COMPUTER

INTERFACING

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WHAT IS COMPUTER INTERFACING
COMPUTER INTERFACING
• A Microcontroller is a wonderful piece
of engineering.
• For it to do many things, it needs to
interact with the outside world(Input
and Output devices).
• The process of connecting devices
together so that they can exchange
the information is called interfacing.
• Cable used for interfacing IoT:
• USB cable
• Parallel cable
• Serial cable (RS 232)

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COMPUTER INTERFACING

WHAT IS COMPUTER INTERFACING

Signal – an electromagnetic impulse used to
convey data
Voltage - amount of potential energy between two
points on a circuit
• Electric pressure from a power source
Ground - connection to a particular point in an
electrical or electronic circuit
• electrical ground connection also minimizes the
susceptibility of equipment to interference, reduces
the risk of equipment damage due to lightning,
eliminates electrostatic buildup that can damage
system components, and helps protect personnel
who service and repair electrical, electronic, and
computer systems.
• an electrical ground drains away any unwanted
buildup of electrical charge
• When a point is connected to a good ground, that
point tends to stay at a constant voltage, regardless
of what happens elsewhere in the circuit or system . 3
BASIC ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

RESISTOR
• Resistors are used to resist the flow of current or to control the voltage in a circuit.
• The amount of resistance that a resistor offers is measured in Ohms.
• Most resistors have colored stripes on the outside and this code will tell you it’s
value of resistance.

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

RESISTOR

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

CAPACITOR
• store electricity and then discharges it back into the circuit when there is a drop in
voltage
• capacitor is like a rechargeable battery and can be charged and then discharged
• the value is measured in F (Farad), nano Farad (nF) or pico Farad (pF) range

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

• A component that emit light when electricity flows through it
• there is an anode(+) and cathode(-)
• Current always flows from the anode (+) to the cathode (-) and never in the
opposite direction.
• The longer leg of the LED is the positive (anode) side.

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

TRANSISTOR
• tiny switches that turn a current on or off when triggered by an electric signal

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Integrated Circuit (IC)

• a circuit that’s been reduced in size to fit inside a tiny chip.
• This circuit contains electronic components like resistors and capacitors but on a
much smaller scale.
• Integrated circuits come in different variations such as 555 timers, voltage
regulators, microcontrollers and many more.
• Each pin on an IC is unique in terms of its function.

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Switch
• Their basic function is to interrupt electric current by turning a circuit ON or OFF
• Switches can come in many forms such as pushbutton, rocker, momentary and
others

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Potentiometer
• A variable resistor is also known as a potentiometer.
• These components can be found in devices such as a light dimmer or volume
control for a radio.
• When you turn the shaft of a potentiometer the resistance changes in the circuit.

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)

• a variable resistor but is controlled by the light.
• The resistance in the circuit changes with the intensity of the light.
• These are often found in exterior lights that automatically turn on at dusk and off
at dawn.

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Diode
• allows electricity to flow in one direction and blocks it from flowing the opposite
way
• diode’s primary role is to route electricity from taking an unwanted path within the
circuit

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Relay
• an electrically operated switch that opens or closes when power is applied
• relay is an electromagnet which controls a mechanical switch

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BASIC ELECTRONIC
TOOLS

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BASIC ELECTRONIC TOOLS

Breadboard
• Breadboards are an essential tool for prototyping and building temporary circuits.
• These boards contain holes for inserting wire and components.
• Because of their temporary nature, they allow you to create circuits without
soldering.
• The holes in a breadboard are connected in rows both horizontally and vertically
as shown below.

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BASIC ELECTRONIC TOOLS

Digital Multimeter
• A multimeter is a device that’s used to measure electric current (amps), voltage
(volts) and resistance (ohms).
• It’s a great for troubleshooting circuits and is capable of measuring both AC and DC
voltage.

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BASIC ELECTRONIC TOOLS

Wire Cutter
• Wire cutters are essential for stripping stranded and solid copper wire.

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BASIC ELECTRONIC TOOLS

Soldering Iron
• When it’s time to create a permanent circuit, you’ll want to solder the parts
together.
• To do this, a soldering iron is the tool you would use.
• A soldering iron isn’t any good unless you have solder to go with it.
• You can choose leaded or lead-free solder in a few diameters.

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BASIC ELECTRONIC TOOLS

Screwdriver

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BASIC ELECTRONIC TOOLS

PLIERS

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MICROCONTROLLERS

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MICROCONTROLLERS

Microcontroller
• Microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to
perform the specific tasks of embedded systems.
• Microcontroller is a compressed micro computer manufactured to control the
functions of embedded systems in:
• office machines
• Robots
• home appliances
• motor vehicles, and
• several other gadgets

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Applications of Microcontroller
MICROCONTROLLERS
• Light sensing and
controlling
devices like LED
• Temperature
sensing and
controlling
devices
• Fire detection
and safety
devices
• Measuring
devices like
Voltmeter.

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MICROCONTROLLERS

ARDUINO
• prototype platform based on an easy-
to-use hardware and software.

• It consists of a circuit board, which

can be programed (referred to as a
microcontroller) and a ready-made
software called Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development
Environment) which is used to write
and upload the computer code to the
physical board.

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MICROCONTROLLERS

ARDUINO
• Arduino boards can read analog or
digital input signals from different
sensors and turn it into an output such
as activating a motor, turning LED on/off
and many other actions.
• board functions can be control by
sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino
IDE (referred to as uploading software).
• uses a USB cable.
• Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of
C++.

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MICROCONTROLLERS

Components of Arduino board

1. Power USB - Arduino board can be
powered by using the USB cable from
the computer
2. Power (Barrel Jack) - Arduino boards
can be powered directly from the AC
main power supply by connecting it to
the Barrel Jack
3. Voltage Regulator - The function of the
voltage regulator is to control the
voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the
processor and other elements

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MICROCONTROLLERS

Components of Arduino board

4. Crystal Oscillator – Arduino calculates
time using crystal oscillator
5 & 17. Arduino Reset - You can reset your
Arduino board, i.e., start your program from
the beginning
6. Supply 3.3 output volt
7. Supply 5 output volt
8. Ground (GND)
9. Vin - This pin also can be used to power
the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply

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MICROCONTROLLERS

Components of Arduino board

10. Analog pins - Arduino UNO board has
five analog input pins A0 through A5. These
pins can read the signal from an analog
sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a
digital value.
11. Main microcontroller - brain of the
board. The main IC (integrated circuit).
12. ICSP pin
13. Power LED indicator - LED should light
up when you plug your Arduino into a power
source to indicate that your board is
powered up correctly. If this light does not
turn on, then there is something wrong with
the connection 30
MICROCONTROLLERS

Components of Arduino board

14. TX and RX LEDs
15. Digital I/O - Arduino UNO board has 14
digital I/O pins. These pins can be
configured to work as input digital pins to
read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output
pins to drive different modules like LEDs,
relays, etc. The pins labeled “~”
16. AREF

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LED INTERFACING
WITH ARDUINO

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LED INTERFACING WITH ARDUINO

Prerequisites
• Knowledge in C/C++ programming

• basic understanding of microcontrollers and electronics

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LED INTERFACING WITH ARDUINO

Materials Needed
• Arduino Microcontroller
• USB A to B Cable (printer cable)
• 6 pcs LEDs
• 6 pcs Resistor (330 ohms)
• Breadboard
• Small wires/Jumper Wires

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LED INTERFACING WITH ARDUINO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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LED INTERFACING WITH ARDUINO

PICTORIAL DIAGRAM

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LED INTERFACING WITH ARDUINO

SOURCE CODE

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