1.
Urinary system consists of which organs and structures
a. organs
i. kidneys (2)
ii. ureters (2)
iii. urinary bladder
iv. urethra
2. Functions of the kidney
a. important role in blood volume, pressure and composition and
osmolarity
b. lters blood and excretes toxic metabolic wastes
c. regulates electrolytes and acid base balance
d. secretes erythropoietin which stimulates the production of RBC
e. helps regulate calcium levels by participating in calcitriol synthesis
f. clears hormones from blood
g. detoxi es free radicals
h. during starvation- synthesizes glucose from amino acids
3. Know the waste materials, what is the most abundant waste and know
where they are coming from. For example, urea is product of protein
catabolism
a. waste- any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of
the body’s needs
b. metabolic waste- waste produced by the body
c. the most toxic and abundant waste are nitrogenous waste such as urea
i. urea formation- comes from proteins
1. live converts ammonia to urea
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ii. uric acid- product of nucleic acid catabolism
iii. creatinine- product of creatine phosphate catabolism
4. Know the gross anatomy of kidney, what is the function of adipose capsule
a. kidney anatomy
i. right kidney is lower due to larger right lobe
ii. lateral surface is convex and medial is concave with a slit hilum
iii. hilum- receives renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and ureter
iv. three protective connective tissue coverings
1. renal facia- binds to abdominal wall
2. perirenal fat capsule- cushions kidney and holds it in place
3. brous capsule- encloses kidney to protect it from trauma
and infection
v. renal parenchyma (cortex+ medulla)- forms urine
1. renal sinus- cavity that contains blood and lymphatic
vessels, nerves, and urine collecting structures
2. outer renal cortex
3. inner renal medulla
a. renal pyramids- 6-10 with broad base facing cortex
and renal papilla facing sinus
b. renal columns- extensions of the cortex that project
toward sinus
4. adipose capsule- provides protection from trauma and
damage, is covering the renal capsule
vi. lobe of kidney- one pyramid and its overlying cortex
[Link] calyx- cup that nestles the papilla of each pyramid, collects
urine
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[Link] calyces- formed by the convergence of 2 or 3 minor calyces
b. size of a soap bar
5. What is the functional unit in kidneys. Know the different part of this unit
a. functional unit nephron
b. parts of the nephron
i. renal corpuscle: lters blood plasma
1. consists of glomerulus
2. consists of:
a. parietal layer of glomerular capsule
b. visceral layer of glomerular capsule
c. capsular space separates the two layers
ii. renal tubule: converts ltrate into urine
6. What is glomerular ltrate? Is it similar to plasma?
a. glomerular ltration uid in the capsular space
i. similar to blood plasma, but there is no protein
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7. What is the content of the glomerular ltrate? Is there any protein in it?
a. there is no protein
b. has water and some solutes that have passed from the blood plasma into
the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsular space
8. What is albuminuria protein in the urine
9. Be able to trace the blood ow from renal artery into the renal cortex
a. renal artery divides into segmental arteries to
i. interlobar arteries- up renal columns, between pyramids
ii. arcuate arteries- over pyramids
iii. cortical radiate arteries- up into cortex
1. in the cortex, the peritubular capillars branch off of the
efferent arterioles supplying the tissue near the glomerulus,
the PCT and DCT
iv. branch into afferent arterioles- each for one nephron, leading to
the glomerulus
[Link] the path of uid as it is ltered from the blood and ows through the
nephron?
a. The uid passes through the PCT – arises from the glomerular capsule
b. through the loop of henle
i. descending limb-
ii. ascending limb
c. through the DCT
d. to the collecting duct- receives uid from the DCTs of several nephrons
as it passes back into medulla
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[Link] urine from the collecting duct of the nephron to the ureter.
a. collecting duct
b. papillary duct
c. minor calyx
d. major calyx
e. renal pelvis
f. ureter
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[Link] urine from the collecting duct of the nephron to the urethra
a. urinary bladder
b. urethra
[Link] the sympathetic nervous system effects glomerular ltration?
a. sympathetic nerve bers innervate the renal blood vessels
b. sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine constructs the
afferent arterioles in the strenuous exercise or acute conditions like
circulatory shock
c. reduces glomerular ltration rate (GFR) and urine output
d. redirects blood from kidney to the heart, brain and skeletal muscles
14. Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular ltrate by .
symports
15. What percent of ltrate becomes urine? less than 1%
[Link] kidneys produce renin
a. renin will convert angiotensin into angiotensin 1
b. in the lungs and kidney, ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
c. this increases BP
i. vasoconstriction
ii. constrictions efferent arteriole raising GFR
iii. stimulates the release of aldosterone
d. stimulates ADH release
e. stimulates thirst
[Link] are the steps of the urine production, what is tubular secretion and
what is tubular reabsorption?
a. urine production
i. glomerular ltration- creates a plasma like ltrate of the blood
ii. tubular reabsorption- removes useful solutes from the ltrate and
puts them in the blood
1. PCT: reabsorption of water, glucose, nitrogenous waste,
electrolytes, sodium
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iii. tubular secretion- removes additional wastes from the blood and
add them to the ltrate
1. acid base balance
2. waste removal
3. clearance of drugs and containments
iv. water conservation- removes water from the urine and returns it to
the blood; concentrates wastes
b. tubular secretion renal tubule extracts chemicals from capillary blood
and secretes them into tubular uid
c. tubular reabsorption process of reclaiming water and solutes from
tubular uid and returning them to blood
[Link] is the mechanism of action for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
a. makes the collecting duct more permeable to water
b. promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
[Link] You've been working outside in the hot sun and are dripping wet with
sweat. Your uid intake has been minimal as you have been too busy to stop
and get a drink. What would happen
a. dehydration leads to hypertonic urine (becomes concentrated)
b. high blood osmolarity stimulates posterior to release ADH and
increase synthesis of aquaporin channels
c. more water is reabsorbed by collecting ducts
[Link] diabetes mellitus why glycosuria occurs, (related to transport maximum)
a. glycosuria occurs when urine contains more glucose than it should
[Link] does yellow coloration of urine comes from?
a. due to the urochrome pigment from the breakdown of hemoglobin
(RBCs)
[Link] are women more prone to bladder infections than men?
a. women’s have a shorter urethra
23. Lithotripsy is a medical procedure used to treat kidney stones
[Link] is involuntary and voluntary micturition
a. involuntary micturition
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i. stretch receptors detect lling of bladder and send it to the spinal
cord by afferent signals
ii. signals return to bladder via parasympathetic bers in pelvic nerve
iii. efferent signals excite detrusor muscle
iv. efferent signals relax internal urethral sphincter
b. voluntary micturition
i. the center in the pons receives signals from stretch receptors
ii. when it is time to urinate, the pons returns the signal to the spinal
interneurons that excite the detrusor and relax internal urethral
sphincter and urine is released
iii. if it is not time to urinate, signals from the cerebrum excite spinal
interneurons to keep external urethral sphincter contracted
iv. if it is time, signals from the cerebrum inhibit sacral neurons and
the external urethral sphincter relaxes
25. Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic oor
forms the external urinary sphincter
[Link] is hematuria What most likely to cause hematuria?
a. hematuria- blood in urine
b. cause- due to urinary tract infection, trauma or kidney stones
[Link] uences of atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and aldosterone on urine
production
a. aldosterone- the salt retaining hormone
i. urine volume is reduced and has elevated K concentration
b. natriuretic
i. results in excretion of more salt and water in urine, reducing blood
volume and pressure
ii. inhibits renin, aldosterone, and ADH secretion
c. ADH
i. makes the collecting duct more permeable to water and is put into
the blood rather than being lost in urine
[Link] will be more likely to have bladder infections and renal calculi if the pH
of your urine is:
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a. Alkaline
b. Acidic
c. Neutral
29. The primary site for reabsorption of solutes and water is proximal
convoluted tube
[Link] pH of urine is typically slightly acidic because a lower pH
a. acidic
i. normal to nd urea, NaCl, KCl, creatine, uric acid, calcium, Mg,
bicarbonate
b. lower pH
i. abnormal to nd glucose, Hb, albumin, ketones, and bile pigments
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