltage is

Vload = I load Z load = (26.37∠ − 36.89°)(500∠36.87°) = 13.185∠ − 0.02°kV

The ratio of the load voltage to the generated voltage is

Vload 13.185k
ratio = = = 0.9989
VG 13.2k

The current in the transmission line is

I line = aI load = (1 / 10)(26.37) = 2.637 A

The losses in the transmission line are

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Ploss = I line
2
Rline = (2.637) 2 (36) = 250W

Problem 2-15:

A 5000-VA, 480/120-V conventional transformer is to be used to supply power from a

600-V source to a 120-V load. Consider the transformer to be ideal, and assume that all
insulation can handle 600 V.
(a) Sketch the transformer connection that will do the required job.
(b) Find the kilovoltampere rating of the transformer in the configuration.
(c) Find the maximum primary and secondary currents under these conditions.

Solution:

(a) The common winding must be the smaller of the two windings, and NSE = 4 NC. The
transformer connection is shown below:

(b) The kVA rating of the transformer is

N SE + N C 4NC + NC
S IO = SW = (5000) = 6250VA
NC NC

(c) The maximum primary current for this configuration is

S IO 6250
IP = = = 10.4 A
VP 600

The maximum secondary current is

S IO 6250
IS = = = 52.1A
VS 120

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Problem 2-19:

A 20-kVA, 20,000/480-V, 60-Hz distribution transformer is tested with the following

results:
Open-circuit test Short-circuit test
(measured from secondary side) (measured from primary side)
VOC = 480 V VSC = 1130 V
IOC = 1.60 A ISC = 1.00 A
POC = 305 W PSC = 260 W
(a) Find the per-unit equivalent circuit for this transformer at 60 Hz.
(b) What would be the rating of this transformer be if it were operated on a 50-Hz
power system?
(c) Sketch the per-unit equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the primary
side if it is operating at 50 Hz.

Solution:

(a) The base impedance of this transformer referred to the primary side is

VP2 (20000) 2
Z base, P = = = 20 kΩ
S 20k

The base impedance of this transformer referred to the secondary side is

VS2 (480) 2
Z base,S = = = 11.52 Ω
S 20k

The open-circuit test yields the values for the excitation branch (referred to the secondary
side)

I OC 1.60
YEX = = = 0.00333
VOC 480
POC 305
θ = − cos −1 = − cos −1 = −66.6°
VOC I OC (480)(1.60)
YEX = YEX ∠θ = GC − jBM = 0.00333∠ − 66.6° = 0.00132 − j 0.00306
1 1
RC = = = 757Ω
GC 0.00132
1 1
XM = = = 327Ω
BM 0.00306

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The excitation branch elements can be expressed in per-unit as

RC 757 XM 327
RC , pu = = = 65.7 pu X M , pu = = = 28.4 pu
Z base,S 11.52 Z base ,S 11.52

The short-circuit test yields the values for the series impedances (referred to the primary
side)

VSC 1130
Z EQ = = = 1130
I SC 1.00
PSC 260
θ = cos −1 = cos −1 = 76.7°
VSC I SC (1130)(1.00)
Z EQ = Z EQ ∠θ = REQ + jX EQ = 1130∠76.7° = 260 + j1100
REQ = 260 Ω
X EQ = 1100 Ω

The resulting per-unit impedances are

R EQ 260 X EQ 1100
R EQ , pu = = = 0.013 pu X EQ , pu = = = 0.055 pu
Z base , P 20k Z base , P 20k

Therefore the per-unit equivalent circuit is show below

REQ , pu = 0.013 pu X EQ , pu = 0.055 pu

RC , pu = 65.7 pu X M , pu = 28.4 pu

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(b) If this transformer were operated at 50 Hz, both the voltage and apparent power
would have to be derated by a factor of 50/60, so its ratings would be

S 50 = (50 / 60) S 60 = (50 / 60)(20k ) = 16.67 kVA

VP ,50 = (50 / 60)VP ,60 = (50 / 60)(20000) = 16667V
VS ,50 = (50 / 60)VS ,60 = (50 / 60)(480) = 400V

(c) The transformer parameters referred to the primary side at 60 Hz are

REQ = Z base REQ , pu = (20k )(0.013) = 260Ω

X EQ = Z base X EQ , pu = (20k )(0.055) = 1100Ω
RC = Z base RC , pu = (20k )(65.7) = 1.31MΩ
X M = Z base X M , pu = (20k )(28.4) = 568kΩ

At 50 Hz, the resistances will be unaffected but the reactances are reduced in direct
proportion to the decrease in frequency.

REQ ,50 = REQ ,60 = 260Ω

X EQ ,50 = (50 / 60) X EQ ,60 = (50 / 60)(1100) = 917Ω
RC ,50 = RC ,60 = 1.31MΩ
X M ,50 = (50 / 60) X M , 60 = (50 / 60)(568) = 473kΩ

The base impedance of the transformer operating at 50 Hz referred to the primary side is

VP2 (16667) 2
Z base , P ,50 = = = 16.67kΩ
S 16.67k

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The resulting per-unit equivalent circuit referred to the primary at 50 Hz is shown below

REQ ,50 260 X EQ ,50 917

REQ , pu ,50 = = = 0.016 pu X EQ , pu ,50 = = = 0.055 pu
Z base, P ,50 16.67 k Z base , P ,50 16.67 k
RC ,50 1.31M X M ,50 473k
RC , pu ,50 = = = 78.5 pu X M , pu ,50 = = = 28.4 pu
Z base , P ,50 16.67 k Z base, P ,50 16.67 k

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