Ch.13 — Oscillations Ch.

25 — DC Circuits
Find period from frequency Brightness of bulbs (series + parallel)
T = 1/f. That's it. 1. Find Req of the circuit
2. Find current through each bulb
Mass-spring SHM: find f, T, vmax, Fmax
3. Brightness = power = I²R
1. ω = √(k/m)
Removing a parallel bulb increases Req
2. f = ω/(2π), T = 1/f
→ total current drops → series bulb dimmer
3. vmax = Aω (at equilibrium, x=0)
→ remaining parallel bulb gets more current →
4. Fmax = kA (at max displacement)
brighter
Ch.14 — Waves
Multi-loop circuit (Kirchhoff's)
Read wave function y = A cos(kx ± ωt) Use Node Voltage method — fastest:
Read off A, k, ω directly from the equation 1. Pick reference node, set V=0
λ = 2π/k, T = 2π/ω, v = ω/k 2. Label unknown node voltage VA
+ sign → wave goes in −x direction 3. Write each branch current in terms of VA:
− sign → wave goes in +x direction I = (voltage at top − voltage at bottom) / R
Ch.20 — Coulomb / Dipole Include battery: adds to voltage at one end
Net force from a dipole (±q) on a charge Q 4. Apply KCL at a node: ΣIin = ΣIout
1. Distance from each charge: r = √(a2+y2) 5. Solve for VA, plug back to get each I
2. Each force: F = kqQ/r2 Negative I → current flows opposite to assumed
3. By symmetry, one component cancels RC circuit: time to reach target voltage
4. Surviving component: multiply by cosθ or sinθ 1. τ = RC
5. Net = 2F·(trig factor), use geometry for angle 2. VC(t) = V■(1 − e−t/τ) for charging
Far away (y■a): dipole force ∝ 1/y³ 3. Plug in target VC, solve for e−t/τ
Ch.21 — E-Fields & Gauss 4. Take ln of both sides
Field line diagram → find charges t = −τ · ln(whatever you isolated)
# of lines ∝ |charge| Ch.26 — Magnetic Field Sources
Lines inward = negative, outward = positive B-field of a current loop
Ratio of lines gives ratio of charges At center: B = µ■I/(2R)
Gauss's law with conducting shell On axis at distance z:
Key idea: pick r, find what's enclosed B = µ■IR²/[2(R²+z²)3/2]
Inside shell → only center charge matters 1. Compute R²+z²
Outside shell → total charge (center + shell) 2. Raise to 3/2 power
Solve: |q| = Er2/k 3. Plug into formula
E inward → qenc is negative Ch.27 — Induction
E outward → qenc is positive Inductor: is current increasing or decreasing?
Shell charge: Q = qtotal − qcenter ε = −L dI/dt
Inside conductor itself: E = 0 always If inductor opposes current direction → increasing
Ch.23 — Capacitors If inductor aids current direction → decreasing
Parallel plate: find E, V, U Steady current → zero voltage across ideal inductor
1. E = Q/(ε■A) — need area in m² Find dB/dt from induced current
2. V = E·d 1. ε = Iind · R (Ohm's law)
3. U = ½QV (or ½CV² or ½Q²/C) 2. |dB/dt| = ε / A
Compare energy in two capacitors Make sure A is in m² (cm²÷10■)
Use U = ½CV² for each Induced current from nearby wire
Watch units: µF=10■■, pF=10■¹², kV=10³ 1. Flux: Φ = (µ■Il/2π) · ln((a+w)/a)
Ch.24 — Resistance 2. ε = (µ■l/2π) · ln((a+w)/a) · dI/dt
Identify wire material from V, I, D, L 3. Iind = ε/R
1. R = V/I Direction: Lenz — opposes flux change
2. A = π(D/2)² — D must be in meters Flux increasing → current opposes (repels)
3. ρ = R·A/L
4. Compare ρ to table values
ρ: Ag=1.59e-8, Cu=1.68e-8, Al=2.65e-8
For different material: recalculate R, then I=V/R

Side A
 Ch.28 — AC Circuits Ch.31 — Lenses & Mirrors
Find impedance of series RLC Corrective lens for farsightedness
1. ω = 2πf Goal: object at normal near pt → image at patient's near
2. XL = ωL (grows with frequency) pt
3. XC = 1/(ωC) (shrinks with frequency) do = normal near pt (usually 25cm)
4. Z = √(R² + (XL − XC)²) di = −(patient's actual near pt) [negative = virtual]
At resonance: XL=XC, Z=R, ω■=1/√(LC) 1/f = 1/do + 1/di
Ch.29 — EM Waves Power P = 1/f in Diopters
Find propagation direction from E■ and B■ Concave mirror image
Direction = E■ × B■ (Poynting vector) 1. 1/di = 1/f − 1/do
Use right-hand rule or memorize: 2. m = −di/do
■×k■=î, k■×î=■, î×■=k■ 3. hi = m · ho
Don't forget to include the sign of B■ di < 0 → virtual (behind mirror)
Example: ■×(−k■) = −î → propagation in −x m > 0 → upright, m < 0 → inverted
|m| > 1 → magnified, |m| < 1 → reduced
Compare EM spectrum frequencies Object inside f → always virtual, upright, magnified
Radio < Micro < IR < Visible < UV < X < Gamma
Gamma ≈ 10■ × visible frequency Galilean telescope — why upright?
Convex objective + concave eyepiece
Ch.30 — Reflection & Refraction
Eyepiece placed before focal point of objective
Multiple reflections in angled mirrors Intercepts converging rays before they cross axis
Track the ray step by step: Rays never cross axis → image stays upright
1. Find angle of incidence on first mirror
2. Reflect (angle in = angle out) Ch.32 — Interference & Diffraction
3. Find angle on next mirror, repeat N-slit system: count minima
Normal incidence → ray reflects straight back Minima between principal maxima = N − 1
60° wedge: 3 reflections, exits anti-parallel Secondary maxima = N − 2
Snell's law: find incidence angle Rayleigh criterion: minimum aperture
sinθ■ = (n■/n■) · sinθ■ 1. Convert angle to radians
θ■ = arcsin(result) arcsec → deg: ÷ 3600
If sinθ■ > 1 → no solution (total internal reflection) deg → rad: × π/180
2. D = 1.22λ/θ
Total Internal Reflection
1. Critical angle: sinθc = n■/n■ (must be in denser) Multi-slit grating: find N and d
2. Find viewing angle from geometry: (a) Count minima between bright fringes → N = minima+1
tanθ = horizontal distance / depth (b) Use grating equation: d sinθ = mλ
3. Compare: θ > θc → TIR works For first-order (m=1): d = λ/sinθ
θ < θc → light escapes, no mirror
Water→air: θc ≈ 48.6° WATCH OUT FOR
Scuba trick: surface acts as mirror only at wide • Convert everything to SI before plugging in
angles • cm² → m²: divide by 10■
• Diameter vs radius — don't mix up
• Gauss: is your r inside or outside the shell?
• RC: charging (1−e) vs discharging (e) equation
• Optics: negative di = virtual, not an error
• XL − XC can be negative → still square it
• Wave direction: + in argument → −x propagation

Side B