1. What is cornea? State its function.

Cornea is the transparent front part of the eye. It allows light to enter and performs
most of the refraction.

2. What is iris? State its function.

Iris is a dark muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil.

3. What is pupil?

Pupil is the opening in the iris. The pupil regulates and controls the amount of light
entering the eye.

4. What is crystalline lens? Function?

The crystalline lens merely provides the finer adjustment of focal length required to
focus objects at different distances on the retina.

5. Function of ciliary muscles?

Ciliary muscles adjust the focal length of the eye lens by contraction and relaxation so
that sharp image can be obtained on the retina.

6. What is retina?

Retina is a light-sensitive screen. The retina is a delicate membrane having enormous

number of light-sensitive cells.

7. Function of optic nerve?

The light-sensitive cells get activated upon illumination and generate electrical signals.
These signals are sent to the brain via the optic nerves. The brain interprets these
signals.

8. What is aqueous humour? Function?

Aqueous humour is a fluid between cornea and lens. It nourishes the eye and maintains
pressure.

9. What is vitreous humour? Function?

Vitreous humour is a gel-like substance behind the lens. It maintains shape and
supports the retina.

10. What are rods?

Rods are light-sensitive cells. They help in vision in dim light.

11. What are cones?

Cones are light-sensitive cells. They help in colour and bright light vision.

12. a) Define power accommodation of the human eye? Write the name of the part
of eye which plays a major role in the process of accommodation.

The power of accommodation of the eye is the ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length. This
process is called accommodation. It is carried out by the ciliary muscles, which change the focal
length of the eye lens.

12. b) what happens when human eye focuses on i) nearby object and ii) distant
object
i) Nearby objects: the ciliary muscles contract as result lens gets thicker and focuses on
the nearby object.
ii) Distant object: the ciliary muscles relaxes as result lens gets thinner and focuses on
distant the object.

14. What is near point?

The minimum distance, at which objects can be seen most distinctly without strain, is
called the least distance of distinct vision. It is also called the near point of the eye. It is
25cm for a normal eye

15. What is far point?

The farthest point upto which the eye can see objects clearly is called the far point of the
eye. It is infinity for a normal eye.

16. What is a normal eye?

A normal eye can see clearly from 25 cm to infinity.

17. What is cataract?

The crystalline lens of people at old age becomes milky and cloudy. This condition is
called cataract.

18. How is cataract cured?

Cataract is cured by surgery. The cloudy lens is replaced with an artificial lens.

19. Where is image formed in the eye?

Image is formed on the retina. It is real and inverted.

20. Why image is inverted?

Due to convex lens nature, image formed is real and inverted.

21. Where does most refraction occur?

Most refraction occurs at the cornea.

22. What happens when you enter dark room from bright light?

When you enter a dark room from bright light, you cannot see clearly for a few seconds.
After some time, your eyes adjust and you can see better.

Reason i) Pupil becomes bigger ii) Eyes adjust to low light

25. What happens when you go from dark to bright light?

When you go from a dark place to bright light, you cannot see clearly for a few seconds.
After some time, your eyes adjust and you can see normally. Pupil contracts. This reduces
excess light entering.

Reason i) Pupil becomes smaller ii) Eyes adjust to bright light

26. What is function of rods and cones together?

Rods and cones are photoreceptor cells in the [Link] detect light and help in vision.

27. Why rods do not detect colour?

Rods are sensitive only to light intensity, not wavelength.

28. Why cones need bright light?

Cones require high light intensity to function properly.

29. What is the size of eyeball?

Eyeball is approximately 2.3 cm in diameter.

30. What is the role of brain in vision?

The brain interprets and processes the signals from the eye so that we perceive objects
correctly.
What is myopia (near-sightedness)?
It is a defect of vision in which a person can see nearby objects clearly but cannot
see distant objects distinctly.
What are the causes of myopia?
i) Excessive curvature of the eye lens ii) Elongation of the eyeball
Where is the image formed in a myopic eye?
The image is formed in front of the retina.
How is myopia corrected?
By using a concave lens of suitable power.
What is hypermetropia (far-sightedness)?
A defect in which a person can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby
objects distinctly.
What are the causes of hypermetropia?
i) Focal length of the eye lens is too long ii) Eyeball is too small
Where is the image formed in a hypermetropic eye?
The image is formed behind the retina.
How is hypermetropia corrected?
By using a convex lens of suitable power.
Draw a ray diagram i) myopic eye and corrected myopic eye and
ii) hyper metropic eye and corrected hypermetropic eye
Answer Refer book
What is presbyopia?
A defect caused due to ageing in which the power of accommodation decreases
and near objects cannot be seen clearly.
What are the causes of presbyopia?
Weakening of ciliary muscles
Reduced flexibility of the eye lens
How is presbyopia corrected?
By using bifocal lenses
Upper part: concave lens (for distant vision)
Lower part: convex lens (for near vision)

Why do some people use bifocal lenses?

 Because they suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia.

What is stereopsis?
The ability of the brain to combine two images from both eyes to create a sense
of depth (3D vision).
Why do we have two eyes instead of one?
Wider field of view
Better depth perception
Ability to judge distance
Better detection of faint objects
What is the field of view of one eye and two eyes?
One eye: about 150°
Two eyes: about 180°
What happens if one eye is closed?
The world appears flat (two-dimensional).
Why do nearby objects appear blurred in hypermetropia?
Because light rays from nearby objects focus behind the retina.
Why do distant objects appear blurred in myopia?
Because light rays focus in front of the retina.
A person cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m clearly. What defect does he have?
Myopia.
Which lens should be used if a person cannot see distant objects?
Concave lens.
Which lens is used if a person cannot see nearby objects?
Convex lens.
Why does presbyopia increase with age?
Because the eye lens loses flexibility and ciliary muscles weaken.

Home Work
1. Due to the gradual weakening of ciliary muscles and diminishing flexibility of the
eye lens, a certain defect of vision arises.
(a) Name the defect.
(b) Name the type of lens required to correct it.
(c) Explain the structure and function of the eye lens.

2. State the role of ciliary muscles present in the human eye.

3. Identify the defect of vision in each of the following cases and suggest the
corrective measure:
(a) The eye lens has become milky and cloudy.
(b) The eye lens has excessive curvature.
(c) The eye lens has a large focal length.
(d) The ciliary muscles have weakened.
4. A person uses spectacles with a lens of power +2 dioptre for correction of vision.
(a) Name the defect of vision the person is suffering from.
(b) List any two causes of this defect.
(c) Determine the focal length of the lens used in the spectacles.
5. A person uses spectacles with a lens of power −0.5 dioptre for correction of
vision.
(a) Name the defect of vision the person is suffering from.
(b) List any two causes of this defect.
(c) Determine the focal length of the lens used in the spectacles.
1. What is prism? Draw a neat diagram to show the refraction of a light ray through a glass
prism.

Prism is a transparent glass object.

It has two triangular base three rectangular lateral surface which are inclined each
other.

2. Define angle of deviation

The angle between the direction of the incident ray and the emergent ray is called the
angle of the deviation

3. What is dispersion of the white light? state its cause

Dispersion of white light is the splitting of white light into its constituent colours
(VIBGYOR) when it passes through a prism.
Cause:
It occurs because different colours of light have different wavelengths and hence
different refractive indices in the prism, so they bend by different amounts.

4. State the colour which bends the most and the least while passing through a glass prism..
Colour bending:
Violet colour bends the most.
Red colour bends the least.
Reason:
Different colours have different wavelengths and refractive index, so they refract by
different amounts in the prism.
5. Draw a diagram to show the dispersion of white light

6. Define spectrum
The spectrum is the band of colours obtained when white light is dispersed into its
constituent colours (VIBGYOR).

7. Describe an activity to show that the colours of white light produced by a glass prism can
be recombined to give white light using another identical prism. Draw a ray diagram.
(Or )
Draw the recombination of the spectrum of white light
(Or)
Newton’s experiment for recombination

 Take a glass prism and allow a narrow beam of white light to pass through it.
 The prism splits the white light into its constituent colours (VIBGYOR), forming a
spectrum.
 Now place another identical prism in an inverted position (opposite orientation) in the
path of the spectrum.
 The second prism recombines the different colours.
 A beam of white light is obtained again on a screen.

8. What did Newton prove using prism experiment?

Newton proved that white light is made up of seven colours and prism only
separates these colours, it does not create them.
9. What is a rainbow? Why do we see a rainbow in the sky only after rainfall?

A rainbow is a natural spectrum of sunlight that appears in the sky after a rain
shower.
It is caused by the dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets present in the
atmosphere.
We see a rainbow only after rainfall because these water droplets act like small
prisms.
They refract and disperse the sunlight, then internally reflect it, and finally
refract it again when it emerges, forming the seven colours visible to the observer in the
direction opposite to the Sun.

10. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a rainbow. Mark on it the points A, B,
and C and state:

(A) Where does the dispersion of white light occur?

(B) Where does internal reflection of light occur?
(C) Where does the final refraction of light occur?
Ans: Refer book Fig

11. List any two conditions necessary for the formation (or observation) of a rainbow.

Conditions necessary to observe a rainbow:

The Sun should be shining behind the observer.
Tiny water droplets must be present in the atmosphere in the direction opposite to the
Sun.
These droplets refract, disperse, and internally reflect sunlight to form a rainbow.

12. What is atmospheric refraction? Briefly explain why the apparent position of a
star differs from its true position.
Atmospheric refraction is the bending of light when it passes through different
layers of the atmosphere.

The air near the Earth is denser and the upper air is rarer. So, light from a star
bends continuously towards the normal as it enters the atmosphere.
Due to this bending, the star appears slightly higher than its actual position. Hence, its
apparent position is different from its true position.

13. List three natural phenomena based on atmospheric refraction.

Three natural phenomena based on atmospheric refraction are:

Twinkling of stars
Advance sunrise and delayed sunset
Apparent shifting of the position of stars
Apparent flattening of sun.
 14. Twinkling of star. Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer

 Stars are very far away, so they appear as point sources of light.
 Their light enters the Earth’s atmosphere. It undergoes Atmospheric Refraction.
 The atmosphere keeps changing in temperature and density So, the light bends irregularly.
 This causes Slight change in the star’s apparent position and Variation in the brightness
 Hence star to appear to twinkle.

15. Why planets do not twinkle

 Planets are much closer to the Earth than stars.
 So, they appear as extended sources of light (not point sources).
 A planet can be considered as a collection of many point-sized sources.
 Light from each point undergoes Atmospheric Refraction.
 The variation in light from different points is different at the same time.
 These variations is Zero.
 Hence, the total light remains almost constant, so planets do not twinkle.

16. Advance sunrise and delayed sunset, Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer

The Sun is visible to us about 2 minutes before the actual sunrise, and about 2 minutes
after the actual sunset because of atmospheric refraction.
1. Flattening of the Sun

Flattening of the Sun refers to the apparent squashed shape of the Sun when it
is seen near the horizon (during sunrise or sunset), where its top looks slightly flattened
instead of perfectly circular.

This happens due to Atmospheric Refraction. The Earth’s atmosphere bends

the sunlight differently for the upper and lower parts of the Sun. The lower edge of the
Sun is refracted more than the upper edge, making the bottom appear lifted more than
the top.

As a result, the Sun appears slightly oval or flattened at the bottom/top near the
horizon.e

2. Define scattering of light

Scattering of light is the process in which light gets deflected in different

directions when it strikes tiny particles in a medium like air.

When sunlight enters the Earth’s atmosphere, it collides with dust particles, gas
molecules, and water droplets. This causes the light to spread in many directions
instead of traveling straight.

This phenomenon is known as Scattering of Light

3. List the factor on which scattering of light depaend

i) Size of the scattering particle

ii) Wavelength of the light

4. What is the Tyndall Effect?

The phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal particles, which makes the path of a
beam of light visible, is known as the Tyndall effect.

5. Why does the path of light not become visible when passing through a true
solution?
 In a true solution, the size of the particles is too small to scatter light.

6. Which color of light is scattered most by very fine particles in the atmosphere?

Blue light (shorter wavelengths) is scattered most by very fine particles.

7. Why does the sky appear dark to passengers at very high altitudes?

At very high altitudes, the atmosphere is very thin. Therefore, the scattering of
sunlight is very weak due to the lack of air molecules. As a result, there is almost no
scattering of light, and the sky appears dark instead of blue.

8. Why are danger signal lights red in colour?

Red light has the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum. It is least scattered
by fog, smoke, and dust particles. Therefore, it can travel longer distances without much
loss of intensity and can be seen clearly from far away. Hence, red is used for danger or
warning signals.

9. Why is the colour of the clear sky blue? Explain.

The sky appears blue because of scattering of sunlight by air molecules in the
Earth’s atmosphere.

Among all colours in sunlight, blue light has a shorter wavelength, so it is

scattered more in all directions by the tiny particles in the air.

Therefore, the scattered blue light reaches our eyes from all directions, and the
sky appears blue.

10. What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no atmosphere?

The sky would appear dark or black because there would be no particles to scatter
sunlight.
11. Why does the Sun appear white when it is directly overhead at noon?

When the Sun is overhead, the light travels a relatively shorter distance through
the Earth's atmosphere. Since there is very little scattering of blue and violet light at this
position, the Sun appears white.

12. In Activity 11.3, why is a "bright crimson red" color observed on the screen after
the sulfur particles begin to form?

As microscopic sulfur particles precipitate in the water, they scatter the shorter
wavelengths (blue/violet) from the beam. The light that is transmitted through the tank
and reaches the screen is depleted of blue light, leaving behind the longer wavelengths,
which appear orange-red and then bright crimson red.

13. Describe the reddening of the Sun at sunrise and sunset with the help of a
diagram.

(Or)

Why does the Sun appear reddish in the early morning? Will this phenomenon be
observed by an astronaut on the Moon? Give reasons.

In the early morning, (or) sunrise and sunset the Sun is near the horizon.
Sunlight has to travel a longer distance through the Earth’s atmosphere before reaching
our eyes. During this long path, most of the shorter wavelength light (like blue light) is
scattered away by air molecules. The longer wavelength red light is least scattered and
reaches our eyes, so the Sun appears reddish.

This phenomenon is not observed on the Moon because the Moon has no
atmosphere. Without an atmosphere, there is no scattering of light, so the Sun does not
appear reddish to an astronaut on the Moon.
14. In the experiment involving sodium thiosulphate and sulphuric acid, what is the
role of the colloidal sulfur?

The reaction between sodium thiosulphate and sulphuric acid produces fine
microscopic sulfur particles. These particles act as the "scattering centers" (colloids)
that demonstrate the Tyndall effect. They allow students to observe how blue light is
scattered from the sides of the tank while red light is transmitted to the screen,
mimicking the behavior of the Earth's atmosphere.
 Human Eye Important Question

1. Function of hyman eye

i) Ciliary muscles
ii) Cornea
iii) Iris
iv) Pupil
v) Retina
vi) OPTICAL nerve
vii) Vitreous humour
viii) Crystalline lens
2. a) Define power accommodation of the human eye? Write the name of the part of eye
which plays a major role in the process of accommodation. . b) what happens when
human eye focuses on i) nearby object and ii) distant object
3. What is cataract? How is cataract cured?
4. What happens when you enter dark room from bright light?
5. What is the role of the ciliary muscles?
6. Why are we not able to see things clearly when we come out of a dark room?
7. Why does the clear sky look blue?
8. Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut?
9. What is myopia and hypermetropia? What are the two causes of this defect of vision?
10. What is presbyopia? State the causes of this defect? How is the presbyopia of a person
corrected?
11. The star appears to twinkle while the planets do not do so as they do on the earth.
12. Draw a ray diagram to formation of rainbow. Mark on it where i) dispersion of light
occur ii) reflect internally iii) final refraction
13. Give reason danger signal are in red colour
14. What is rainbow? We see a rainbow only after rainfall why?
15. Person uses lwns of +2 D power. Name the defect of vision find focal length
16. Person uses lwns of -5 D power. Name the defect of vision find focal length
17. What is atmospheric refraction. List two phenomenon based on atmospheric
refreaction.
18. Why does sun appear reddish early in the morning ?
19. What is advance and delayed sunset?