School: Jigawa State Polytechnic

Department: Computer Science

Programme: Higher National Diploma in Computer Science
Course: Multomedia Course Code: COM 416
Year: HND II Semester: I Credit Hours: 5 hours/week
Theoretical: 2 hours/week Practical: 3 hours/week
Course Lecturer: Sulaiman Zakari Email: sulaiman.zakari17@[Link]

INTRODUCTION
Computer technology has revolutionised the production of information in the second half of
the twentieth century. The traditional personal computers have been text or data oriented
until 1980s but after eighties a graphical environment started. During 1990s the power of
information processing and handling different media increased enormously and personal
computers got evolved as multimedia machines and the era of multimedia technology
emerged (Ramaiah, 1998). It has been said by computer technology research reports 1993,
that people retain only 20 percent of what they see and 30 percent of what they hear. But
they remember 50 percent of what they see and hear (Keyas, 1994).
Multimedia technologies enable the users to integrate and manipulate data from diverse
sources such as video, images, graphics, animation, audio and text on a single hardware
platform. Now multimedia has become the latest cultural phenome na in the information
sector. The rapid ascent of multimedia technology over the last decade has brought about
fundamental changes to computing, entertainment and education.
The exponential growth of multimedia technologies and applications has presented the
computerized society with opportunities and challenges that in many cases are
unprecedented. It is becoming more and more popular because of the effectiveness of its
applications in all aspects of human life. Multimedia applications have progressed to
the point of sparking a fundamental paradigm shift in the very concept of information transfer
and presentation.

CHAPTER 1: Multimedia Overview

Basic terms:
 Multi: more than one
 Medium (singular): middle, intermediary, mean
 Media (plural): means for conveying information
 Media in the press, newspaper, radio and TV context - mass media
 Media in communications: cables, satellite, network – transmission media
 Media in computer storage: floppy, CD, DVD, HD, USB – storage media
 Media in HCI context: text, image, audio, video, CG – interaction media
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Multimedia: refers to various information forms text, image, audio, video, graphics,
and animation in a variety of application environments
Multimedia is the media that uses multiple forms of information content and
information processing (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, and video,
interactivity) to inform or entertain the user. Multimedia also refers to the use of
electronic media to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is similar to
traditional mixed media in fine art, but with a broader scope. The term "rich media"
is synonymous for interactive Multimedia.
Hyperm edia: Is an extension to what is known as hypertext, or the ability to open
new Web pages by clicking text links on a Web browser. Hypermedia extends upon
this by allowing the user to click images, movies, graphics and other media apart
from text to create a nonlinear network of information. The term was coined by Fred
Nelson in 1965.
The WWW. (World Wide Web) is a classic example of hypermedia, whereas a non-
interactive cinema presentation is an example of standard multimedia due to the
absence of hyperlinks.
2. Components of Multimedia
There are five components of multimedia i.e. text, sound, images, animatio n and
video.
a) Text
Text or written language is the most common way of communicating
information. It is one of the basic components of multimedia. It was originally
defined by printed media such as books and newspapers that used various
typefaces to display the alphabet, numbers, and special characters.
i. Static Text
In static text, the words are laid out to fit in well with the graphical
surroundings.
ii. Hypertext
A hypertext system consists of nodes. It contains the text and links between
the nodes, which define the paths the user can follow to access the text in
non- sequential ways.
b) Image
Images are an important component of multimedia. These are generated by the
computer in two ways, as bitmap or raster images and as vector images.
i. Raster or Bitmap Images
Bitmap is a simple matrix of the tiny dots called pixel that forms a raster
or bitmap image. Each pixel consists of two or more colours.
ii. Vector Images
Vector images base on drawing elements or objects such as lines,rectangles,
circles and so forth to create an image.

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 c) Animation
Animation consists of still images displayed so quickly that they give the
impression of continuous movement. The screen object is a vector image in
animation.
i. Path Animation
Path animations involve moving an object on a screen that has a constant
background e.g. a cartoon character.
ii. Frame Animation
In frame animations, several objects are allowed to move simultaneously and
the objects or the background can also change.
d) Sound
It is meaningful speech in any language, from a whisper to a scream. It can
provide the listening pleasure of music, the startling accent of special effects,
or the ambience of a mood setting background.
i. Musical Instrument Digital Identifier (MIDI)
It is the short hand representation of music stored in numeric form. MIDI is
the quickest, easiest and most flexible tool for composing original score in
a multimedia project.
ii. Digital Audio
Digitised sound is sampled sound. The every nth fraction of a second, a
sample of sound is taken and stored as digital information in bits and bytes.
e) Video
Video is defined as the display of recorded real events on a television type
screen. The embedding of video in multimedia applications is a powerful way
to convey information. The video may be categorised in two types, analog
video and digital video.
i. Analog Video
Analog video is the video data that is stored in any non-computer media like
videotape, laserdisc, film etc. It is further divided in two types, composite
and component analogue video.
ii. Digital Video
Digital video is storage intensive. A high quality colour still image on
a computer screen requires one megabyte or more of storage memory. Digital
video formats can be divided into two categories, composite video and
component video.
3. Production of Multimedia Resources
I. Hardware Requirement
The special hardware requirement can be described in four categories i. e. Input devices,
Output devices, Storage devices and Communication devices.

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 a) Input Devices
Input devices usually used for the production of multimedia resources are as follows.
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Touch screen
 Scanner
 Optical Character Recognition Device
 Voice Recognition System
 Digital Camera and Video Camera
b) Output Devices
Output devices used in a multimedia project include:
 Monitors
 Audio devices
 Video devices
 Projectors
 Printers
c) Storage Devices
Multimedia data requires very high storage capacity. The storage devices used
are given as follows.
 RAM
 Hard Disc
 Magnetic Tapes
 Magnetic Disc
 Optical Disc
 Pen Drive and External Hard Disc
d) Communication Devices
Multimedia data file size, especially for graphics, audio and video are quite large.
Therefore the key issue for multimedia communication is bandwidth. Band width is
the amount of information that can be transmitted across a network of computers
within a stipulated period of time. It is measured in kilobits per second (kbps) or
megabits per second (mbps). Communication systems have created two classes of
multimedia products, synchronous or real time and asynchronous. Primary
communication devices for multimedia are as under.
i. Modem
Modem modulates and de-modulates analog signals. The modem speed is the most
important consideration in communicating multimedia files. These files contain the
graphics, audio and video and usually it is needed to move as much data as possible
in a short time.

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 ii. Network Devices
For higher transmission speed by telephone Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) is recommended for multimedia. ISDN lines offer a 128 kbps data transfer rate.
These are used for internet access, networking and audio and video conferencing. Now
a faster technology known as DSL technology using a dedicated line has overtaken
ISDN in popularity.
II. Software Requirement
Multimedia softwares are authoring tools, which provide an important framework
for organizing and editing the elements of multimedia including graphics, sound,
animation and video. A brief description of some of the authoring software are as
follows.
i. Adobe Director
It is a software tool for multimedia authoring. The software is used to create interactive
games, interactive learning materials, applications, kiosks, DVDs, CDs and the web.
ii. CREATE Together
This is a multimedia environment that integrates creation, collaboration,
communication, problem solving, and publishing in one seamless tool. It can be used
to create animated games, randomly generated puzzles, interactive simulations,
searchable multimedia databases, hyperlinked presentations, training materials.
iii. MediaBlender
It is a multimedia authoring package which allows users to create their
multimedia projects, helping them organize and communicate information and ideas
using a wide variety of media. MediaBlender can be accessed from any computer
with internet access. Also the software can be hosted on any server for better
performance, and load a stand-alone application on computer for use without an
Internet connection in client-server mode.
iv. MediaWorks
MediaWorks combines simple-to-use video, sound, animation and paint editors with a
powerful multimedia authoring program.
v. PlayMo
PlayMo is an authoring tool that allows the creation of highly interactive rich media
content from a wide range of source files such as still images, video clips, audio clips,
3D models, CAD models and more
vi. Multimedia Builder
It is a multimedia authoring system that allows to create autorun CD menus,
multimedia applications on CD-ROM, demos, kiosks, Computer based training,
presentations, MP3 players etc.
4. File Formats for Multime dia
The following is an outline of current file formats used for the production and delivery
of multimedia.
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 A) Text Formats
i. RTF (Rich Text Format)
RTF is a proprietary document file format with published specification developed
by Microsoft Corporation in 1987 for Microsoft products and for cross-platform
document interchange.
ii. Plain text
Plain text files can be opened, read, and edited with most text editors. Examples include
Notepad (Windows), edit (DOS), ed, emacs, vi, vim, Gedit or nano (Unix, Linux),
SimpleText (Mac OS), or TextEdit (Mac OS X).
Image Formats
 TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
 BMP (Bitmap)
 DIB (Device Independent Bitmap)
 GIF (Graphics Interchange format)
 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
 TGA (Tagra)
 PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
A. Digital Audio
File Formats
 WAV (Waveform Audio File Format)
 MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format)
 OGG
 AU
 AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format)
 WMA (Windows Media Audio)
 RA (Real Audio Format)
C. Digital Video File Formats
 AVI (Audio/Video Interleave)
 MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)
5. Steps in Multimedia Production
Multimedia production requires a significant amount of time and careful planning.
Adequate planning assures that the project will proceed smoothly and follow a
reasonably designed schedule for completion and will certainly communicate the
information to the target audience. For the development of complex multimedia
projects, there are following phases.
I. Defining the Content
Content is the “ stuff” around which the application is developed. It can be defined
as the specific message, data facts or information to be presented. The content
specialist provides the content to the multimedia architect, who in turn prepares the
narration, text bullets, charts and tables etc. that will be presented in the multimedia
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 title.
II. Preparing the structure
A detailed structure should be prepared depicting all the steps of the future action
along with timeline. This structure defines the activities, person responsible
for each activity and the start/end time for each activity.
III. Production
After the completion of the pre-production activities, the multimed ia application
enters into the production phase. Activities in this phase include content research,
interface design, graphics development, selection of musical background and sound
recording, development of computer animatio n, production of digital video,
authoring, etc.
IV. Testing
The final and thorough testing of finished pilot product should be carried out
before the mass production and distribution to ensure that everything is in place
and to avoid any failure after launch. While testing, each and every aspect for smooth
running of the program is to be taken care of. If the product is a website, it should be
uploaded on the web to test its functioning on different browsers (e.g. Internet Explorer
and Netscape Navigator). If it is a CD or DVD, let other people use it as layman. If it
is a multimedia application on a LAN or Internet, it must be put on the server for
testing purpose. After the tests are over the product should be revised, to incorporate
the valid changes suggested.
V. Documentation
User documentation is a very important feature of high-end multimedia titles. The
documentation should contain information regarding system requirement
(hardware/software) instructions for installing the application copyright
acknowledgement, content development acknowledgement, direction for navigation
into the application. Contact details and e-mail address along with phone number
should be provided for technical support and also for sending comments and
suggestions.
VI. Delivering the Multimedia Product
High-end multimedia applications that are text and graphic heavy, are best delivered
on a CD/DVD. The other effective way is on Internet website.
A particular application may be developed on the CD-ROM or DVD and may have
an embedded link to the website where regular updates are availab le. Vice-versa,
if the application is developed and uploaded on the website where information keeps
accumulating, then as the archive becomes substantial it can be reproduced on a CD-
ROM for convenience viewing. Because of some copyright problem, if the
multimedia product cannot be delivered through Internet it can run over a LAN or
Intranet.
6. Multime dia Production Team
Management of team members in such a way to achieve maximum output with
highest degree of efficiency is very important in multimedia production. The
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production of fine quality high-end multimedia application requires a specialise
team consisting of the following members.
I. Production Manager
The role of the production manager in a multimedia production is to define,
coordinate, and facilitate the production of the multimedia project. He is the person
responsible for the quality and timely production of the application. The production
manager should be an expert in technology. He should be skilled in proposal writing,
having good negotiation skills, good communication skills, budget management skills
and conversant with relevant legal issues. He should be experienced in human
resource management and must act as an efficient team leader.
II. Content Specialist
Content specialist is the person responsible for performing all necessary research
concerning content of the proposed application. Program content means specific
information, data, graphics or facts presented through the multimedia production.
III. Script Writer
Video and film scripts present a linear sequence of events. In multimed ia
production the medium has the capability of presenting events in a non-linear fashion
by branching in different sections or components of the program. The scriptwriter
needs to be able to visualize the three dimensional environments and if needed
visualize the use and integration of virtual reality into the program.
IV. Text Editor
The content of a multimedia production needs to flow in a logical fashion and
the text must be structurally and grammatically correct. Text and narratio n will be
integrated as part of the application and the development of documentation
for application must be considered. All the text related to elements need to be
revised by the text editor.
V. Multimedia Architect
The multimedia architect integrates all the multimedia building blocks. i.e. graphics,
text, audio, music, video, photos and animation by using an authoring software. He
oversees the work of other team members, such as graphic artist, audio specialist, video
specialist and computer programmers.
VI. Computer Graphic Artist
The Computer Graphic Artist is the person responsible for the graphic elements of the
program- such as backgrounds, buttons, bullets, manipulations and editing of
pictures, 3-D objects, logos, animation, rendering etc. When developing an
interacting multimedia product where graphic elements are clickable for other
slides, it is the responsibility of the graphic artist that the new screens and background
should be in harmony and in balance with the rest of the screen components.
VII. Audio and Video Specialist
These specialists are needed when narration and digitized videos are to be included
in a multimedia presentation. The audio/video specialist is responsible for recording
and editing narration, selecting, recording, or editing sound effects, Recording and
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editing music and composition, video capturing, editing and digitising.
VIII. Computer Programmer
The job of computer programmer is in the programming of code lines or scripts in the
authoring language. These scripts are used to code and develop special functions or
capabilities of the authoring program. His job may include developing the
software to give the size and shape of video windows, controlling peripherals,
calling computer software by the multimedia authoring program to execute a specific
function, to search a database, to display a result and other tasks.
IX. Web Master
The Web Master has the responsibility of creating and maintaining an Internet web
page. He converts a multimedia presentation into web page or creates a web page
with multimedia elements.
The human resources involved in the roles from production manager to web-master
have their own duties and responsibilities. Final multimedia product ready for
consultation is a joint effort of the team. The production manager identifies the
content for a project, while the web master provides its access to a wide range of
community through web-services.
7. Applications of Multimedia
Multimedia can be seen at each and every aspect of our daily life in different forms.
However, entertainment and education are the fields where multimed ia has its
dominance. Following are the common areas of applications of multimedia.
Multimedia in Business
The multimedia technology along with communication technology has opened the
door for information of global wok groups. Today the team members may be working
anywhere and can work for various companies. Thus the work place will become global.
Multimedia in Marketing and Advertising
By using multimedia marketing of new products can be greatly enhanced.
Multimedia boost communication on an affordable cost opened the way for the
marketing and advertising personnel. Presentation that have flying banners, video
transitions, animations, and sound effects are some of the elements used in composing
a multimedia based advertisement to appeal to the consumer in a way never used before
and promote the sale of the products.
Multimedia in Entertainment
By using multimedia marketing of new products can be greatly enhanced.
Multimedia boost communication on an affordable cost opened the way for the
marketing and advertising personnel. Presentation that have flying banners, video
transitions, animations, and sound effects are some of the elements used in composing
a multimedia based advertisement to appeal to the consumer in a way never used before
and promote the sale of the products.
Multimedia in Education
Many computer games with focus on education are now available. Consider an example
of an educational game which plays various rhymes for kids. The child can paint the
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pictures, increase reduce size of various objects etc . apart from just playing the
rhymes. Several other multimedia packages are available in the market which provide
a lot of detailed information and playing capabilities to kids.
Multimedia in Bank
People go to bank to open saving/current accounts, deposit funds, withdraw money,
know various financial schemes of the bank, obtain loans etc. Bank also displays
information about its various schemes on a PC monitor placed in the rest area for
customers. Today on-line and internet banking have become very popular. These use
multimedia extensively. Multimedia is thus helping banks give service to their
customers and also in educating them about banks attractive finance schemes.
Medical services
Medical students are trained by using life demonstration of human body, various
operations and other pathological and radiological investigation. They can practice
surgery methods via simulation prior to actual surgery. Multimedia best use in
hospitals is for real time monitoring of conditions of patients in critical illness or
accident. Multimedia makes it possible to consult a surgeon or an expert who can watch
an ongoing surgery line on his PC monitor and give online advice at any crucial
juncture.
In hospitals, multimedia can also be used to diagnose an illness with CD-ROMs/
Cassettes/ DVDs full of multimedia based information about various diseases and
their treatment.
Multimedia Pedagogues
Pedagogues are useful teaching aids only if they stimulate and motivate the students.
The audio-visual support to a pedagogue can actually help in doing so. A multimedia
tutor can provide multiple numbers of challenges to the student to stimulate his interest
in a topic.
Communication Technology and Multimedia Services
The advancement of high computing abilities, communication ways and relevant
standards has started the beginning of an era where you will be provided with
multimedia facilities at home. These services may include:
 Basic Television Services
 Interactive entertainment
 Digital Audio
 Video on demand
 Home shopping
 Financial Transactions
 Interactive multiplayer or single player games
 Digital multimedia libraries
 E-Newspapers, e-magazines

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CHAPTER 2: Multimedia – Visualisatio n and Creative Process
Introduction

Multimedia Visualisation of Geo-information for tourism

Visualisation techniques is said to be beneficial to learning compared to static visuals,

especially when the learning material demands visual movements. The emergence of
3-Dimensional animated visuals has extended the presentation mode in multimedia
learning. A case study on a computer science subject was used to test the effect of
different visualization types in learning. The field of computer science, especially in
operating systems concepts uses an array of abstract concepts such as virtual
memory, paging, fragmentations etc. to describe and explain the underlying
processes. Various studies together with our own observations strongly indicate that
students often find these concepts difficult to learn, as they cannot easily be
demonstrated. This study investigates the effects of different visualization types on
student understanding when studying a complex domain in computer science, that is,
the subject of memory management concepts in operating systems. A multimedia
learning system was developed in three different versions: static visuals, 2-D animated
visuals and 3-D animated visuals.
1.2 Meaning of Visualisation
Visualisation is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to
communicate a message. Visualisation through visual imagery has been an effective
way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of humanity.
Examples from history include cave paintings, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Greek
geometry, and Leonardo da Vinci's revolutionary methods of technical drawing for
engineering and scientific purposes.

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 3D tour Visualisation with additional information
1.3 Meaning of creative process
The creative process is both easy and hard to define: Easy because it simply refers
to the way in which people come up with new ideas or solutions for problems, and
difficult because that process is a somewhat different one for each person. What we
do know, according to Wallas and others who have studied the creative process, is
that it includes five definable stages.
It is a cognitive process that produces new ideas or transforms old ideas into updated
concepts, according to Brussels Free University psychology professor Liane Gabora.
a) Preparation
This is the first phase, which most people call “work.” A writer, for example, prepares
by writing, by reading, or by revising earlier work. A musician plays scales, chords,
or songs; a painter messes with paints or visits an art gallery; an entrepreneur researches
problems to solve; a programmer plays with code.
In “preparation,” this might feel like work, but you’re actually just trying to see what
you can come up with. People usually have to do this anyway or else nothing gets
done – the brainstorming might be slight, but it is preparation for the next stage, which
is incubation.
b) Incubation
In incubation, necessary connections are made in order to “lay” the idea – like when
an egg is getting “incubated” and getting the heat it needs to turn into a full-blown
chick. In this stage, you have the idea, but you’re just giving it some steam and energy
in order for it to fully materialize.
c) Illumination
Illumination, which is in short, the “lightbulb” moment. This is the time when
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the puzzle of an idea has come together and there’s no s topping its influence
from coming out in creativity. For example, this is the moment for a writer when an
idea just hits them and they need to grab a piece of paper in order to remember it.
d) Evaluation
After a solution reveals itself in an epiphany, the individual then evaluates whether
the insight is worth the pursuit. He may make changes to his solution so it is clearer.
He may consult with peers or supervisors regarding his insights during this step before
pursuing it further. If he works with clients, he may seek a client’s input and approval
before moving on to the next step.
e) Implementation
The last step of the creative process is implementation, which means that the idea
has gone down on paper – in short, this is the “final product” stage of the creativity
process. For example, this is when a writer records their idea for a story and actually
gets to decide if it’s worth following through with.
It takes a lot of work to get to the “implementation” stage because the pieces have
to fall together and if they fall together wrong, you have to start over. You may follow
many different roads, but in the end, there’s one idea that sticks out all four stages and
ends up being your “project.”
1.4 Exercise on Data Visualisation
Data Visualisations, frequently referred to as information graphics, are a powerful
tool that will inform and educate your readers. Often important data- heavy information
can bog down a narrative or slow the pacing of a story. That data might be edited out
to streamline a story or put into a table for readers to browse.
A better solution is to use simple graphics that can be created in minutes and delivered
for free using web tools. These information graphics will compliment and add context
to your stories. Graphics can help you highlight important information from a
database in a way much easier to understand than a text- only presentation.
A) Using Google Docs
Google offers a free office suite that you access with free registration. This includes
a spreadsheet application. Google Docs uses the same login used for Google Mail,
Google Reader and other Google services.
i) Create a Pie Chart with Google Spreadsheet
Effective data visualization can make the difference between an average presentation
and an excellent business presentation. Charts and graphs demonstrate the relationship
between data, allowing the audience to identify key trends relating to your business
at a glance. When working with data where you want to compare parts of a whole,
incorporate the data into a p ie chart using Google Docs. The online suite’s
“Spreadsheets” feature allows you to create, edit and share spreadsheets through your
Google account.

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In the beginning, you should sign up for a Google account. Then you can follow these
instructions and add a pie chart to a Google spreadsheet document.
1. Search Google Sheets and open a new spreadsheet on your browser.
2. Paste or type your data into the spreadsheet, select all the data and titles, and
navigate to Insert > Chart to open the Chart editor
3. You can select a pie chart type that you like on the menu. Usually, an example pie
chart will appear on the spreadsheet. Because Google Sheets auto-creates a suitable
chart based on your data.

4. To customize your pie chart in Google Sheets, go to the Customize tab on

the Chart editor pane where you can change chart styles, alter slice colors, add or
delete chart titles and legend.

5. Click on the 3 vertical dots in the pie chart, select Edit Chart to reopen Chart
editor In the meanwhile, you can choose to delete, download, publish, copy or move
the selected pie chart diagram in Google Sheets.

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 i) Add Existing Pie Chart from Google Sheets
If you have a pie chart along with its data in Sheets, you can easily add it to Docs.
For that, open the Docs document where you want to add it. Then go to Insert > Chart
> From Sheets.

The interface will show your spreadsheets. Click on the one having a pie chart that
you want to add and hit the Select button.

How to Edit Pie Charts in Google Docs

To change the data for a pie chart, click on the chart once. You will see the attachment
or link icon at the top-right corner. Click on it and select Open source.
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You will be taken to its spreadsheet. Scroll up, and you will find the rows and columns
with its data. Change the section names and their values as per your need. The same will
reflect in the pie chart.
Tip: Double-click on the pie chart box to reveal Chart editor options.

ii) Update Pie Chart in Google Docs

Any change that you make in the spreadsheet of the pie chart, be the values or other
customizations (as shown below), will not reflect directly in Google Docs. You have to
update it. As soon as you make any change, you will get the Update button in the Google
Docs document. Click on it to reflect the changes in your pie chart.

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 iii) Change Title of Pie Chart
The default title of the pie chart is Points scored. To change it, double-click on the
same text in the spreadsheet. Yes, you have to edit it in the spreadsheet and not in
Docs.

When you double click it, you will see the text is selected, and a customization window
will open on the right. Type the new name for the title. You can also change the title
font, size, and color from the options available under Chart & axis titles in the right
window. Click on Update in Google Docs.

Change Color of Individual Pie Slices

A pie chart usually has slices of different colors. If you don’t like the default colours for
pie slices, you can change them. For that, open the source of your pie chart, i.e., the linked
Google Sheets as shown in the edit pie charts section.
Then, double-click on the slice whose color you want to change. From the Chart editor
options on the right, choose your preferred color from Pie slice color under the Customize
tab. Similarly, change for others. Update the changes in Google Docs.

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 iv) Add Background Color to Pie Chart
For that, open the pie chart in its spreadsheet. Double-click on it to show Chart editor
options. Click on the Customize tab. Open the Chart style section. Change the background
colour under the provided option. Then hit the Update button in Docs.

v) Create a 3D Pie Chart

To do so, follow the steps mentioned above to open the Chart style section under Chart
editor. Then check the box next to 3D. Make sure to hit the Update button in Docs.

vi) Show Values Inside Slices

By default, the pie chart values will be available outside the chart. To show the values
on the top of the pie chart, open the Chart editor window in the spreadsheet. Then open
the Pie chart section and click on the drop-down box under the Slice label. Select your
choice. You can also change its text color. To reflect the changes, click on Update in Google
Docs.

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 vii) Change Position of Labels
To do so, open the Legends section under Chart editor > Customize in the
spreadsheet of the pie chart. Select the location under the Position drop -down box. If
required, change the text color, size, and font. Then, update the Google Doc.

viii) Download Pie Chart as an Image

For that, open the pie chart in its spreadsheet. Then click on the pie chart and hit the
three-dot icon at the top-right corner. Select Download and choose the image type.

ix) Change Theme of Pie Charts

Sometimes, we want to match the pie chart colors to our theme. Instead of changing
the color for each slice, you can change the theme of your pie chart. For that, click
on your pie chart in Google Docs. Then hit the Format option at the top and select
Image > Image options.

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From the Image Options window on the right side, select the colour matching
your theme from the drop-down box under Re-colour.

Tip: You can access Image Options windows by right-clicking on the pie chart and
selecting Image options.
x) Change Transparency of Pie Chart
For that, open the Image Options window either by right-clicking on the pie chart
or from Format > Image > Image options. Adjust the transparency under the
Transparency option in Adjustments. You can also customize the brightness and
contrast of your pie chart.

xi) Add Pie Charts in Google Drawings

The method to add a pie chart in Google Drawings is similar to that of Google Docs.
That is, go to Insert > Chart > Pie in Google Drawings. The other customizations
options remain true for Drawings as well.
xii) Embed the chart
Click the triangle on the top right of the gadget. In the menu, select “Publish Gadget.”
This opens a new window with an embed code that you can copy and paste into a page
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on your site.

xiii) Get embed code

Click the triangle on the top right of the gadget. In the menu, select “Publish Gadget.”
Copy and paste the code into a page on your site.

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Chapter 3: Multimedia Planning
3.1 Planning process
Planning is defined as the formulation of a scheme of program for the accomplishment
or attainment of a goal of purpose. All the activities to be implemented and executed
as part of the plan must related to the goal of the project. The planner needs to have
the ability to break a problem into its components to seek for step-by-step solutions
or processes to attain the goals. The planner need to fore-see problems and potential
conflicts in order to avoid them.
A multimedia development team consists of many different skill oriented people,
who include a producer, educational consultant, media consultant, media designers,
media specialists, Webmaster etc. However, the whole team works for a single
objective that is creation of an effective multimed ia application. Therefore, one
of the major issues for Multimedia production is to plan an application. A multimedia
project should be planned through following stepwise process:
 Defining the goals and objectives of the proposed multimedia title
 Describing the content of the title
 Developing the application script
 Translating the application script into an outline
 Translating the outline into a logic flow chart
 Developing the storyboard for each screen
3.1.1 Defining the goals and objectives
Goals and objectives are both tools for accomplishing what you want to achieve. Goals
are long term and objectives are usually accomplished in the short or medium term.
Goals are the "what" of the process and the objective is the "how" of the process.
While formulating the goals and objectives of the multimedia application, the
following critical questions need to be addressed:
 What is the purpose of the proposed title?
 What is the team trying to accomplish?
 What are the expected results?
3.1.2 Describing the Content
The content can be defined as the specific message, data, facts or information to be
presented. The content specialist provides the program content to the multimedia
architect, who in turn prepares the narration, text, bullets, charts and tables that will
be presented in the title. The integration of a variety of multimedia elements
appeals to different learning styles and helps the audience comprehend and retain the
information.
3.1.3 Developing the application script
The application script is a written description of the proposed multimed ia project.
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The purpose of the script is to describe the actions of all components. The script will
help the development team to have clear understanding of the purpose of the program.

3.1.4 Translating the Application Script into an Outline

The next step it to identify and define the branching of the program. The simplest
way to define branching is to develop an outline. The responsibility for developing the
outline belongs to the content specialist.
Multimedia differs fundamentally from the conventional media like films and slide
shows is conventional media are linear (one event follows another in a sequence),
while multimedia is a non-linear medium - it has the capacity for branching.
The simplest way to define branching is to develop an outline. The major headings in
the outline become the options available to the user in the main menu of the
programme.
When a user selects a heading, the subheadings associated with the selected major
heading are displayed.
Exam ple:
1.0 Let’s Learn the Alphabets
1.1.0 Alphabets
1.2.0 Games
1.2.1 Typing Tutor
1.2.2 Jigsaw Puzzle
1.3.0 Song
1.3.1 Alphabet Song
1.3.2 Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
3.1.5 Translating the outline into a logic flow chart
Also known as navigational structure. The logic flow chart is very important, especially
if the title is interactive. The flowchart provides a road map of the proposed application
for the team member in charge of authoring. The flow chart illustrates the choices
that the user will have in each screen.

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Four types of Flowchart / Navigational Structure:
 Linear Structure
 Hierarchical Structure
 Non-linear Structure
 Composite Structure
i. Linear Structure – The user navigates sequentially, moving from one page
to the next.

ii. Hierarchical Structure – Analogous to the branches of a tree. To move from

top to bottom, one must move down one branch at a time, with more branches
being available the lower you go.

iii. Non-linear Structure – Users can navigate freely through the content,
unbound by predetermined routes.

iv. Composite Structure – For the most part users can navigate freely (as in the
non-linear structure), but are occasionally constrained to a linear or hierarchical
structure for some of the material.

3.1.6 Developing the storyboard for each screen

The storyboard is a graphic representation of the purpose multimedia project. It is an
extension of the ideas presented in the script. The design team will use the storyboard
to define and test design solutions. The client may use the final storyboards to
obtain support for the project. The programmer/s will use the storyboards to create
the program.
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Storyboarding refers to the process of creating a sequence of screens to provide an
overview of the project, demonstrate the arrangement and functionality of the
program elements, and help delineate the program's navigation scheme. In other
words, storyboards allow you to visualize how the final product is going to look and
operate, and help ensure that no vital information is left out during the development
process.
Benefits of using Storyboard:
i. Provides an overview of the title
ii. Demonstrates the functionality of the storyboard elements
iii. Demonstrates the navigation scheme
iv. Can check whether the presentation is accurate and complete
v. Can be evaluated by users.
When creating a storyboard, there are basically four things to consider. For each screen
you want to describe:
 The elements that will appear on the screen, including the background, text,
graphics, animations, video clips, and audio clips.
 How the elements will be arranged on the screen?
 What the user will be interacting with on the screen.
 What navigation options will be available on the screen.

3.2 More exercises in using Inspiration® 9

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Chapter 4: Multimedia Production
4.1 Meaning of pre-productio n
Pre-production is the process of planning some of the elements involved in a film,
play, or other performance. There are three parts in a production: pre- production,
production, and post-production. Pre-production ends when the planning ends and
the content starts being produced.
4.1.1 In film
In filmmaking and video production, pre-production formally begins once a project
has been greenlit. At this stage, finalising preparations for production go into effect.
Financing will generally be confirmed and many of the key elements such as principal
cast members, director and cinematographer are set. By the end of pre-production,
the screenplay is usually finalising and satisfactory to all the financiers and other
stakeholders.
During pre-production, the script is broken down into individual scenes with
storyboards and all the locations, props, cast members, costumes, special effects and
visual effects are identified. An extremely detailed shooting schedule is produced
and arrangements are made for the necessary elements to be available to the film-
makers at the appropriate times. Sets are constructed, the crew is hired, financial
arrangements are put in place and a start date for the beginning of principal
photography is set. At some point in pre-production, there will be a read-through
of the script which is usually attended by all cast members with speaking parts, the
director, all heads of departments, financiers , producers, and publicists.
4.1.2 In music
In the music industry, pre-production is a process whereby a recording artist spends
time creating and refining their musical ideas. The artist thus produces a song's demo
recording, or rough draft, in order to pre-establish the song's creative premise. This
reduces the time and money spent in expensive studios. The goal is to enter into the
major recording phase of production with the basic and most promising ideas having
been already established.

4.2 Introduc ing Adobe Dreamweaver CS3

4.2.1 Getting Started
First, you need to decide what you want to put on your website: images, files, videos,
PDF documents, PowerPoint presentations, etc. To create and maintain an organized
website, you need to establish a hierarchy of folders that contain all of the components
that make up your site. This folder is called your Local root folder. It is important
because this is where Dreamweaver looks for all your files.
To create a root folder, follow these steps:
i. Create a new folder on your desktop or personal partition. On the desktop,
right-click and choose New Folder.
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 ii. Give the folder a brief, but descriptive name. Do not use capital letters, spaces,
or special characters when naming folders and files for your website. All of
your pages will be saved within this folder.
iii. Open the folder, and create another new folder inside. Name this folder images.
Put all of your images, buttons, movie files, etc. inside the images folder.
iv. Make sure that all your pages and images are saved in your root folder, or they
will not appear the next time your website is opened.
v. Now you are ready to launch Dreamweaver CS3. Click the Dreamweaver CS3
icon from Start > Programs > Macromedia Dreamweaver CS3. Or use the
Adobe Dreamweaver CS3 Icon on your desktop.
N.B: The most important step you need to take every time you launch
Dreamweaver CS3 is to define your Local Info. The "local root folder" is the name
for the folder where you are storing all of your website’s contents.
4.2.2 Creating a Webpag e
To create a Web page, follow these guidelines:
i. Choose a page to be the homepage of your Web site. This will be the first page
that users encounter when they visit your site. Save this file to your local root
folder as [Link]. Naming the homepage [Link] tells the Web browser
that this is the first page it should open when someone visits your site.
ii. To add a new page, go to File > New and choose a basic HTML page. Save this
page by clicking File > Save As. Name the first page [Link]
iii. After your homepage is created, you can use this page as a template layout for
all the other pages in your site. Simply hit Save As and name the file whatever
you wish, but be sure to keep the name simple, for example [Link],
[Link], pictures. etc. Remember not to use capital letters or spaces when
naming files; this will make it easier for web browsers to find your files.
iv. To save the pages of your site simply click File > Save for each page. Make sure
your homepage is named [Link], and save all of your files in the folder
you chose when you defined your site, i.e. in your local root folder.
NOTE: This process will save your files to your local site. You can transfer each file
separately to the remote site or transfer the entire site once you have finished
working on it.
4.2.3 Design and Layout
Even if you are creating only a simple Web site, you should begin by sketching out the
layout of your site. Decide where you want titles, images, navigatio n buttons, and
text to appear on the screen. Most web sites have the same design characteristics on
every page. For example, Web site titles are usually in the top left or top center, while
navigation buttons usually appear vertically on the left or horizontally below the title.
In addition to sketc hing out a layout for each page, you should determine how many
pages you will need for the Web site. Thorough planning is essential to good web
design. In order to get your text, navigation buttons, and images to appear where you
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want them on the Web page; you need to use tables to format content of each page.
Everything on each page of your Web site should fit within one large table.
Using your layout sketches, you can determine what your table needs to look like.
4.2.4 Inserting and using tables
[Link] Why Use Tables
Tables help you divide the space on your page. They are similar to tables in Word or
Excel but can be used in much more flexible ways. Tables give you the option of making
your page a fixed size or making it fit to the user's window the best it can. Tables
also guarantee that the location of your text and images does not change when seen on
screen with different resolutions or in different Web browsers.
[Link] How to insert a table
To insert a table, follow these steps:
i. In the main menu, click Insert > Table.
ii. Insert the amount of Table Rows and Columns
iii. Set Table width to between 600 and 800 pixels.
iv. Set Border thickness. To have a visible border type in 1 or higher, to have no
border type in 0.
v. Cell padding adds room inside of a cell. Enter 0 for no pad or a number to
Increase the space.
vi. Cell spacing adds space between cells. Enter 0 for no space or a number to
Increase the space.
vii. Click OK.
Properties of Tables
If you click on one of the table borders, you can view your tab le properties in the
Properties window.

Fig. 4: Table Properties window

In the top section of this window (Fig.4) you can:
i. name your table;
ii. change the number of rows and columns in the table;
iii. change the width and height of the table,
iv. change the Cell Pad: this is the number of pixels that come between the border
of cells and the content of cells.
v. Change the Cell Space: this is the number of pixels that come between the borders
of each cell.
vi. Change the alignment: this is the position of the table on the left or right edge,
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 or in the center of the page.
vii. Change the border: this is the number of pixels that make up the thickness of cell
borders.
In the bottom section of this window (Fig. 4 above) you can:
i. Clear and convert table widths and heights.
ii. Change the background color of the whole table.
iii. Insert a background image for the whole table.
iv. Change the border color.
Properties of Cells Inside Table
Once the properties of the table have been s et, you can also adjust the properties of
individual cells within the table by clicking inside the cell (Fig.5).

Fig.5: Table Format window

In the top section of this window you can format the text inside the table cell. In the
bottom section of this window you can:
• Change the alignment of the content horizontally and vertically.
• Change the width and the height of the cell
• Use Wrap.
• Insert Header
• Insert a background image for the single cell.
• Change the background color for the single cell.
• Change the border color for the single cell.
4.2.5 Creating your desired layout
To create the traditional layout, follow the directions below:
Insert a table with 3 rows and 3 columns that takes up 100% of the page.

Highlight the first row of cells by placing your cursor in either far left or far right
cell and dragging to the other side.

Use the bottom section of the Properties window to merge the cells you have selected
(use the button right under the word “Cell”). This section will be used for the title of
your page.
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Highlight and merge the bottom row. This section will be used for informatio n such
as your contact info and the date the site was last updated.

Highlight and merge the middle and right cells in the middle row. This section will be
used for your main content, and the leftover cell will be used for links.

Now you can adjust the table by clicking and dragging on the handles to make the
table look more like a familiar webpage (if you have problems dragging the handles
you can use the Properties window to manually insert the number of pixels or percent
of the table for the width and height of the cell).

From here you can insert additional tables into any of the cells you want. This will let
you place your text and images exactly where you want them within each section.
4.2.6 Adding design elements
[Link] Adding Text
To insert text simply click inside a cell and type in your content. When you click
ENTER, Dreamweaver automatically adds paragraph spacing. To add a line space,
click SHIFT + ENTER.
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[Link] Inserting Images
To insert an image, follow these steps:
i. Click in the cell where you want the image to appear.
ii. Click Insert > Image.
iii. Locate the image you want to insert.
NOTE: All of your images should be saved in the "images" folder that you established
when you started.
iv. Click Choose to insert the image.
v. Click on the image to view its properties in the Image Properties Inspector window
(Fig. 6).

Fig.6: Image Properties Inspector window

Image Properties Inspector
The top half of the Image Properties Inspector allows you to:
• Name the image (far left).
• Change the size of the image (W & H).
• See where the image file is located (Src).
• Link the image to a file or a site (Link).
• Edit the image (Edit).

[Link] Formatting Page Properties

To change the background color of your p ages or other overall properties of your
website, go to Modify > Page Properties. Here, in the Page Properties window, you
can set the default font, text size, text color, and background for all of your pages.
To modify the properties of links, click on the Links tab under Category. Here you
can set link font, size, link color, color of active, rollover, and visited links, as well as
link style (Fig. 8).

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 Fig. 8: Page Properties Links window
4.2.7 Previewing in Browse r
You can preview your Web pages in a browser in many ways:
1. Choose File > Preview in Browser.
2. Hit F12.
3. Click on the world icon located on the toolbar at the top of your page (Fig.1).
4.2.8 Creating Hyperli n ks
A hyperlink or link, is an object or text that, when clicked, takes the users to another
webpage or opens a file. The various types of hyperlinks are explained below.
[Link] Internal Links
Internal links are used to connect users to other pages within the same website.
Before linking to other pages, you must make sure that the other pages are saved in your
local root folder and contain the file extension .html.
To create an internal link, follow these steps:
i. Select the text or image you would like to make a hyperlink.
ii. Click on the small folder next to the Link field in the Properties Inspector 3
(Fig 9 and Fig. 10). Browse through the files, and select the page you would
like to link.
iii. Click OK.
[Link] External Links
External links are used to connect the users to pages from other websites. To create
an external link, do the following:
i. Select a text or an image you want to make a hyperlink.
ii. Click the cursor inside of the link text field in the Properties Inspector.
iii. Type the complete URL (web address) of the website you want to link (e.g.,
[Link]

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 iv. Select the Target type as -blank.
NOTE: If you select the Target type as -blank, it will open the link in a new window
while keeping your website open in another window. Doing this is good practice
because it will prevent the user from being frustrated and leaving your site.
[Link] Basic Email Link
E-mail links are links that will automatically open the user's default email
program with a blank e-mail addressed to the specified e-mail link. There are
two ways to create an email link. You can:
i. Click on the Insert menu at the top of the screen and select Email Link.
ii. Type in text for the hyperlink name or label, for example: My Email or
Click here to email me (Fig.11).
iii. Type in your email address, i.e. where the email is to be sent.
iv. Click OK.
A FEW TIPS ON WEB DESGN
1. Aim for simplicity
2. Make the text easy to read and understand
3. Create informative headers and footers
4. Help readers navigate the site
5. Create clear, graceful links
6. Avoid web clichés
7. Include extra features your readers might need
4.2.9 Testing your Websi te
Once all your pages are competed, you need to test your site to make sure that all
pages are functional. The following tips can help you avoid unwanted surprises:
1. When creating pages, work with a 1024 by 768 screen resolution
2. Test your website on different browsers (e.g., Microsoft Internet
Explorer, Netscape Navigator)
3. Test your website using a variety of screen sizes since the size of the
monitor can dramatically alter the appearance of your site.
4. Testing should be done frequently in o rder to fix broken links and detect
other glitches.
4.2.10 Uploading your website to the AUI Serve r
To upload your site to the AUI server, follow the instructions in this document:
[Link]

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Chapter 5: Anatomy of a Web Page
5.1 Web page
1. Page Title

The page tile is set using the <title> </title> set of tags in the head section of the
html coding. This is the only web page element within the head section of the web
page the visitor will see.
2. URL (Domain Name)

The URL is the domain name of the website. If the visitor just typed
[Link] they would be taken to the home page of the website.
3. File Name

File name is the web page file name. It cannot contain any spaces! The file name can be
written as one long name (e.g. [Link]), with hyphens (e.g. basic-html-
[Link], as shown in the image above) or with underscores (e.g.
basic_html_articles.htm).
The extension at the end of the file name tells the browser what kind of file it is.
Example, HTML is for .htm or html, .php is for the PHP, .asp is for the ASP.
4. Scroll Bars

Scroll bars are on the right side and bottom of the browser window. If there is a scroll
bar at the bottom (horizontal scroll bar) your web page content is too wide for the
browser window.
One way to avoid this problem is to use a flexible (fluid) design. A flexib le design
will adjust to the browser window size. As long as all your elements add up to less than
the browser width there will not be a horizontal scroll bar.
5. Header

The header is at the very top of the web page. It usually contains a logo for the website.

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 6. Navigation

A website can use a left navigation system, a right navigation system or a

navigation system that spans horizontally right under the header or above the header.
7. Web Page Content
Web page content includes everything between the <body> and </body> tags.
8. Footer
The footer is the bottom section of the web page. This section is where you usually
put your copyright notice, link to your privacy policy and your website contact
information.
5.2 HTML
What is HTML?
HTML is the standardg markup language for creating Web pages.
A Sim ple HTML Docum ent
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Tags
HTML tags are element names surrounded by angle brackets:
<tagname>content goes here...</tagname>
Tip: The start tag is also called the opening tag, and the end tag the closing
tag.

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HTML Page Structure
Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Note: Only the content inside the <body> section (the white area above) is
displayed in a browser.
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps
browsers to display web pages correctly.
It must only appear once, at the top of the page (b efore any HTML tags).
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML5 is: <!DOCTYPE html>
HTML Basic Examples
HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a document type
declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important
heading:
Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:
Example
 <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:
Example
<a href="[Link] Int’[Link]">This is a link</a>
The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.
HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as
attributes:
Exam ple
<img src=" [Link]" alt="[Link]" width="104" height="142">

HTML Buttons
HTML buttons are defined with the <button> tag:
Example
<button>Click me</button>

HTML Lists
HTML lists are defined with the <ul> (unordered/bullet list) or the <ol>
(ordered/numbered list) tag, followed by <li> tags (list items): Example
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Chapter 6: Graphic Design

Meaning
Graphic design is the process of visual communication and problem-solving through
the use of typography, photography, and illustration. The field is considered a
subset of visual communication and communication design, but sometimes the term
"graphic design" is used synonymously. Graphic designers create and combine
symbols, images and text to form visual representations of ideas and messages.
They use typography, visual arts, and page layout techniques to create visual
compositions. Common uses of graphic design include corporate design (logos
and branding), editorial design (magazines, newspapers and books),
wayfinding or environmental design, advertising, web design, communication
design, product packaging, and signage.
Graphic design plays an intricate part in marketing techniques used by
companies. In this lesson, we will discuss what graphic design is and how it is used
for brochures, logos, and packaging.
Can you imagine advertisements, brochures, or packages without pictures and words?
A successful company utilizes pictures and text to help capture the attention of its
audience. Graphic design involves a combination of images and text used to
communicate information and messages to an audience. Graphic design is used to
produce billboards, brochures, logos, magazines, newspapers, packaging, and
websites. Graphic design tools include software like Adobe Illustrator, InDesign,
and Photoshop; CorelDraw; GIMP; Inkscape; and Serif Drawplus. When using these
tools, graphic designers must make sure their designs do not infringe on anyone else's
copyright and strive to be creative and original.
6.1 Working with Adobe Photoshop CS3
Adobe Photoshop CS3 is a popular image editing software that provides a work
environment consistent with Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign, Adobe ImageReady,
and other products in the Adobe Creative Suite. This tutorial is an introduction to using
Adobe Photoshop. Here you will learn how to get started, how to use the interface, and
how to modify images with basic Photoshop tools.
Getting Started
Running the application
Begin by opening Adobe Photoshop CS3.
On a PC, click Start > Programs > Adobe > Photoshop CS3, or click on the shortcut
on the desktop.
On a Mac, click Macintosh HD > Applications > Adobe Photoshop CS3 >
Photoshop CS3 shown in Figure 1, or click the icon in the Dock.
 Fig. 1. Navigation to Photoshop CS3 on a Mac
Setting up the Document
Setting up your document correctly from the start will make your job much easier
as you work through your project. This will require some advanced planning. For
example, if your final output will be a brochure, you may need to set up your document
to be horizontal and double-sided.
To create a new document, click File > New. This will open the Document Setup
dialog box (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Document Setup dialog box

Here you will be able to name your file, set up the correct page size, and orientation
for your document. Options include, but are not limited to:
Page Size and Orientation
Change the page size by typing in new values for width and height. Page size
represents the final size you want after bleeds or trimming other marks outside the
page. In the Preset dropdown menu you can find such common sizes as letter, legal,
tabloid, etc. Typing in exact values for Height and Width gives you more control over
the size and orientation of your page.
Resolution
Resolution is a number of pixels on a printed area of an image. The higher the
resolution, the more pixels there are on the page, the better is the quality of the image.
However, high resolution increases the size of the file. The standard recommended
resolution for printed images is 150 - 300, for Web images - 72.
Color Mode
Choose a color mode that will best fit your project. For example, when making a
graphic for a web site, choose RGB. When making an image for print, choose CMYK.
Background Contents
Choose the background: white, color, or transparent. When you have entered all of your
document settings, click OK.
Opening an Image from a Disk
If the image you have is saved on a disk, select File > Open, and then navigate to the
disk drive where your image is saved. Choose the image file and click Open. At this
point, you may want to save your image under a different name so that you can always
have the original to fall back on in case of a mistake. To save you r file, select File >
Save As and type in the new name of the file in the dialogue box. Now you should be
ready to go.
Interface layout
This is the layout of Adobe Photoshop interface.

Menu Bar
If you look at the top of the screen you will see the Menu bar which contains all
the main functions of Photoshop, such as File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select,
Filter, View, Window, and Help.

Tool Bar
Most of the major tools are located in the Tool bar for easy access.
The Image
The image will appear in its own window once you open a file.
Image Name
The name of any image that you open will be at the top of the image window as shown
above.
Palettes
Palettes contain functions that help you monitor and modify images. By default, palettes
are stacked together in groups. These are the palettes that are usually visible:
Navigator, Color, Histogram, Layer. If none of the palettes are visible, go to Window
in the Menu bar and choose palettes you need to work with.
PALE T T E S
Below is the description of the most commonly used palettes in Adobe
Photoshop CS3.
Navigator
The Navigator palette allows you to resize and move around within the image.
Drag the slider, click on the Zoom In and Zoom Out icons, or specify the
percentage to navigate in the image.
Color, Swatches, Style
The Color palette displays the current foreground and background colors and RGB
values for these colors. You can use the sliders to change the foreground and
background colors in different color modes. You can also choose a color from the
spectrum of colors displayed in the color ramp at the bottom of the palette.
In the Swatches palette you can choose a foreground or background color or add a
customized color to the library.
The Styles palette allows you to view, select, and apply preset layer styles. By default,
a preset style replaces the current layer style. You can use the styles in the palette or
add your own using the Create New Style icon.
History
The History palette (Fig. 5) stores and displays each action performed allowing you
jump to any recent stage of the image alteration. The History palette can store up to
20 stages.
LAYERS
Layers let you organize your work into distinct levels that can be edited and viewed
as individual units. Every Photoshop CS3 document contains at least one layer. Creating
multiple layers lets you easily control how your artwork is printed, displayed, and
edited. You will use the Layers palette often while creating a document, so it is
crucial to understand what it does and how to use it.

A) Layer Visibility - The eye shows that the

selected layer is visible. Click on or off to see or
to hide a layer.
B) Layer Locking Options - Click the
checkered square icon to lock Transparency;
click the brush icon to lock the Image; click the
arrow icon to lock the Position; click the lock
icon to lock all options.
C) Layer Blending Mode - Defines how the
layer's pixels blend with underlying pixels in the
image. By choosing a particular blending mode
from the dropdown menu you can create a variety
of special effects.
D) Fill - By typing in a value or dragging the
slider you can specify the transparency of the
color of the image or object.
E) Opacity - By typing in a value or dragging a slider you can specify the
transparency of the entire layer.
F) Layer Lock - The icon shows when the layer is locked and disappears when it is
unlocked. Double-click the icon to unlock the layer.
G) Layer Options Menu - Click the black triangle to see the following options: New
Layer, Duplicate Layer, Delete Layer, Layer Properties, etc. Some of the options
are presented as icons at the bottom of the Layers palette.
H) Link Layers – Can be used to link layers together.
I) Layer Styles - If a layer has a style, an "F" icon shows at the bottom of the Layers
palette. Click the little black triangle to see style options.
J) Layer Mask - A grayscale image, with parts painted in black hidden, parts painted
in white showing, and parts painted in gray shades showing in various levels of
transparency.
K) Layer Set - This option helps to organize images with multiple layers. Click the
icon to create a folder for several layers.
L) Create New Fill or Adjustment Layer - Have the same opacity and blending
mode options as image layers and can be rearranged, deleted, hidden, and duplicated
in the same manner as image layers. Click the icon and select an option to create a new
fill or adjustment layer.
M) Create New Layer - Click this icon to create a new layer.
N) Delete Layer - To delete a layer, select a layer in the Layers palette and drag it to
the trash can icon; or, select a layer and click the icon.
T O O L B O X If you used other Adobe products, such as Illustrator or
InDesign, you should be familiar with the toolbox in Photoshop CS3 as it
shares some of the tools from these applications. If you are a novice user
of Adobe products, you should keep in mind that you might not need to
use all of the tools. In this tutorial, only the basic tools will be discussed
in depth.
Some tools in the toolbar have additional "hidden" tools. These tools have
small black triangles in the right-hand corner. To view the "hidden" tools,
click and hold down on any tool that has a black triangle in the corner
(Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. "Hidden" tools

SELE C T I O N TO OLS

BUTTON TOOL DESCRIPTION

Marquee Selects an object by drawing a rectangle or an ellips e

around it.
Click the tool button, choose a rectangular or an
elliptical marquee. Drag the marquee over the area of
the image you wish to select.

Move Used to select and move objects on the page.

Click the tool button, then click on any object on the
page you wish to move.
 Lasso Selects an object by drawing a freehand border around it.
Click the tool button, drag to draw a freehand border
around the area of the image you wish to select.
Polygonal
Lasso Selects an object by drawing a straight-edge border
around it
Selects an object by drawing a straight-edge border
around it.
Magneti c Click the tool button, click on the starting point on the
Lasso image, drag to draw a straight-edge border, click and
drag again to select the area of the image you wish to
select. Double-click to finish.

Selects an object by drawing a border that snaps to the

Magi c edges of the defined area of the object.
Wand Click on the starting point on the image, drag around the
area of the image. The tool will make fastening points at
the edges. To finish selecting, drag the border to the
starting point and click precisely in the point.

Selects all objects in a document with the same or similar

fill color, stroke weight, stroke color, opacity, or
blending mode. By specifying the color range, or
tolerance, you can control what the Magic Wand tool
selects.
Click the tool button, then click on the area of the image
you wish to select

Crop Tool Selects and cuts parts of an image.

Click the tool button, then click and drag the tool over the
part of the image that you want to keep. Resize the
selected area dragging the squares at the sides and
corners. Click the RETURN key when your crop box is
sized correctly.
Slice Tool Used to cut images into slices, which can be exported to a
web page
 A L T E R A T I O N T O O LS`
BUTTON TOOL DESCRIPTION
Corrects small blemishes in scanned photos.
Healing Select the tool, hold down the ALT key and left-clic k
Brush on the base color you need to heal. Then left-clic k
over the blemish

Brush Tool Draws lines of different thicknesses and colors.

Select the tool. Then click on the selected area, drag
to draw lines. Use the Options bar to change the
Brush, Mode, Opacity, and Flow.

Clone Stamp Takes a sample of an image and applies over another

image, or a part of the same image.
Select the tool. Hold down the ALT key and left-
click on a certain point of the document where you
want to start your copy point. Then, put your mouse
over whatever part of the new document you want the
picture to go to. Hold down
the left mouse button and drag the mouse across the
page to copy the picture.
Art History Paints over an image using the source data from a
specified history state or snapshot.
Brush
Select the tool, specify the Brush, Blending Mode,
Opacity, Style, Area, and Tolerance.

Erase Tool Removes part of an existing path or stroke. You can

use the Erase tool on paths, but not on text.
Select the tool, click on the part of the image you
wish to erase. Drag to erase pixels.
Paint Fills and entire area with a specific color of your
Bucket choice. Select the tool. Choose a foreground color in
Tool the Color Box. Select an area you wish to apply the
color to. Click the tool button, then click on the
selected area.

Page 49 of 86
 Gradient Tool Applies a gradient fill to a selected part of the image
or to an entire layer.
Select an area you wish to apply gradient to, click the
tool button, choose a fill in the Options bar, click on
the starting point, hold the mouse down and drag to
the end point. Blur Tool Blurs the sharp edges
of an image.
Select an area where you wish to apply the tool. Clic k
the tool button, choose the Brush, Mode, and
Strength. Drag the brush along the edges.

Dodge Tool Lightens areas in an image.

Select the area where you wish to apply the tool.
Choose the Brush, Range, and Exposure. Click on
the spots you wish to highlight.

D R A W I N G A ND S E L E C T I O N T O O L S
BUTTON TOOL DESCRIPTION

Direct Selects paths and path segments.

Selecti o n Select the tool, click anywhere on the path.
Tool

Type Tool Types text on a page. Every time you click the Type
Tool on a new portion of the page a new layer
will be created.
Select the tool, click on the page and begin to type.
You can specify the font and size in the Options bar.
You can also resize and transform the text box by
dragging the squares at the sides and corners. Use the
Move Tool to move the text on the page.

Pen Tool Draws smooth-edged paths.

Select the tool, click on the page, drag to draw a path.
Click and drag the anchor points to modify the path
Rectangl eTool Draws a rectangle shape. Other shapes that are hidden
in this tool are: Rounded Rectangle Tool, Ellipse Tool, Polygon Tool, Line
Tool, and Custom Shape Tool.
Select the tool, click and drag on the page to draw a shape. The shape will be
automatically filled with the current foreground color.

ASSIS T ING TOOL S

BUTTON TOOL DESCRIPTION

Notes Tool
Serves as a comment feature. Usually used for
electronic text edits.
Select the tool, click on the spot on the page where you
wish to make a comment. Type in the text box.

Eyedr oppe r Takes color samples from colors on the page and
Tool displays them in the Color Boxes.
Select the tool, click on the color in the image you
wish to sample. The Color Box will display this
color.

Hand Tool Allows you to move around within the image.

Select the tool, click on the spot on the page, hold the
mouse button down, drag to move in the area.

Magnifying Magnifies or reduces the display of any area in your

Glass Tool image window.
Select the tool, choose Zoom In or Zoom Out in the
Options bar, click on the area of the image you wish
to magnify or reduce.
 C O L O R B O X E S A ND M O D E S
BUTTON TOOL DESCRIPTION

Color Boxes The foreground color appears in the upper color

selection box and represents a color that is currently
active. The background color appears in the lower
box and represents an inactive color.
To change the foreground color, click the upper color
selection box in the toolbox.
To change the background color, click the lower
color selection box in the toolbox.
To reverse the foreground and background colors,
click the
Switch Colors icon (the arrow) in the toolbox.
To restore the default foreground and background
colors, click the Default Colors icon (the little black
and white boxes) in the toolbox.
NOTE: If you are using the Gradient Tool, the
currently selected foreground and background colors
will be the default colors of the gradient.

Modes Edit in Standard Mode and Edit in Quick Mask

Mode
are used for modifying images in the unmasked or
masked area.
Standard Screen, Full Screen with Menu Bar, Full
Screen are used for viewing larger or smaller are of
the image.

Edit in ImageReady is used to transfer the file for

editing in Adobe ImageReady.

BASI C I M AG E EDIT I N G
Now that you know how to find your way around in the Photoshop interface and
are familiar with the most common commands, pallets, and tools, you can start
doing some basic image editing. In the next few chapters of this tutorial you will
learn how to crop, resize, correct, and sharp/blur your images.
CROPP ING
Cropping is one of the most basic editing techniques that can improve your images.
Cropping helps to bring out the most important features in your image and focus the
viewers' attention on these features. Cropping also allows you to make your image a
standard photo size.
There are several ways to crop images in Adobe Photoshop:
1. Cropping with the Crop Tool
2. Cropping to a specific size
3. Cropping with the Marquee Tool
CROPPING WITH THE CROP TOOL
The Crop Tool allows you to make a precise selection of an image you wish to edit.
To crop with the Crop Tool, follow these steps:
i. Open the image you wish to crop (see Getting Started for detailed instructions).
ii. Select the Crop Tool from the Toolbox (see Selection Tools for location and
description).
iii. Click on your image once and drag the mouse out to make a cropping border
iv. Resize the border by dragging the squares at the sides and corners till you are
satisfied with the way your image looks.
NOTE: You can also rotate your cropping border. Move the cursor outside the border,
you will see how it turns into a double-headed arrow. Drag the arrows in the directions
you wish to rotate your selection.
v. Once you are completely satisfied with your cropped image, press ENTER.
CROPPING TO A SPECIFIC SIZE
If you wish to print your digital photos or other images on standard size photo paper,
you will have to crop your images to a specific size, such as 8x10. To crop an image to
a specific size, do the following:
i. Open the image you wish to crop.
ii. Select the Crop Tool from the Toolbox.
iii. In the Options bar, specify the values for Width and Height.
iv. Click in your image and drag the cropping border. Notice that the border is
constrained - you cannot make it wider or longer than the specified values. For
example, if you entered 8 for Width and 10 for Height, whatever size you make
the border, the area within it will fit on an 8x10 photo.
v. Once you are completely satisfied with your cropped image, press ENTER.
CROPPING WITH THE MARQUEE TOOL
If you are in a hurry and need just a simple crop, you can use the Marquee Tool and a
menu command. To crop with the Marquee Tool, follow the steps below:
i. Open the image you wish to crop.
ii. Select the Rectangular Marquee Tool from the Toolbox (see Selection Tools).
 iii. Click in your image and drag the mouse to draw a marquee around the area you
wish to crop.
iv. In the main menu, go to Image > Crop. The image will be immediately cropped.
RESIZ IN G
Resizing in Photoshop can help you print your images in standard photo sizes, resize
and preserve the high quality of digital photos, and enlarge small images to a poster
size.
RESIZING TO A SPECIFIC SIZE
To resize your image to a preset size, follow the steps below:
 In the main menu, go to File > New.
 In the New dialog box, click on the Preset dropdown menu. You will see several
preset sizes, such as 2x3, 4x6, 5x7, 8x10 with the preset resolution of 300 ppi.
 Choose the size that you wish and click OK.
NOTE: All the preset sizes are in portrait orientation. If you wish to resize an image
with the landscape orientation, you need to create your own preset. To create your
own size, do the following:
 Type in the values for Width and Height, for example 7x5.
 Type in your desired resolution (150 ppi is enough for high quality printing,
and 72 ppi is good for the web images).
 Click the Save Preset button
RESIZING DIGITAL PHOTOS
Digital photos usually have large dimensions but low resolution, 72 ppi, which effects
their quality when their size is decreased or increased. When printed, the photos with
the changed size will look pixilated. To resize the digital photos without loosing the
quality, follow these steps:
1. Open the digital photo you wish to resize.
2. In the main menu, go to View > Rulers. You will be able to see the dimension of
your photo.
3. In the main menu, go to Image > Image Size.
4. In the Image Size dialog box, check the Resample Image box off. Type in your
desired resolution (anything between 150 and 300 ppi). The photo is now 6.667 x 5
inches.
ENLARGING
If you want to make your digital photo into a poster size image, you can do it in the
Image Size dialog box. However, just increasing the dimensions will make the image
appear blurry and pixilated. To enlarge the image without loosing the quality, follow
these steps:
 Open the digital image you wish to enlarge.
 In the main menu, go to Image > Image Size.
 In the Image Size dialog box, make sure the Resample Image box is checked
off and choose Bicubic Smoother from the dropdown box.
 Change the Document Size measurements to Percent. Type in 110; this will
 increase the size of the image by 10 percent.
 Continue enlarging by 10 percent till you are satisfied with the size.
CORR E CT IN G
Digital cameras tend to cause various problems, such as "red eye" or "hot spots", if
you use flash, or underexposure, if you don't. In Photoshop, you can correct these
problems, as well as adjust the overall color of your digital photo.
RED EYE REMOVAL
The digital camera flash is located right above the lens, which causes the "red-eye";
however, you can fix your photos easily in Photoshop. To remove the "red eye",
follow the steps below:
i. Open a photo you wish to correct.
ii. Select the Zoom Tool from the Toolbox. Click and drag to draw a rectangle
around the eye

iii. Make sure your default Foreground and Background colors are black and
white (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Foreground and Background colors set to black and white

iv. Click on the little black triangle of the Healing Brush Tool button and select
the Red Eye Tool.

v. Click on the red and paint, holding down the mouse button. You will see how
the red will disappear (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Red eye corrected

vi. Repeat the steps for the other eye.
HOT SPOT REMOVAL
Using a flash can also cause another problem - shiny areas on people's faces or the
flash reflection in the shiny surfaces. To correct this problem, follow the steps below:
 i. Open the photo you wish to correct.
ii. Select the Clone Stamp Tool from the Toolbox.
iii. In the Options bar, change the Blend Mode from Normal to Darken (Figure 4).

Fig. 4. Setting the options for the Clone Stamp Tool

iv. Set the Opacity to 50 percent.
v. Choose a soft-edged brush, set the diameter to 40 or 50 (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Brush settings

vi. Hold down the SHIFT key and click in the clean area (without "hot spots") to
get a sample of color (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Clone Stamp selection

vii. Paint over the "hot spot", the light area will gradually darken (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Corrected image

ADDING FLASH
If you took pictures indoors without a flash they will turn out underexposed and dark;
in Photoshop, you can make your photos lighter. To fix underexposed photos, follow
these steps:
Open a digital photo you wish to correct (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. Underexposed photo

In the main menu, go to Layers > Duplicate. In the Duplicate Layer dialog box,
name the layer Layer 1.
Make sure Layer 1 is selected in the Layers palette. In the Blending Mode dropdown
box, change the Blending Mode to Screen (Fig. 9). The whole image will lighten.

Fig. 9. Changing the Blending Mode

Keep duplicating Layer 1 till you are satisfied with the quality of your image (Fig. 10)

Fig. 10. Corrected photo

 SAVIN G
Remember to save your work often. Saving frequently lessens the risk of losing the
work you have been doing. To save your Photoshop document, do the following:
1. Click File > Save.
2. Navigate to the place you would like your document to be saved by using the
dropdown menu and the navigation window.
3. Enter the name of your document in the Save As text field.
4. Choose a format to save your project in from the Format dropdown menu.
5. Click the Save button in the bottom right corner of the dialogue box.
6. Check to make sure that your document is saved in the place you intended.
NOTE: If you save your file as PSD (default Photoshop saving format) your layers
will be preserved, but the file size will be large. If you save your file as JPEG (a
common image format) your layers will be flattened and become one layer. The file
size though will be significantly smaller.
 Chapter 7: Digital Sound and Video
7.1 Getting started with GIF
Stands for "Graphics Interchange Format." GIF is an image file format commonly
used for images on the web and sprites in software programs. Unlike the JPEG image
format, GIFs uses lossless compression that does not degrade the quality of the
image. However, GIFs store image data using indexed color, meaning a standard GIF
image can include a maximum of 256 colors.
7.1.1 How to make GIFs in Photoshop
Creating GIFs in Photoshop takes a little more time than any of the other apps and
products we’ve mentioned so far, but it also gives you the most freedom to create
exactly what you’re looking for.
Here’s an example of a GIF we made in Photoshop using the technique we’ll explain
below:
Step 1: Load images into Photoshop
If you already have a sequence of im ages ready
GIFs are made up of a series of images (or frames), and if you already have a bunch
of images you’d like to turn into a GIF, open Photoshop, the select File > Scripts >
Load Files Into Stack. Then select ‘Browse’ and choose which files you’d like to
include within your GIF.
If you don’t have an im age sequence ready
If you don’t have a pre-made sequence of images you’d like to use, you can create a
set of new layers within Photoshop to act as the frames in your GIF. To add a new
layer to your Photoshop project, chose Layer > New > Layer.
When all your layers are ready, it’s time to move onto Step 2 and create your
animation.
Step 2: Create your animation
To create a GIF, you need a Timeline. A Timeline will help you organize your images
into a flowing animation ready to export as a GIF. To get started with your Timeline,
click Window > Timeline.
You’ll then see a Timeline appear at the bottom of your screen.
Next, you need to create your animation. To do this, click ‘Create Frame Animatio n’
within your Timeline and then click the menu in the right-hand corner of your
Timeline and choose ‘Make Frames From Layers.’
Now that all of your frames are in place, it’s a good idea to run through your
animation by hitting the Play button in the bottom left of your Timeline. If any frames
are out of place, you can drag and drop them to a new position in the Timeline.
Step 3: Export your GIF
Once you’re happy with the way your GIF is looking, it’s time to export it for use on
your website, social media profiles, or anywhere you’d like to share it. To export your
GIF, click File > Export > Save for Web (Legacy).
You’ll now see the ‘Save for Web’ window, and this is where you can choose the
type of GIF you’d like to create. You can see all of the available options by
clicking Presets. The choices include GIF 32, GIF 64 and GIF 128 – you can also
choose Dithered or No Dither. The number after the GIF indicates the number of
colors that’ll be included in your GIF and including Dither helps to alleviate color
banding.
7.1.2 How to convert a video into a GIF using Photoshop
Photoshop can also help you convert a video into a GIF by transforming each frame
of the video into a frame within Photoshop. To import a video, click File > Import >
Video Frames to Layers. You’ll then have the option to choose how much of the
video you import and whether you’d like to pull in every frame (for longer GIFs,
importing every other frame should be sufficient quality).
Once you’ve imported your video, you can add text, captions and edits within
Photoshop and then follow Step 3 above to export your GIF.
7.2 Digital Video and Sound
One of the most fundamental parts of storytelling and filmmaking is editing. Without
good editing, stories don’t fully come alive on screen. For this step -by-step tutorial
on getting started with Adobe Premiere Pro CC (done on a Mac, but everything
applies the same to PC), we put together a Video Editing Media Pack for you using
our free Public Domain Project collection. Download the zip file to have some media to
start working with.

7.2.1. Video Basics

Start Organized, Stay Organized
Make your life easier down the road by keeping your work organized from the start.
Whether working off an internal or external hard drive, start every project by creating a
project folder. This folder will contain all the files related to your project, placed
accordingly in the following subfolders:
Always knowing where your files are located will save you tons of time and improve
your workflow efficiency, while switching to a different workstation will be easy
with all your files in one place. Plus, archiving your projects in an organized fashion
will facilitate coming back to them effortlessly in the future.
What is Video Editing?
Video editing is the process of
manipulating and rearranging video shots to
create a new work. Editing is usually
considered to be one part of the post
production process — other post-production tasks include titling, colour correction,
sound mixing, etc.
Many people use the term editing to describe all their post-production work,
especially in non-professional situations. Whether or not you choose to be picky
about terminology is up to you. We use the word editing to mean any of the
following:
 Rearranging, adding and/or removing sections of video clips and/or audio
 clips.
 Applying colour correction, filters and other enhancements.
 Creating transitions between clips.
The Goals of Editing
There are many reasons to edit a video and your editing approach will depend on the
desired outcome. Before you begin you must clearly define your editing goals, which
could include any of the following:
1. Remove unwanted footage
This is the simplest and most common task in editing. Many videos can be
dramatically improved by simply getting rid of the flawed or unwanted bits.
2. Choose the best footage
It is common to shoot far more footage than you actually need and choose only the
best material for the final edit. Often you will shoot several versions (takes) of a shot
and choose the best one when editing.
3. Create a flow
Most videos serve a purpose such as telling a story or providing information.
Editing is a crucial step in making sure the video flows in a way which achieves this
goal.
4. Add effects, graphics, music, etc .
This is often the "wow" part of editing. You can improve most videos (and have a
lot of fun) by adding extra elements.
5. Alter the style, pace or mood of the video
A good editor will be able to create subtle mood prompts in a video. Techniques
such as mood music and visual effects can influence how the audience will react.
6. Give the video a particular "angle"
Video can be tailored to support a particular viewpoint, impart a message or serve
an agenda.
Different Types of Video Editing
There are several different ways to edit video and each method has its pros and cons.
Although most editors opt for digital non-linear editing for most projects, it makes
sense to have an understanding of how each method works.
1. Film Splicing

Technically, this isn't video editing, it's film editing. But it is worth a mention as it
was the first way to edit moving pictures and conceptually it forms the basis of all
video editing.
Traditionally, film is edited by cutting sections of the film and rearranging or
discarding them. The process is very straightforward and mechanical. In theory a film
could be edited with a pair of scissors and some splicing tape, although in reality a
splicing machine is the only practical solution. A splicing mac hine allows film
footage to be lined up and held in place while it is cut or spliced together.
2. Tape to Tape (Linear)
Linear editing was the original method of editing electronic video tapes, before
editing computers became available in the 1990s. Although it is no longer the
preferred option, it is still used in some situations.

In linear editing, video is selectively copied from one tape to another. It requires at
least two video machines connected together — one acts as the source and the other
is the recorder. The basic procedure is quite simple:
i. Place the video to be edited in the source machine and a blank tape in the
recorder.
ii. Press play on the source machine and record on the recorder.
The idea is to record only those parts of the source tape you want to keep. In this way
desired footage is copied in the correct order from the original tape to a new tape.
The new tape becomes the edited version.
This method of editing is called "linear" because it must be done in a linear fashion;
that is, starting with the first shot and working through to the last shot. If the editor
changes their mind or notices a mistake, it is almost impossible to go back and re-
edit an earlier part of the video. However, with a little practice, linear editing is
relatively simple and trouble-free.
3. Digital/Computer (Non-linear)

In this method, video footage is recorded (captured) onto a computer hard drive and
then edited using specialized software. Once the editing is complete, the finished
product is recorded back to tape or optical disk.
Non-linear editing has many significant advantages over linear editing. Most notably,
it is a very flexible method which allows you to make changes to any part of the video
at any time. This is why it's called "non-linear" — because you don't have to edit in
a linear fashion.
One of the most difficult aspects of non-linear digital video is the array of hardware
and software options available. There are also several common video standards which
are incompatible with each other, and setting up a robust editing system can be a
challenge.
The effort is worth it. Although non-linear editing is more difficult to learn than
linear, once you have mastered the basics you will be able to do much more, much
faster.
4. Live Editing
In some situations, multiple cameras and other video sources are routed through a
central mixing console and edited in real time. Live television coverage is an example
of live editing.
Live editing is a fairly specialist topic and won't concern most people.
Video Editing Terminology
1. Capture Device: A hardware or firmware device used to convert analogue
video into digital video.
2. Compressors & Codecs: Software or firmware used to compress and
decompress digital video. Compression makes the file size smaller.
3. Editing: The process of rearranging, adding and/or removing sections of video
clips. Also, creating transitions between clips. Editing is part of post-production.
4. Encoding: The process of converting digital video into a particular format, for
example, saving a video project in MGEG-2 format for DVD distribution.
5. Layering: Adding multiple layers of superimposed video.
6. Linear Editing: Also known as tape to tape editing. A method of editing in
which footage is copied from one tape to another in the required order (more
info).
7. Non Linear Editing: An editing method which uses computer software to edit
the footage (more info).
8. Transition: The way one shot changes to the next (more info).
9. Post Production: Everything that happens to the video and audio after
production, i.e. after the footage has been shot. Pos t production includes video
editing, audio editing, titling, colour correction, effects, etc.
Premiere Pro Workspace: Overview
The screenshot below shows the default workspace. This workspace can
be customised in many ways — you can rearrange the panels and use specialist panels
for different tasks (audio mixing, titles, etc .). For now we will stick to the default
workspace.

The default panels

 The Tools Panel is where you can select various editing tools to use in the
timeline.
 The Project Panel is where you store all the elements which make up your
edited video (video clips, audio clips, graphics, titles, etc).
 The Source Monitor is where you can preview clips, make simple adjustments
and add them to the timeline.
 The Program Monitor shows the edited video from the timeline.
 The Media Browser allows you to browse, preview and import clips from your
hard drives and network.
 The Timeline Panel is where you arrange the elements of your video in the
desired order.
 The Audio Meters display the volume level from the timeline.
1. The Tools Panel
Premiere Pro has eleven different tools that were designed to perform a single specific
task useful during the editing process.
A. Selection Tool: Use this tool to select clips, menu items, buttons, and other objects
found in the user interface. We recommend you configure the Selection tool to be
selected by default after using the more specialized editing tools, since most clip and
interface interaction requires using the Selection tool.
B. Track Selection Tool: Use this tool to select all clips to the right of the cursor in
a sequence. Click a clip with this tool to select the clip and the ones to the right on a
single track. Hold the Shift key and click a clip to select the clip and the ones to the
right on every track.
C. Ripple Edit Tool: You can use the Selection tool to trim the start or end of a clip
in the Timeline; however, you might create an empty space between the clips on your
Timeline. Use the Ripple Edit tool to trim the In or Out point of a clip, close gaps
caused by the edit, and preserve all edits to the left or right of the trimmed clip.
D. Rolling Edit Tool: Use this tool to simultaneously change the In and Out points
of a pair of adjacent clips on the Timeline: the Rolling Edit Tool trims the In point of
one clip and the Out point of the other clip, leaving the comb ined duration of the two
clips unchanged.
E. Rate Stretch Tool: This tool is used to shorten or lengthen a clip in the Timeline.
The Rate Stretch tool speeds up or slows down the playback of the clip without
trimming the clip, thus leaving the In and Out points of the clip unchanged.
F. Razor Tool: Use this tool to split clips in the Timeline. Click any point on a clip
to split it at that exact location. To split all clips across all tracks at an exact point,
press and hold the Shift key while clicking a clip.
G. Slip Tool: Use the Slip tool to simultaneously change the In and Out points of a
clip in a Timeline, while keeping the overall duration of the clip unchanged.
H. Slide Tool: Use this tool to move a clip to the right or left on the Timeline while
trimming any adjacent clips. The combined duration of the clips, and the location of
the group in the Timeline, remain unchanged.
I. Pen Tool: All clips have a set of inherent properties that you can animate using the
Effect Controls panel. Select the Pen too l to set or select key frames for clips in the
Timeline.
J. Hand Tool: Use this tool to move the viewing area of a Timeline to the right or
left as an alternative to the scroll bar at the base of the Timeline panel.
K. Zoom Tool: Select this tool to zoom in or out in the Timeline viewing area.
2. The Project Panel

Location of the Project Panel in the default editing workspace.

Video editing is a non-destructive editing process because you do not edit the original
content of your files. The Project panel contains references to all the footage files
(video, audio, and images) that you have imported into Premiere Pro in addition to
the sequences, titles and other supporting material you create in the application.
The project panel is where you store all the elements needed to create your finished
video. It can contain individual video clips, audio clips, titles, photos and graphical
images. When you import new items they appear automatically in the project panel.
The project panel also contains sequences, which include all the data in a particular
timeline. When you create a new project, the project panel contains a single sequence
called Sequence 01.
Items in the Project Panel
A: Thumbnail viewer
B: Set poster frame
C: Play/Stop thumbnail
D: Bin (folder)
E: Media Items (video clips etc)
F: List view
G: Icon view
H: Automate to sequence
I: Find
J: New Bin
K: New Item
L: Delete Selected Items
M: Scrollbar (for media information)
N: Information about the selected item
The Monitor Panels
The monitor panels are where you view video clips and edited video sequences.
The left screen is the source monitor, which allows you to preview clips and make
adjustments before adding them to the timeline.
The right screen is the program monitor, which shows you the active timeline.
Controls under each monitor allow you to scroll through the video and set edit points.
In the top right corner of the monitor panel is a fly-out menu containing numerous
additional viewing options, including technical monitors.

3. The Timeline Panel

The timeline panel is where your video takes shape. By dragging items from
the project panel or source monitor and placing them in the desired order, you create
a sequence of clips and events which play in the timeline from left to right.
With items in the timeline, you can:
 Adjust edit points, making clips shorter or longer, or stretch them over time.
 Create multiple layers of video, e.g. titles, superimposed images, etc.
 Create multiple layers of audio, e.g. voiceovers, music, etc.
 Add transitions, filters, special effects, etc.
 You can also create "nested" sequences to help keep the timeline manageable.
When you have finished editing the timeline, you can play it back in real time or
export it in a variety of formats.
 4. The Current Time Indicator
The Current Time Indicator (CTI) is a blue triangular indicator which shows you
where you are in the timeline. CTIs are used in several different panels.
In the main timeline panel the CTI appears with a vertical red line overlaid on the
sequence tracks, as illustrated below. This CTI is linked to the program monitor
panel — the monitor shows the same frame as the CTI. When you play the sequence
you'll see the CTI moving from left to right across the timeline.

CTIs also appear in other panels including the Preview Monitor, Program Monitor
and Effect Controls panel.

Many tasks depend on the position of the CTI, for example:

  Pasting clips into the sequence.
 Adding markers to a clip or sequence.
 Razor at Current Time Indicator (CTRL-K): This splits any unlocked clips at the
point where the CTI is positioned.
Repositioning the Current Time Indicator
You can move the CTI using any of the following methods:
 Click anywhere in the time ruler and the CTI will go there instantly.
 Drag the CTI left and right to scrub through the sequence. Snap to edit points
by pressing the Shift key while dragging.
 At the left of the Timeline panel, drag the time display or enter a specific time.
 In the Monitor panel, use any playback control.
Other Common Panels in Premiere
There are many more panels available in Premiere. Some of them are accessible by
clicking tabs in the default panels, others can be found in the Window menu. Here
are a few examples...

Info Panel
Provides information about the currently selected
object.

History Panel
Displays a list of recently performed actions.
Allows you to move back through multiple undo
levels to previous versions.
Audio Mixer
Gives you control over the audio levels for
individual tracks. Includes automation options.

Effects Panel
Drag video and audio effects and transitions from
this panel to the timeline. Effects and transitions can
then be modified with the effect control panel.

Effect Controls
Controls various parameters for each effect which
has been applied to a clip.
 Reference Monitor
A handy technical monitor for advanced users,
giving you precise information about video clips.

Creating a New Premiere Pro Project

Editing on Premiere Pro requires you to have some sort of video file. First, let’s go
ahead and open Premiere Pro by double-clicking the program. On the Start
Screen you want to click “New Project” to create a new project file. Pick a name for
your new project and then click OK.
You can move these windows around and customize your workspace in Window >
Workspaces.
Importing Media and Creating a New Sequence
Now that you’ve created your project, you can start by importing your media. There
are several ways to do this in Premiere Pro. For now, simply click File > Import. You
can import videos, audio files, and images.
Once you’ve imported your media, create a New Sequence by clicking File > New
Sequence. This will open the New Sequence window, where you can specify
advanced sequence settings. Since Premiere Pro does a great job at automating this
process once you place your footage on the timeline, leave all this as it presents itself.
Just rename your sequence at the bottom of the window and hit OK.
From the project window, drag one of the video files you imported earlier onto the
timeline. As this is the first clip you drop on the timeline, Premiere Pro will ask you
if you would like to match the sequence settings to this clip. Click “Change Sequence
Settings.”
Note: If you’re working with multiple resolution formats (4K/HD/SD), make sure to
drop the clip with the resolution you’d like to match the sequence settings to first.
Editing Video Basics
Now we’ll go over some basic editing tools, terms, and techniques. This will help
you familiarize yourself with some of the more vital parts of the editing environment.
In and Out Points
Double click on one of the video files in your project panel; this will load the clip
into your Source Monitor. Use the Mark In ({) and Mark Out (}) buttons to set the
desired start and end for this clip. The grey bar under the clip shows your clip
selection. You will always be able to tweak the length of this selection once you plac e
your clip on the timeline, so no need to worry about getting the perfect selection now.
You can also use keyboard shortcuts to set in (I) and out (O) points.

Getting a clip onto the Timeline

Once you’ve made your selection using in and out points, you can either drag the clip
onto the timeline (from the Project or Source Monitor windows) or using the
Insert/Overwrite buttons.

Editing your clip on the Timeline

Now that you’ve got your clip on the timeline, you can move it around and adjust its
length on either end using the Selection Tool (V). Your cursor will turn into a red
arrow symbol when you position it at the inner or outer edge of the clip, allowing you
to lengthen or shorten it. Using the Razor Tool (C), you can split your clip in two or
cut out a section in the middle. These two tools will allow you to do most of your
basic editing.

Adding a Title Graphic

Now that we have the video imported, we can start to edit it. Let’s add a title graphic
to introduce the video. Start by selecting Window > Workspaces > Graphics at the
very top of the screen.

This will show the tools seen in this picture on the very left. These are the essentials
you will need to create a title. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT that you start creating the
title where you want it displayed in the video. So be sure to use the time-line panel to
drag the playhead to where in the video you want the text to appear like so.
The next step is to click the “T” for Type. It is the very last tool on the vertical panel.
This will open up a red box into which you can type your text.
The cursor tool allows you to move your typed text to anywhere on the screen. Once
you have positioned it where you desire, you can edit the color, fill, size, and font of
the text.

And that is it! Congratulations!

7.2.1 How to Edit Audio in Premiere Pro CC

[Link] Set Up the Workspace
To start working with Premiere Pro audio, it helps to change workspaces. Premiere
has multiple built-in workspaces that make it easy to display all of the tools relevant
to the task at hand. Click on Audio at the top of Premiere Pro to jump into the view
that has the tools you need.
Now, it helps to orient yourself a bit. In the default Audio workspace, you’ll see a
view that includes a couple of key panels that are specific to Audio. The Audio
Track Mixer is in the center of the window, and Essential Sound is on the right side
of your workspace. These two panels are the focus of our work with Premiere Pro
audio.
You’ll also see panels that you’re familiar with from other Premiere workspaces. The
timeline panel at the bottom of the app is the same one that you were working with
before you jumped to Audio, and features a visual sequencing of the audio and video
clips that make up your production.
[Link] Editing audio in a Timeline panel
The Audio Timeline provides a view of audio elements over time. The audio tracks
appear as green bars with an audio waveform. You can edit the audio just like you
edit other objects in the timeline.
[Link] Trim audio in sample view in a Timeline panel
1. In the Timeline panel menu, choose Show Audio Time Units. The time rulers
in the Timeline panel and Program Monitor switch to a sample-based scale.
2. To customize the style of the audio track, click Timeline Display Settings, the
wrench tool on the timeline panel. To display audio as waveforms in the
timeline, select Show Audio Waveform.

Display audio as w aveform

3. View the audio In point or Out point of the clip you want to edit in detail by
dragging the zoom slider to the left.
4. Trim the clip by doing one of the following:
 To adjust the In point, position the pointer over the left edge of the clip’s
audio so that the trim head tool appears, and drag left or right.
 To adjust the Out point, position the pointer over the right edge of the
clip’s audio so that the trim tail icon appears, and drag left or right.
5. Use the waveform display or play the audio to make sure that you adjusted the
In and Out points properly.
[Link] Link or unlink video and audio
1. Do the following in a Timeline:
 To link clips, Shift-click the series of clips to select them, right-click and
select Link from the pop-up list.
 To unlink clips, right click and select Unlink from the pop-up list.
Note: After unlinking a clip, video remains selected while audio becomes deselected.
2. (Optional) To use a set of linked clips multiple times, create a nested sequence
from the set of synchronized clips, and place the nested sequence in other
sequences as desired.
[Link] Create Split Edits
Ordinarily, you set one In point and one Out point for a source clip. If it’s a linked
clip, In and Out points apply to both tracks of the clip. Set in a sequence, the audio,
and video of the standard clip app ear at the same time. Sometimes you want to set
the video and audio In or Out points independently, however, to create split edits
(also known as L-cuts and J-cuts). When placed in a sequence, a clip trimmed for a
split edit has its audio appear before its video, or its video before its audio.
 Clip trimmed for J-cut

Clip trimmed for L-cut

1. Expand the track by double clicking on it.
2. Select one of the clips involved in the split edit, right click, and
select Unlink from the pop-up menu.
3. Select the Rolling Edit tool from the Tools panel.
4. Starting at the audio edit point between the two clips, drag left or right.
Note: If nothing happens, make sure that before you start dragging, you position the
pointer over the visible audio edit point, not over an applied audio transition.
A common editing technique is to Alt-drag (Windows) or Option-drag (macOS) a
clip’s audio or video to quickly adjust a split edit. It’s a lot faster than unlinking a
clip.
[Link] Adjusting Volume in Premiere Pro
You can adjust it via the Effect Controls panel or via the Timeline.
Whenever you change the volume in Premiere Pro, these changes affect the
amplitude. Amplitude is measured in decibels (dB). Unlike volume which can start
at zero, amplitude is measured by a logarithmic scale. It starts at infinity and can go
up to 0 dB in digital waveform. That said, when you increase the volume, you
increase the amplitude of the signal and sound as well.
Adjusting Volume in the Effect Controls Panel
To adjust the volume of an audio track using the Effect Controls panel
 Select the track in the Timeline.

 Next, go to the Effects panel.

 Click the triangle next to Volume so that you can see the controls (as pictured
below).

 Now click the triangle to the left of Channel Volume as well.

Keep the following things in mind as you make adjustments:

1. When you adjust volume, the adjustments that you make will affect both
channels.
2. Channel Volume lets you control the two channels of a stereo configuration.
3. Volume can be increased to 6dB. It can be decreased to -287.5dB.
4. Drag the values to the right to increase the volume. Drag them to the left to
decrease the volume.
5. You can enter values for either the left or right channels – or both. To do this,
just enter in a value.
6. If you want to adjust the left/right balance, change the value in Panner effect. 0
is balanced. -100 is all left. 100 is all right.

Adjusting Volume Using the Timeline

To adjust the volume using the Timeline, hover your mouse over the volume band on
the Timeline. Your pointer will change to two black arrows.

Drag upward to increase the volume. Drag downward to decrease the volume.

Using Keyframes to Fade In

To use keyframes to fade the sound in, select the Pen tool in the Tools panel. It looks
like this: Next, select a point on the volume band where you want to insert a
keyframe by clicking on it with the Pen tool. Follow up with selecting the second
keyframe. Again, use the Pen tool to do this.

Drag the second keyframe toward the lower left corner.

You have created a fade-in.

Panning Audio
The next time you’re in a movie theatre, pay attention to how the sounds around you
come from different speakers. Expert audio producers put a ton of effort into pushing
audio to specific parts of the sound stage for an immersive experience.
Sure, your listener might be watching your video while listening on AirPods, so
surround sound isn’t guaranteed. But working with panning the tracks can really
bring a sense of balance, particularly when working with multiple audio tracks.
Again, there is more than one way to accomplish this task in Premiere. If you want
to change a track for the entirety of the production, use the Mixer panel at the top,
adjusting the knob left or right to push the audio accordingly.

Another option is using keyframes to adjust the audio balance over the course of a
clip. Much like we used keyframes to create “anchor points” to adjust the balance of
audio as the clip progresses.
Click on the keyframe icon, then choose track panner, then balance. Now, the
keyframes on your clip can be used to control and change the balance throughout the
clip. Move it back and forth to create an oscillating effect.

Ambience
Unlike sound effects, Ambience is sound that reflects the atmosphere of a space and is
more subtle. For example, in an office space you may hear printer sounds or
computer mice clicking, but these are considered sound effects, not ambience. Office
Ambience would be more like the buzz of the florescent lights and the subtle chatter
of employees talking.
Drag and drop your ambient sound into your timeline, then with the audio selected in
the timeline, select the “Ambience” audio type from the Essential Sound Panel. From
here you can adjust the loudness, add reverb, and adjust the stereo width of your
ambience.
i. Loudness: The broadcast standard for ambience is -30 LUFS. This is lower than
dialogue, as it is meant to be more in the background. Make sure to click “Auto -
Match” to get your ambience to -30 LUFs.
ii. Reverb: You can select from four reverb presets: Large Room Ambience,
Outside Ambience, Room Ambience, and Wind Effect. You can use the slider to
increase the amount of reverb.
iii. Stereo Width: This applies a “Stereo Expander” effect to your audio clip, which
allows you to increase or decrease the amount of presence of your ambient noise.
For example, if you want to make the ambience feel like it is all around the
viewer, you can adjust the slider more to the right, toward “Width.”
Send to Audition

No matter your individual circumstances, if you have unneeded background noise in

your audio, the best tool to clean it up is the Noise Print feature in Adobe Audition.
Luckily for you, if you’re editing with Premiere Pro, you should have Auditio n
already installed on your computer. To send an audio clip to Audition, simply right
click on the track and select Edit Clip in Adobe Audition.
Capture Noise Print

The first thing you need to do before you apply the Noise Print effect is capture your
background noise without the vocal parts. You can do this by selecting a voiceless
area in your track with the Time Selection Tool. Play your track to make sure you’ve
selected only background noise and no voice.
Now it’s time to capture the background noise. To do so, simply navigate
to Effects>Noise Reduction>Capture Noise Print or hit Shift+P. Your background
noise is now saved into Audition.
Apply Noise Print

After you’ve captured the Noise Print, it’s time to take the noise print out of your
original audio clip. First you will need to deselect your noise print area. To do this,
click anywhere in your timeline with the Time Selection Tool selected. Now navigate
to Effects>Noise Reduction>Noise Reduction. A window will pop up that looks like
this:

You’ll see two important effects:

 Noise Reduction — the amount of noise that will be reduced.
 Reduce By — the number of decibels that the noise will be reduced.
The best way to ensure that your audio will sound the best is to adjust each parameter
by hand. But if you’re in a hurry, just set Noise Reduction to 50% and Reduce By to
15db. After you’ve set your noise print levels select Apply.
Send to Premiere
Now it’s time to go back to Premiere, but first you will need to save your audio out
of Audition. Simply hit Command+S and your audio will be automatically saved and
replaced in your Premiere Pro timeline.
Vocal Enhancer

Now that you’ve taken out most of your background noise, it’s time to enhance the
vocals. Grab the Vocal Enhancer effect in your effects panel and drag it onto your
audio clip. You will need to adjust the vocal enhancer for your subject.
Navigate to the Effects Control panel and select the dropdown arrow under Vocal
Enhancer until you see the custom setup option. Click the Edit button. You will see
a box that pops up. Select Male or Female, depending on your subject.

Set All Peaks

Now that your audio is sounding great, it’s time to level it for your individ ual
production. To do this, simply right click on the audio and select Audio Gain.
Select Normalize All Peaks and set the level to -6db. You should now have decent
audio that’s perfect for corporate videos, quick commercials, or news packages.