Model 5: Domestic Wiring

Casing and Capping wiring system:

The process of connecting different accessories for distributing electrical energy from supplier to
home appliances such as lamps, fans and other domestic appliances is known as Electrical
Wiring. It is one of the simplest forms of electric wiring systems.

PVC insulated wires are placed in the plastic casing and covered with a cap, hence the name
‘Casing Capping’. Casing is a rectangular strip where the cables run through it having grooves.

The standard length of ‘case and cap’ is 1 meter and are available in size of 1.5 inch in width and
0.8 inch in thickness. The durability of this wiring system is 20 years approximately. It is mostly
used in Home and Office spaces. Sheathed wiring systems are used for industrial purpose as it
provides double insulation.

This wiring can be installed in both vertical and horizontal positions. Different types of joints are
used in this type of wiring system such as T joint, L-joint and Bridge joint etc.
Advantages of Casing Capping Wiring

 This wiring system is way cheaper than sheathed and conduit wiring systems.
 It is considered safe from smoke, dampness and humidity.
 Customized installation can be done in this wiring system.
 Reduced risk of electric shock can be expected.
 Repairing becomes very easy if phase and neutral wire is installed in separate slots.

Disadvantages of Casing Capping Wiring

 There is a risk of major fire due to short circuits because of plastic in this wiring system.
 This wiring system is not suitable in acidic conditions in industries.
 Difficulty in finding any fault caused in the wire.

Contd..
Electrical energy consumption
Power rating of household appliances

Max Units Consumed in an

Appliances Wattage (Max)
hour

1 Ton Air Conditioner 1000W 1 kWh

1 Ton Inverter Air Conditioner 1000W 1 kWh

1.5 Ton Air Conditioner 1500W 1.5 kWh

1.5 Ton Inverter Air Conditioner 1500W 1.5 kWh

2 Ton Air Conditioner 2000W 2 kWh

2 Ton Inverter Air Conditioner 2000W 2 kWh

32 Inch LCD TV 80W 0.08 kWh

32 Inch LED TV 60W 0.06 kWh

42 Inch LCD TV 130W 0.13 kWh

42 Inch LED TV 90W 0.09 kWh

50 Inch LCD TV 170W 0.17 kWh

50 Inch LED TV 110W 0.11 kWh

Air Fryer 1500W 1.5 kWh

Air Purifier 30W 0.03 kWh

Bread Toaster (4 Slice) 2500W 2.5 kWh

Ceiling Fan (48 Inch) 80W 0.08 kWh

Clothes Dryer 5000W 5 kWh

Coffee Maker 1400W 1.4 kWh

Computer Monitor 30W 0.030 kWh

Corded Drill 850W 0.85 kWh

Corded Electric Handheld Leaf Blower 2500W 2.5 kWh

Curling Iron 35W 0.035 kWh

 Max Units Consumed in an
Appliances Wattage (Max)
hour

Dehumidifier 240W 0.24 kWh

Desktop Computer 450W 0.45 kWh

Dishwasher 1500W 1.5 kWh

Domestic Water Pump 400W (1/2 HP) 0.4 kWh

DVD Player 60W 0.060 kWh

Electric Heater Fan 3000W 3 kWh

Electric Iron 1500W 1.5 kWh

Electric Kettle 1000W 1 kWh

Electric Shaver 20W 0.02 kWh

Electric stove 2000W 2 kWh

Fridge / Freezer 400W 0.4 kWh

Front Load Washing Machine 2200W 2.2 kWh

Fryer 1000W 1 kWh

Game Console 170W 0.17 kWh

Gaming PC 600W 0.6 kWh

Hair Blow Dryer 1000W 1 kWh

Hair Straightening Iron 300W 0.03 kWh

Home Internet Router 15W 0.015 kWh

Home Phone 5W 0.005 kWh

Home Sound System 95W 0.095 kWh

Hot Water Dispenser 1300W 1.3 kWh

Humidifier 40W 0.040 kWh

Induction Cooktop 2000W 2 kWh

 Max Units Consumed in an
Appliances Wattage (Max)
hour

Inkjet Printer 30W 0.03 kWh

Electric Iron 1000W 1 kWh

Laptop Computer 120W 0.12 kWh

Large Office Printer 2000W 2 kWh

Lawnmower 1400W 1.4 kWh

LED Light Bulb 10W 0.01 kWh

Microwave 2500W 2.5 kWh

Oven 2150W 2.15 kWh

Pedestal Fan 70W 0.07 kWh

Phone Charger 10W 0.0010 kWh

Projector 270W 0.27 kWh

Refrigerator 200W 0.2 kWh

Scanner 18W 0.018 kWh

Set Top Box 30W 0.03 kWh

Sewing Machine 80W 0.08 kWh

Steam Iron 1500W 1.5 kWh

Table Fan 25W 0.025 kWh

Top Load Washing Machine 2500W 2.5 kWh

Treadmill 900W 0.9 kWh

Tube Light 20W 0.020 kWh

Vacuum Cleaner 900W 0.9 kWh

Wall Mounted Fan 60W 0.06 kWh

Led Zero Bulb 0.5W 0.0005 kWh

Electrical energy UNIT: Electrical energy consumed when a device of power 1 kW is used for
1 hour continuously is called as 1unit and it is numerically written as 1 kWh.

Two-part electricity tariff: When the rate of electrical energy consumption is charged on the
basis of maximum demand of the consumer and the units consumed, is known as two part tariff.
In case of two-part tariff, the total charges are split into two components i.e., fixed charges and
running charges.

The fixed charges depend upon the maximum demand sanctioned to the consumer and running
charges are charged depending on number of units consumed by the consumer. This type of tariff
is mostly applicable to domestic consumers.

Total charges = Rs (b × kW + c × kWh)

b = charge per kW of maximum demand
c = charge per kWh of energy consumed

Advantages:
• It is very easy to understand
• It recovers the fixed charges which depend upon the maximum demand of the consumer but
independent of the units consumed

Disadvantages:
• The consumer must pay the fixed charges irrespective of the fact that whether he has consumed
or not
• There is always an error in assessing the maximum demand of the consumer.

Contd..
Fuse:
A fuse is a short piece of metal, inserted in the circuit, which melts when excessive current flows
through it and thus breaks the circuit.
The fuse element is generally made of materials having low melting point, high conductivity and
least deterioration due to oxidation e.g., silver, copper etc. It is inserted in series with the circuit
to be protected. Under normal operating conditions, the fuse element is at a temperature below
its melting point. Therefore, it carries the normal current without overheating. However, when a
short-circuit or overload occurs, the current through the fuse increases beyond its rated value.
This raises the temperature and fuse element melts (or blows out), disconnecting the circuit
protected by it. In this way, a fuse protects the machines and equipment from damage due to
excessive currents. The time required to blow out the fuse depends upon the magnitude of
excessive current. The greater the current, the smaller is the time taken by the fuse to blow out.
In other words, a fuse has inverse time-current characteristics as shown in the graph. Such a
characteristic permits its use for overcurrent protection.

Advantages
 It is the cheapest form of protection available.
 It can break heavy short-circuit currents without noise or smoke.
 The inverse time-current characteristic of a fuse makes it suitable for overcurrent protection.
 The minimum time of operation can be made much shorter than with the circuit breakers.
Disadvantages
 Maintenance is required in rewiring or replacing a fuse after operation.
 The current-time characteristic of a fuse cannot always be co-related with that of the protected
apparatus.

Contd..
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
A miniature circuit breaker is an equipment which can open or close a circuit under all
conditions viz. no load, full load and fault conditions. It is so designed that it can be operated
manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and automatically under fault
conditions. For the latter operation, a relay circuit is used with a circuit breaker. Fig. below
shows its control by a relay circuit.

Under normal operating conditions, the contacts remain closed and the circuit breaker carries the
full-load current continuously. In this condition, the EMF in the secondary winding of current
transformer (C.T.) is insufficient to operate the trip coil of the breaker but the contacts can be
opened (and hence the circuit can be opened) by manual or remote control.

When a fault occurs, the resulting overcurrent in the C.T. primary winding increases the
secondary e.m.f. This energises the trip coil of the breaker and moving contacts are pulled down,
thus opening the contacts and hence the circuit. The arc produced during the opening operation is
quenched by the oil. It is interesting to note that relay performs the function of detecting a fault
whereas the circuit breaker does the actual circuit interruption.

Advantages of MCBs:

 MCBs have more sensitive to current than fuse.

 It has quick work against short circuits.
 It is reusable hence less maintenance cost.
 It is very simple to resume the supply.

Disadvantages of MCBs:

 The cost of the MCB is greater than the fuse.