1
Scope
• Introduction
• Definition
• Classification & Types of Disasters
• Disaster Management
• Disaster Preparedness
• Medical and Public Health Response
• Public Health Impact of Disaster
• Disaster Mitigation
• Recent Disasters in the Philippines
• Disaster Management in the Philippines
• Areas of Concerns and Future
2
Introduction
• Disasters are as old as Mankind.
• The first description of Disaster and its management
comes from mythological “Noah” and his ark.
• Similar Flood tales are widespread in Greek Mythology,
Puranas, Mesopotamian stories, and many cultures.
3
Introduction
Etymology
Originated from Greek
dus = bad aster = star
Calamity due to position of a planet or a star.
Then evolved in Italian as disastro,
To become French désastre ([Link]ʁ).
& then disaster .
4
Definition
Disaster -
Any occurrence that causes
damage, ecological disruption,
loss of human life,
deterioration of health and health services
on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected community or
area.(WHO)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence
either nature or man made that causes human
suffering and creates human needs that victim
cannot alleviate without assistance.
(American Red Cross)
5
Definition
Hazard -
Any phenomenon that has the potential to cause
disruption or damage to people and their environment.
“A hazard is a natural event while the disaster is
its consequence. A hazard is perceived natural event
which threatens both life and property……
A disaster is a realization of this hazard.”
-John Whittow
• When hazard involves elements of risks,
vulnerabilities and capacities, they can turn into
disasters.
• Hazards may be inevitable but disasters can be
prevented. 6
Vulnerability
The propensity of things to be damaged by a hazard.
Capacity to cope
High Low
Low High
High
Exposure to Vulnerability
Hazard
Low
Very low Low
7
Disaster occurs when hazards meet vulnerability
Progression of vulnerability
Root causes Dynamic pressures Unsafe conditions Hazards
Lack of – Fragile physical
Earthquake
•Local institutes environment
NOT PREVENTED High winds
•Training •Dangerous
Hurricane
•Appropriate skills locations
Cyclone
•Local investment •Unprotected
Typhoon
•Local market buildings &
Limited Flood
•Media freedom infrastructure
Access to - Volcanic -
• Power •Ethical standards eruptions
in public life Fragile local -
• Structure Landslides
economy
• Resources Drought
Macro forces- •Livelihoods at risk
Virus
•Rapid population •Low income levels
Ideologies- Bacteria
growth
• Political - Vulnerable society Pests
•Rapid
system •Special groups at Fire
urbanization
• Economic risk Chemicals
•Arms expenditure
- system Radiation
•Debt repayments
Public actions Armed -
•Deforestation
•Lack of conflicts
•Decline in soil
productivity preparedness
•Endemic disease
Classification of Disasters
Natural Man made
Disasters Disasters
Meteorological Technological
Topographical Industrial
Environmental Warfare
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Meteorological Topographical Environmental
Disasters Disasters Disasters
• Floods • Earthquake • Global
• Tsunami • Volcanic warming
• Cyclone Eruptions • El Niño-
• Hurricane • Landslides Southern
and Oscillation
• Typhoon
Avalanches • Ozone
• Snow storm
• Asteroids depletion-
• Blizzard UVB
• Limnic
• Hail storm Radiation
eruptions
• Solar flare
10
Technological Industrial Warfare
• Transport • Chemical • War
failure spills • Terrorism
• Public place • Radioactive • Internal
failure spills conflicts
• Fire • Civil unrest
• CBRNE
11
Disaster Management
The body of policy and administrative decisions and
operational activities that pertain to various stages of a
disaster at all levels.
An applied science which seeks, by systemic
observation and analysis of disasters, to improve
measures relating to prevention, emergency
response, recovery and mitigation.
Encompasses all aspects of planning for, and
responding to disasters, including both pre and post
disaster activities.
12
Disaster Management
A continuous and integrated process of
planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing
measures which are necessary or expedient for-
● Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.
● Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or
consequences.
● Capacity-building.
● Preparedness to deal with any disaster.
● Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation
or disaster.
● Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any
disaster.
● Evacuation, rescue and relief.
● Rehabilitation and reconstruction.
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Activities that reduce Activities prior to a
effects of disasters disaster.
• Building codes & • Preparedness plans
zoning • Emergency exercises
• Vulnerability Prepared- • Training,
analyses ness • Warning systems
• Public education
Integrated
Mitigation Disaster Response
Management
Activities during a
Activities following a
disaster.
disaster.
Recovery • Public warning
• Temporary
systems
housing
• Emergency
• Claims processing
operations
• Grants
• Search & rescu1e4
• Medical care
Disaster management continuum
PROACTIVE STRATEGY
FUNDAMENTAL
HOLISTIC OF PROMPT &
Incident
AND EFFECTIVE
CONTINUOS RESPONSE
PROCESS
15
PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Impact
Disaster Response
Disaster Recovery
Disaster Mitigation
16
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster preparedness - is ongoing multisectoral activity.
Integral part of the national system responsible for
developing plans and programmes for
disaster management,
prevention,
mitigation,
response,
rehabilitation and
reconstruction.
17
Disaster Preparedness
Co-ordination of a variety of sectors to carry
out-
➢ Evaluation of the risk.
➢ Adopt standards and regulations.
➢ Organize communication and response mechanism.
➢ Ensure all resources- ready and easily mobilized.
➢ Develop public education programmes.
➢ Coordinate information with news media.
➢ Disaster simulation exercises.
18
Medical Preparedness &
Mass Casualty Management
Developing and capacity building of medical team for
Trauma & psycho-social care,
Mass casualty management and Triage.
Determine casualty handling capacity of all hospitals.
Formulate appropriate treatment procedures.
Involvement of private hospitals.
Mark would be care centers that can function as a
medical units.
Identify structural integrity and approach routes.
19
Disaster Response
Immediate reaction to disaster as the disaster is
anticipated, or soon after it begins in order to assess the
needs, reduce the suffering, limit the spread and
consequences of the disaster, open up the way to
rehabilitation.
By-
➢ Mass evacuation
➢ Search and rescue
➢ Emergency medical services
➢ Securing food and water
➢ Maintenance of Law & Order
20
Disaster Impact & Response
21
Medical and Public Health response
• Pre-hospital emergency services -
➢ Linkage to govt. incident command system.
➢ External medical services and extrication workers.
➢ Search and Rescue teams.
• Assessment of immediate health needs.
• Identification of medical & health resources.
• Temporary field treatment
Prompt and proper treatment to save lives.
22
rity
Dead y
23
Mobile surgical teams, Mobile hospitals.
Medical and Public Health response
Food safety and Water Safety
Animal control- Carcasses can foul water,
Zoonotic diseases.
Vector control- Mosquito and Rodents
Communicable disease control:
Measles, diarrheal diseases, ARI, and malaria
Breakdown in environmental safeguards.
Crowding of persons in camps, Malnutrition.
Waste management
Temporary latrines
Chemical toileting
Sewage disposal damage.
24
Medical and Public Health response
Management of hazardous agent exposure
Particular matter
Also Infectious agents if hospital or scientific
laboratories damaged
Mental health
Specialized psychological triage and treatment
significant in terrorism.
Information
Behavioral Contagion handling
Risk communication
25
Consequences of Disaster
Health -
Physical – Entanglement, Injuries, Disabilities,
Coma ,Death.
Psychological - Cognitive, Behavioral, Social.
Structural Damage – to variable extent.
Ecological - Changes in eco system.
Economical - Financial losses.
26
Symptoms after disaster
Physiological Cognitive Emotional Behavioral
Symptoms Symptoms Symptoms Symptoms
• Fatigue • Memory loss • Anxiety • Insomnia
• Shock • Distractibility • Feeling • Substance
symptoms • Reduced overwhelmed abuse
• Profuse attention • Grief • Gallows
sweating span • Identification humor
• Fine motor • Decision with victims • Gait change
tremors making • Depression • Ritualistic
• Chills difficulties • Anticipation behavior
• Teeth • Calculation of harm to • Hyper
grinding difficulties self or others vigilance
• Muscle aches • Confusion on • Irritability • Unwillingness
• Dizziness trivial and to leave
major issues scene
27
Factors which may affect reactions
Disaster Related Factors Host Related Factors
• Lack of warning • Health
• Scope of the event • Disabled, Invalid
• Abrupt contrast of scene • Medical problems
• Personal loss or injury • Social
• Type of disaster • Lack of support network-
• Traumatic stimuli Divorced, Widowed
• Nature of the destructive • Cultural: language barriers
agent • Demographic
• Human error • Age: younger and older
• Time of occurrence have more difficulties
• Lack of opportunity for • Sex: more stress in women,
effective action but more resilient
• Environment (temperature, • Past History
humidity, pollution…) • Traumatic events
• Mental illness or emotional
problems
28
Disasters and Diseases
Epidemic diseases
❖ May be consequences of disasters.
❖ Some tend to become pandemics, to evolve as
disaster
➢Plague of Justinian from 541 to 750 AD , killed
about 60% (100 Millions) of Europe's population.
➢The Black Death of 1347 to 1352 AD killed 25
million in Europe.
➢Spanish flu killed 50 million people in 1918-
1919, more than those died in precedent First
World War.
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Communicable Diseases after Disasters
Pre existing Diseases in the Population :
dysentery, cholera, measles, tuberculosis, malaria,
intestinal parasites, scabies, skin infections.
Ecological Changes :
➢Altered ecology- vector
borne and water
borne diseases
➢Living conditions - plague,
louse borne typhus
and relapsing fever.
➢Stray animals and wild
animal displacement - rabies.
Damage to public Utilities :
Water supplies & sewage disposal disrupted. 30
Communicable Diseases after Disasters
Population Movements :
➢ Introduction of new disease or vector.
➢ In settlements - diarrheal diseases , measles, viral
hepatitis, whooping cough, malaria etc.
Interruption in Public Health Services :
➢Disruption of curative and preventive services.
➢Interrupted vector control - malaria, dengue
➢Interrupted immunization - measles, whooping
cough, and diphtheria.
Altered Individual Resistance to diseases :
➢Malnutrition increases susceptibility to diseases .
31
Diseases after Man Made Disasters
➢ Will depend upon particular exposure type.
➢ Symptoms and diseases differ widely.
➢ Spectrum may range from simple non fatal injuries to
chromosomal defects.
➢ Again technology that is capable of producing mass
destruction weapons and developments in bio-
technology leading to invention of deadly bio-attack
organisms ,is of ever growing concern for world .
32
Sexual violence
Rape, Exploitation & Sexual violence
Causes: Separation of women from family
Weakened social structures
Increased aggressive behavior
Human right violations
Torture of civilian
Physical and psychological harms
Sex trafficking
Child labour
Denial of basic needs
33
Mental Health Impact of Disasters
Post traumatic stress disorder
Stage one - Adrenergic surge.
Stage two - Helplessness and a loss of self-control.
Stage three - Despondency and demoralization.
Children - Developmental age is more important
Preschoolers - Increased arousal, fear.
School-age children - reckless ,psychosomatic
signs.
Adolescents - some partake in rescue and recovery,
regression & withdrawal possible.
Elderly - increased risk for physical injury, than mental.
34
Secondary victims of a disaster.
Stress reactions seen in non-professionals.
More emotional trauma if involved in a failed rescue
attempts (especially if children are involved).
Inexperienced body handlers become more sensitive.
19 August is observed as World Humanitarian Day in
honour of aid workers, who lost their lives.
35
Repatriation - after the emergency is over, displaced
people return to their place of origin.
Rehabilitation - restoration of basic social functions.
Providing temporary shelters,
Stress debriefing for responders and victims,
Economic Rehabilitation,
Psycho-social Rehabilitation,
Scientific Damage Assessment,
Elements of recovery
Community recovery (including psychological).
Infrastructure recovery (services and lifelines).
Economy recovery ( financial, political ).
Environment recovery.
36
Reconstruction
Rebuilding homes.
Permanently repairing and rebuilding infrastructures.
Elements -
Owner Driven Reconstruction.
Speedy Reconstruction.
Linking Reconstruction with Safe Development.
37
Disaster Mitigation
Permanent reduction of risk of a disaster,
to limit impact on human suffering and economic assets.
Primary mitigation - reducing hazard & vulnerability.
Secondary mitigation - reducing effects of hazard.
Components:
Reducing hazard - protection against threat by
removing the cause of threat.
Reducing vulnerability - reducing the effect of threat
Natural hazards are inevitable, reduce vulnerability.
38
Components of Disaster Mitigation
Hazard identification and mapping –
Assessment – Estimating probability of a damaging
phenomenon of given magnitude in a given area.
Considerations-
History
Probability of various intensities
Maximum threat
Possible secondary hazards
Vulnerability analysis –
A process which results in an understanding of the types and
levels of exposure of persons, property, and the environment
to the effects of identified hazards at a particular time.
39
Components of Disaster Mitigation
Risk analysis –
Determining nature and scale of losses which can be
anticipated in a particular area.
Involves analysis of
Probability of a hazard of a particular
magnitude.
Elements susceptible to potential loss/damage.
Nature of vulnerability.
Specified future time period.
Prevention –
Activities taken to prevent a natural phenomenon or potential
hazard from having harmful effects on either people or
economic assets.
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Disaster Mitigation Measures
Active measures Passive measures
• Promotion of desired • Prevent undesired
actions by - actions by -
• Planning control. • Requirement to conform
• Training & education. with design codes.
• Economic assistance. • Checking compliance of
• Subsidies. controls on site.
• Facilities-refugee • Court proceedings
points, storage. • Fines, Closure orders
• Public information. • Control land use.
• Denial of utilities in
areas development
undesired.
41
PHILIPPINES CLIMATE VULNERABILITY PROFILE
Wildfire - .17%; volcanic activity - 3.23%; drought – 1.36%; earthquake – 4.76%; epidemic – 3.06%; flood – 23.13%; landslide –
4.93%; mass movement - .34%; miscellaneous accident – 12.07%; storm – 46.94%
Major Disasters in the Philippines as of 2023
S.
Event Year State & Area Effects
N
1 Drought 1972 Large part of country 200 million affected
10,000 people & 40,000
2 Cyclone 1977 Andhra Pradesh
cattle died
3 Drought 1987 15 states 300 million affected
967 died. 435,000 acres
4 Cyclone 1990 Andhra Pradesh
land affected
7,928 people died.30,000
5 Earthquake 1993 Latur, Maharashtra
injured
Andhra Pradesh 1000 people died.5,80,000
6 Cyclone 1996
houses destroyed
Super
7 1999 Orissa Over 10,000 deaths
cyclone
13,805 deaths,6.3 millions
8 Earthquake 2001 Bhuj,Gujrat
affected 43
Major Disasters in India (last 40 years)
S.
Event Year State & Area Effects
N
Coastline TN, Kerala,
10,749 deaths.5,640
9 Tsunami 2004 AP, A&N islands &
missing,2.79 Millions
Puducherry
July 1094 deaths
10 Floods Maharashtra
2005 167 injured, 54 missing
11 Earthquake 2008 Kashmir 1400 deaths
527 deaths,19,323 cattle
12 Kosi floods 2008 North Bihar
died
13 Cyclone 2008 Tamilnadu 204 deaths
Krishna Andhrapradesh &
14 2009 300 died
floods Karnataka
June 5,700 deaths,
15 Flash flood Uttarakhand
2013 70,000 affected
Phailin Oct Coastline of Orissa, 27 died, 10,00,000
16
Cyclone 2013 Jharkhand evacuations 44
Flood,
Uttarakhand
According to a 2023 study, the 2013
Philippines was the country with the
highest natural disaster risk in the world.
The Pacific archipelago was given a
disaster risk index (WRI) of 46.86, followed
by Indonesia.
The WRI index is calculated by
considering how exposed countries are
to natural disasters together with how
vulnerable they are to them.
45
Developments in Disaster Management
The Philippine Congress enacted
the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act
in 2010 to establish a multilevel
disaster risk management system.
Moreover, the Philippine Government
is putting significant thought into
developing resilient infrastructure to
allow communities to recover swiftly.
Disaster Management
Paradigm Response centric to Holistic &
Shift Integrated Approach
Backed Institutional
Legal Authority
By Framework
Supported Financial Creations of
By Mechanisms Separate Funds
Institutional Framework
Disaster Management Structure
The Philippines' disaster management structure, led
by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC), focuses on a
multi-sectoral, inter-agency approach, encompassing
prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery,
with the goal of building resilient communities.
National Level:
➢NDRRMC:
The NDRRMC, formerly known as the National
Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), is the
primary body responsible for disaster risk reduction
and management.
48
Institutional Framework
Disaster Management Structure
• Mandate:
The NDRRMC is empowered with policy-making,
coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring,
and evaluation functions related to disaster risk
reduction and management initiatives.
• Structure:
It's a multi-sectoral body composed of heads of
different executive departments, government
institutions, local government associations, civil
society organizations, and the private sector.
48
Institutional Framework
Disaster Management Structure
• Key Roles:
The NDRRMC plans and leads activities in
communication, warning signals, emergency
response, evacuation, rescue, engineering, health,
rehabilitation, public education, and auxiliary
services.
• Legal Framework:
The NDRRMC's functions are based on the
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121).
48
Institutional Framework
Disaster Management Structure
• Under the NDRRMC:
The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) under the
Department of National Defense (DND) administers
the NDRRMC.
• Thematic Areas:
The NDRRMC operates on four thematic areas or
pillars: Prevention and Mitigation, Preparedness,
Response and Early Recovery, and Recovery and
Rehabilitation.
48
Institutional Framework
Disaster Management Structure
• National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan (NDRRMP):
The NDRRMP, which covers the period from 2020
to 2030, establishes the linkage between disaster
risk reduction and management (DRRM), climate
change adaptation (CCA), and human security.
• Ready to Rebuild:
A joint program of the NDRRMC, OCD, and the
World Bank, enhances the capacity of national and
local governments to recover better and faster from
48
natural disasters and climate risks.
Related with Disasters
Type of Disaster Affected
Natural - Flood, Tropical Cyclone,
Earthquake Home Affairs
Manmade-Civil strife
Drought Agriculture
Biological, Epidemics Health & Family Welfare
Chemical, Forest related Environment & Forest
Nuclear Atomic Energy
Air Accidents Civil Aviation
Railway Accidents Railway
Industrial Accidents Labour
49
Mitigation Projects
• Cyclones - 308 Million US $.(World Bank)
• Earthquakes - Rs. 1597 Cr.
• Pilot Project for School Safety: Rs. 48 Cr.
• Disaster Information & Communication Network - Rs. 821 Cr.
Also projects are being implemented for -
➢ Landslides.
➢ Floods.
➢ Medical Preparedness.
➢ Creation of National Disaster Response Reserves
50
Disaster Management
• All new Projects/ Programmes will mandatorily have
inbuilt disaster resilience. (at conceptualization level).
• Planning Commission and the Ministry of Finance to give
approval to the projects only if disaster resilience self
certification is provided.
• Ongoing Projects to be revisited to include disaster
resilience audit.
• Infrastructural loans to be sanctioned by the Banks only
after due diligence on disaster resilience audit.
51
Disaster Management
• Existing Lifeline Projects to be selectively revisited and
retrofitted.
• Generation awareness by introduction of DM in
education.
• Documentation –India Disaster Report.
• Training at community-PRI & Local self Govt. members
52
Disaster Management
• NIDM provides Web based training courses.
[Link]
• Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management Framework
6 weeks course ; Fee 1500/-
• Thematic- 9 Types; 4 weeks & Course fee Rs 1000/-
• Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment
• Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning
• Risk Analysis
• Community Based Disaster Risk Management
• Climate Change & Disaster Risks
• Financial Strategies for Managing the Economic
Impacts of Natural Disasters
• Earthquake Risk Reduction
• Safe Cities
• Gender Aspects of Disaster Recovery &
Reconstructions
53
Disaster Management
• NIDM provides Web based training courses.
• Satellite based demonstration cum Training Programme on
Disaster Management conducted through Edu-SAT Network.
• Self E-learning courses- @ [Link]
1) Basics of Disaster Management
2) Community Based Disaster Risk Management(CBDRM)
3) A Guide for Civil Defense Volunteers
4) A Guide for Public Health Worker
5) School Safety
6) Introduction to Earthquake Risk Mitigation & Management
7) Introduction to Flood Risk Mitigation and Management
8) Introduction to Cyclone Risk Mitigation and Management
9) Introduction to Industrial Chemical Disaster Risk Mitigation
and Management
54
Disaster Management
• NIDM provides Web based training courses.
• Satellite based demonstration cum Training Programme on
Disaster Management conducted through Edu-SAT Network.
• Self E-learning courses- @ [Link]
1) Basics of Disaster Management
2) Community Based Disaster Risk Management(CBDRM)
3) A Guide for Civil Defense Volunteers
4) A Guide for Public Health Worker
5) School Safety
6) Introduction to Earthquake Risk Mitigation & Management
7) Introduction to Flood Risk Mitigation and Management
8) Introduction to Cyclone Risk Mitigation and Management
9) Introduction to Industrial Chemical Disaster Risk Mitigation
and Management
54
Response and Rescue
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
Composition: 10 battalions
Tasks-
Specialized Response during disasters.
Well equipped and trained in search and rescue.
Assist in Community Training & Preparedness.
Impart basic and operation level training to SDRF.
Proactive Deployment during impending disaster
situations.
Liaison, Rehearsals and Mock Drills.
55
56
56
56
NDRF Battalions in India
56
NDRF Battalions in India
56
NDRF Battalions in India
56
NDRF Battalions in India
56
NDRF Battalions in India
56
Areas of Concern
❖ Activating an Early Warning System network and its
close monitoring.
❖ Mechanisms for integrating the scientific,
technological and administrative agencies for effective
disaster management.
❖ Terrestrial communication links which collapse in the
event of a rapid onset disaster.
❖ Vulnerability of critical infrastructures (power supply,
communication, water supply, transport, etc.) to disaster
events
67
Areas of Concern
❖ Funding : Primacy of relief as disaster response.
❖ Preparedness and Mitigation very often ignored.
❖ Lack of integrated efforts to collect and compile data,
information and local knowledge on disaster history and
traditional response patterns.
❖ Need for standardized efforts in compiling and
interpreting geo-spatial data, satellite imagery and early
warning signals.
❖ Weak areas - continue to be forecasting, modeling, risk
prediction, simulation and scenario analysis, etc.
68
Areas of Concern
❖ Absence of a national level, state level, and district level
directory of experts and inventory of resources.
❖ Lack of properly structured of National Disaster
Management
Plan, and State level and district level disaster management
plans.
❖ Sustainability of efforts
❖ Effective Inter Agency Co-ordination and Standard
Operating
Procedures for stakeholder groups, especially critical first
responder agencies.
❖ Lack of emergency medicine, critical care medicine, first aid
facilities.
69
Future Directions
• Encourage and consolidate knowledge networks.
• Mobilize and train disaster volunteers for more effective
preparedness, mitigation and response.
• Increased capacity building leads to faster vulnerability
reduction.
• Learn from best practices in disaster preparedness,
mitigation and disaster response.
70
Future Directions
• Mobilizing stakeholder participation of Self Help Groups,
Women’s Groups, Youth Groups, and all other groups.
• Anticipatory Governance: Simulation exercises, Mock
drills and Scenario Analysis.
• Indigenous knowledge systems and coping practices
• Living with Risk: Community Based Disaster Risk
Management.
• Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, child friendly,
eco-friendly and disabled friendly disaster management
• Technology driven but people owned.
• Knowledge Management: Documentation and
dissemination of good practices.
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