 Python is a general-purpose, interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and

high-level programming language.

 Created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990, and first released in
1991.

 “Python is general purpose programming language that also works nicely as

a scripting language.”
It is used for:
 web development (server-side)

 software development

 system scripting

 handle database and big data

 complex mathematics

 rapid prototyping
Characteristics of Python Programming:

 It supports functional/structured programming methods as well as OOP.

 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for

building large applications.

 It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type
checking.

 It supports automatic garbage collection.

 It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.
Python Syntax compared to other programming languages:

 Python was designed for readability, and has some similarities to the English
language with influence from mathematics.

 Python uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to other

programming languages which often use semicolons or parentheses.

 Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope; such as the

scope of loops, functions and classes. Other programming languages often use
curly-brackets for this purpose.
 Python Features
1) Easy to Learn and Use
2) Expressive Language
3) Interpreted Language
4) Cross-platform Language
5) Free and Open Source
6) Object-Oriented Language
7) Extensible
8) Large Standard Library
9) GUI Programming Support
10) Integrated
11) Embeddable
12) Dynamic Memory Allocation
 Installation on Windows

1. Visit the link [Link] to download the latest

release of Python.
2. Double-click the executable file, which is downloaded; the following
window will open.
Do not forget to check on “Add python to PATH”, otherwise you have to set the
path manually.

3. To check if you have python installed on a Windows PC, search in the start
bar for Python or run the following on the Command Line ([Link]):
C:\Users\Dir Name>python –-version

4. Python is an interpreted programming language, this means that as a

developer you write Python (.py) files in a text editor and then put those files
into the python interpreter to be executed.
 Python provides us two ways to run a program

1) Using Interactive interpreter prompt

(Directly from Command Prompt)

2) Using a script file

(Saving program in separate file having .py extension)

 i) Interactive Mode Programming:

Invoking the interpreter without passing a script file as a parameter brings up

the following prompt −

$ python
>>>

Type the following text at the Python prompt and press the Enter −
>>>print ("Hello, Python!")

//we have used print() function to print the message on the console.
 ii) Script Mode Programming

Invoking the interpreter with a script parameter begins execution of the script
and continues until the script is finished. When the script is finished, the
interpreter is no longer active.

Type the following source code in a “[Link]” file −

print ("Hello, Python!")

Now, try to run this program as follows −

$ python [Link]
 Running the program using IDLE

 IDLE is Python‟s Integrated Development and Learning Environment. It has

two main window types, the Shell window and the Editor window. It is
possible to have multiple editor windows simultaneously.

 From start menu you can open IDLE shell window. You can again type
in print("hello!") and so forth, and the shell will do the printing. As you can see,
it's interactive. Python responds to every line of code you enter.
 Opening up a new window (from “File->New File” option) will create a
script filein editor window. Here, print("hello!") does not immediately
produce output. That is because this is a script file editing window, which
means the commands won't execute until the file is saved and run.

 You can run the script by going "Run --> Run Module" or simply by
hitting F5 (on some systems, Fn + F5).

 Before running, IDLE prompts you to save the script as a file. Choose a name
ending in .py ("[Link]") and save it.
 The script will then run in the IDLE shell window. Since you now have a saved
script, you can run it again (and again, and again...).

 You can also open IDLE directly from your Python script file. Right click the
file, then choose "Edit with IDLE".

 Rather than going through the "Run..." menu, learn to use F5 (on some
systems, Fn + F5) to run your script. It's much quicker.
 Programming Cycle for Python

 The development cycle of Python is considerably shorter than that of

traditional tools. There are no compilation or linking steps in Python.

 Python programs simply import modules at runtime and use the objects they
contain. Because of this, Python programs run immediately after changes are
made.

 Also because Python is interpreted, there‟s a rapid turnaround after program

changes. And because Python‟s parser is embedded in Python-based systems,
it‟s easy to modify programs at runtime.
 Python | Compiled or Interpreted?

 In various books of python programming, it is mentioned that python

language is interpreted. But that is half correct the python program is first
compiled and then interpreted.

 The compilation part is hidden from the programmer. The compilation part is
done first when we execute our code and this will generate byte code and
internally this byte code gets converted by the python virtual machine(p.v.m)
according to the underlying platform(machine+operating system).

 The compiled part is get deleted by the python(as soon as you execute your
code) just it does not want programmers to get into complexity.
 Python Syntax

print() Function:

 The print() function prints the specified message to the screen, or other
standard output [Link] message can be a string, or any other object, the
object will be converted into a string before written to the screen.

Syntax:
print(object(s), sep=separator, end=end, file=file, flush=flush)
 object(s)- Any object, and as many as you like. Will be converted to string
before printed

 sep- Optional. Specify how to separate the objects, if there is more than one.
Default is ' '

 end- Optional. Specify what to print at the end. Default is '\n' (line feed)

 file- Optional. An object with a write method. Default is [Link]

 flush- Optional. A Boolean, specifying if the output is flushed (True) or

buffered (False). Default is False.
EX:
print("Hello", "how are you?") #Hello how are you?
print("Hello", "how are you?", sep="---") #Hello---how are you?
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(x) #('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')

a = 5
print("a =", a) # a = 5
# print("a ="+ a) # ERROR
print("a ="+ str(a)) # a =5
b = a
print('a =', a, '= b') # a = 5 = b
a = 5
print("a =", a, sep='00000', end='\n\n\n')
print("a =", a, sep='0', end='')

O/P: a =000005
a =05

**If you don‟t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special

characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote:

print('C:\some\name') # C:\some
ame

print(r'C:\some\name') # C:\some\name
Python Indentation:
 Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.

if True:
print ("True")
else:
print ("False")

O/P: True
 The number of spaces in the indentation is variable (but it has to be at least
one), All statements within the block must be indented the same amount.

For example −

if True:
print ("True")
print("yes")
else:
print ("False")
print("no")

O/P: True
yes
However, the following block generates an error −

if True:
print ("True")
else:
print ("False")

ERROR: “expected an indented block”

 You have to use the same number of spaces in the same block of code,
otherwise Python will give you an error:

if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
print("Five is greater than two!")

ERROR: “unexpected indent”

if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
print("Five is greater than two!")

O/P: Five is greater than two!

Five is greater than two!
Comments in Python:
 Comments start with a #, and Python will render the rest of the line as a
comment:
EX:
#This is a comment.
print("Hello, World!")

 Triple-quoted string is also ignored by Python interpreter and can be used as a

multiline comment:
'''
This is a multiline
comment.
'''
Multi-Line Statements:

 Statements in Python typically end with a new line. But python allow the use of
line continuation character (\) to denote that the line should continue.

For example:
total = item_one + \
item_two + \
item_three
 Statements contained within the [], {}, or () brackets do not need to use the line
continuation character.

For example:
days = ['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday',
'Thursday', 'Friday']
Multiple Statements on a Single Line:

 The semicolon ( ; ) allows multiple statements on the single line given that
neither statement starts a new code block. Here is a sample snip using the
semicolon −

import sys; x ='foo';print(x +'\n')

Quotation in Python:

 Python accepts single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes to denote string
literals, as long as the same type of quote starts and ends the string.

 The triple quotes are used to span the string across multiple lines. For example,
all the following are legal –

word = 'word'
sentence = "This is a sentence."
paragraph = """This is a paragraph. It is
made up of multiple lines and sentences."""
Python Identifiers:

 A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module

or other object. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an
underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).

 Python does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within

identifiers. Python is a case sensitive programming language.
Here are naming conventions for Python identifiers –

 Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other identifiers start with a
lowercase letter.

 Starting an identifier with a single leading underscore indicates that the

identifier is private.

 Starting an identifier with two leading underscores indicates a strongly private

identifier.

 If the identifier also ends with two trailing underscores, the identifier is a
language-defined special name.
Reserved Words (Keywords):
 The following list shows the Python keywords. These are reserved words and
you cannot use them as constant or variable or any other identifier names. All
the Python keywords contain lowercase letters only.
and exec not
assert finally or
break for pass
class from print
continue global raise
def if return
del import try
elif in while
else is with
except lambda yield
 Python Variables
 Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space.

 Variables do not need to be declared with any particular type and can even
change type afterthey have been set.

 String variables can be declared either by using single or double quotes

counter =100 # An integer assignment

miles =1000.0 # A floating point
name ="John" # A string
x = 4 # x is of type int
x = "Sally" # x is now of type str
print(x)
Example
#Legal variable names:
myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John"

#Illegal variable names:

2myvar = "John"
my-var = "John"
my var = "John"
Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:
Ex: x, y, z = "Abc", 20, "Xyz"
Ex: x = y = z = "India"

To combine both text and a variable, Python uses the ‘+’ character:

Ex: x = "Easy"
print("Python is " , x)

Ex: x = "Python is "

y = "easy"
z = x + y
For numbers, the + character works as a mathematical operator.
If you try to combine a string and a number, Python will give you an error:

Ex: x = 5
y = "John"
print(x + y) # ERROR
 Data Types in Python

Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:

Text
Str
Type:
Numeric
int, float, complex
Types:
Sequence
list, tuple, range
Types:
Mapping
Dict (Dictionary)
Type:
Set
set, frozenset
Types:
Boolean
Bool
Type:
Binary
bytes, bytearray, memoryview
Types:
You can get the data type of any object by using the type() function:

x = 5 `
print(type(x))

O/P: <class 'int'>

x = ‚5‛ `
print(type(x))

O/P: <class 'str'>

x = 2.5
`
print(x)
print(type(x))

O/P:2.5
<class 'float'>

x = b"Hello"
print(x) `
print(type(x))

O/P:b'Hello'
<class 'bytes'>
In Python, the data type is set when you assign a value to a variable
Example Data Type
x = "Hello World" str
x = 20 int
x = 20.5 float
x = 1j complex
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] list
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") tuple
x = range(6) range
x = {"name" : "John", "age" : 36} dict
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} set
x = frozenset({"apple", "banana", "cherry"}) frozenset
x = True bool
x = b"Hello" bytes
x = bytearray(5) bytearray
x = memoryview(bytes(5)) memoryview
If you want to specify the data type, you can use the following
constructor functions
Example Data Type
x = str("Hello World") str
x = int(20) int
x = float(20.5) float
x = complex(1j) complex
x = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) list
x = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) tuple
x = range(6) range
x = dict(name="John", age=36) dict
x = set(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) set
x = frozenset(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) frozenset
x = bool(5) bool
x = bytes(5) bytes
x = bytearray(5) bytearray
x = memoryview(bytes(5)) memoryview
Python Numbers:
There are three numeric types in Python:

1. int - Integer value can be any length such as integers 10, 2, 29, -20, -150 etc.
Python has no restriction on the length of an integer. Its value belongs to int

2. float - Float is used to store floating-point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc.
It is accurate upto 15 decimal points.

3. complex - A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x

and y denote the real and imaginary parts, respectively. The complex numbers
like 2.14j, 2.0 + 2.3j, etc.
 Ex.
x = 1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex

**Python provides the type() function to know the data-type of the variable.
Similarly, the isinstance() function is used to check an object belongs to a
particular class.
a=5
print("The type of a", type(a))
b = 40.5
print("The type of b", type(b)) ``

c = 1+3j
print("The type of c", type(c))
print(" c is a complex number", isinstance(1+3j,complex))
O/P: The type of a <class 'int'>
The type of b <class 'float'>
The type of c <class 'complex'>
c is a complex number True

** Float can also be scientific numbers with an "e" to indicate the power of 10.
x = 35e3
y = 12E4
z = -87.7e100
``

print(x) # 35000.0
print(y) # 120000.0
print(z) # -8.77e+101
** Complex numbers are written with a "j or J" as the imaginary part.

x = 3+5j
y = 5j
z = -5j
print(x) #(3+5j) ``
print(type(x)) #<class 'complex'>
print(y) #5j
print(type(y)) #<class 'complex'>
print(z) #(-0-5j)
print(type(z)) #<class 'complex'>

**You can convert from one type to another with

the int(), float(),and complex() methods:
x = 1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex

#convert from int to float:

a = float(x)

#convert from float to `` int:

b = int(y)

#convert from int to complex:

c = complex(x)

#convert from float to complex:

d = complex(y)
print(a) # 1.0
print(b) # 2
print(c) # (1+0j)
print(d) # (2.8+0j)

print(type(a)) # <class 'float'>

print(type(b)) # <class 'int'>
``

print(type(c)) # <class 'complex'>

print(type(d)) # <class 'complex'>

d=int(z) #TypeError: can't convert complex to int

d=float(z)# TypeError: can't convert complex to float
Math commands:
Random Number:
 Python has a built-in module called random that can be used to make
random numbers.

 random module functions depend on function random(), which generates

the float number between 0.0 and 1.0

import random
print([Link]()) # Generate number between 0 and 1
print([Link](1, 10))# Generate
` number between 1 and 10
print(type([Link]())) # <class 'float'>
print(type([Link](1,10))) # <class 'int'>
The random module has a set of methods, below is list of some
commonly used methods
Method Description

randrange() Returns a random number between the given range

randint() Returns a random number between the given range

choice() Returns a random element from the given sequence

Returns a list with a random selection from the given

choices()
sequence

Takes a sequence and returns the sequence in a

shuffle()
random order

sample() Returns a given sample of a sequence

 random() Returns a random float number between 0.0 and 1.0

Returns a random float number between two given

uniform()
parameters

seed() Initialize the random number generator

Returns the current internal state of the random

getstate()
number generator

Restores the internal state of the random number

setstate()
generator

getrandbits() Returns a number representing the random bits

Returns a random float number between two given

triangular() parameters, you can also set a mode parameter to
specify the midpoint between the two other parameters
[Link](start, stop, step)
start- Optional. An integer specifying at which position to start. Default 0
stop- Required. An integer specifying at which position to end.
step- Optional. An integer specifying the incrementation. Default 1

[Link](n)
This method returns an integer formed with bit binary sequence. If n is 2, then it
can generate 0, 1, 2 or 3.
[Link](sequence, k)
This method returns a list with a randomly selection of a specified number of
items (k) from a sequnce.

[Link](low, high, mode)

This method returns a random floating number between the two specified
numbers (both included), but you can also specify a third parameter,
the mode parameter.

The mode parameter gives you the opportunity to weigh the possible outcome
closer to one of the other two parameter values.
Ex:
import random
print([Link]([50,41,84,40,31]))
#print from (50,41,84,40,31)
print([Link](3))
# Print value b/w (0-7)
print([Link](100, 500, 5))
# Print value b/w (100-500),value
`` will be multiple of 5.
mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
[Link](mylist)
print(mylist)
#Print apple,banana,cherry in any order
print([Link](mylist, k=2))
#Print any 2 fromapple,banana,cherry
Python Booleans:
 Boolean type provides two built-in values, True and False. It denotes by the
class bool.

 When you compare two values, the expression is evaluated and Python
returns the Boolean answer.

print(10 > 9) # True

``
print(10 == 9) # False
print(10 < 9) # False
 a = 200
b = 33

if b > a: ``

print("b is greater than a")

else:
print("b is not greater than a")

O/P:b is not greater than a

Most Values are True:
 Almost any value is evaluated to True if it has some sort of content.
 Any string is True, except empty strings.
 Any number is True, except 0.
 Any list, tuple, set, and dictionary are True, except empty ones.

** bool() function allows you to evaluate any value, and

return True or False.

bool("abc") # True
bool(123) # True ``

bool(["apple", "cherry", "banana"]) # True

Some Values are False:
In fact, there are not many values that evaluates to False, except:
 empty values, such as (), [], {}, "",
 the number 0, and the value None.
 And the value False evaluates to False.

bool(False) # False
bool(None) # False
bool(0) # False
bool("") #`` False
bool(()) # False
bool([]) # False
bool({}) # False
 Python Casting

The process of converting the value of one data type (integer, string, float, etc.)
to another data type is called type conversion. Python has two types of type
conversion.

1. Implicit Type Conversion

2. Explicit Type Conversion

Implicit Type Conversion:

 In Implicit type conversion, Python automatically converts one data type to

another data type. This process doesn't need any user involvement.

 Python promotes the conversion of the lower data type (integer) to the
higher data type (float) to avoid data loss.
Example: Converting integer to float

num_int=123
num_flo=1.23

num_new=num_int+ num_flo

print("datatype of um_int:",type(num_int))
print("datatypeof um_flo:",type(num_flo))

print("Value ofnum_new:",num_new)
print("datatypeof um_new:",type(num_new))
When we run the above program, the output will be:
Explicit Type Conversion:

 In Explicit Type Conversion, users convert the data type of an object to

required data type.

 We use the predefined functions (Constructors) like int(), float(), str(), etc to
perform explicit type conversion.

 This type of conversion is also called typecasting because the user casts
(changes) the data type of the objects.
Example 3: Addition of string and integer using explicit conversion

num_int=123
num_str="456"

print("Data typeof num_int:",type(num_int))

print("Data type ofnum_str before Type Casting:",type(num_str))

num_str=int(num_str)
print("Data type ofnum_str afterTypeCasting:",type(num_str))

num_sum=num_int+num_str

print("Sumof num_int and num_str:",num_sum)

print("Data typeof thesum:",type(num_sum))
When we run the above program, the output will be:

Data type of num_int:<class 'int'>

Data type ofnum_str beforeType Casting: <class'str'>Data

typeof num_strafter TypeCasting: <class'int'>

Sumofnum_intandnum_str:579
Data type of thesum: <class 'int'>
Casting in python is therefore done using constructor functions:

 int() - constructs an integer number from an integer literal, a float literal (by
rounding down to the previous whole number), or a string literal (providing
the string represents a whole number)

 float() - constructs a float number from an integer literal, a float literal or a

string literal (providing the string represents a float or an integer)

 str() - constructs a string from a wide variety of data types, including strings,
integer literals and float literals
Ex:

x = int(1) # x will be 1
y = int(2.8) # y will be 2
z = int("3") # z will be 3

a = float(1) # a will be 1.0

b = float(2.8) # ``
b will be 2.8
c = float("3") # c will be 3.0
d = float("4.2") # d will be 4.2

p = str("s1") # p will be 's1'

q = str(2) # q will be '2'
r = str(3.0) # r will be '3.0'
 User Input
 Python provides two built-in methods to read the data from the keyboard. These
methods are given below.
 input(prompt)
 raw_input(prompt)

input():
 The input function is used in all latest version of the Python. It takes the input from
the user. The Python interpreter automatically identifies whether a user input a string,
a number, or a list.

name = input("Enter your name: ")

print(name)
How input() function works?

 The flow of the program has stopped until the user enters the input.

 The text statement which also knows as prompt is optional to write

in input() function. This prompt will display the message on the console.

 The input() function automatically converts the user input into string. We need to
explicitly convert the input using the type casting.

 The raw_input() function is used in Python's older version like Python 2.x.

 By default, the input() function takes input as a string so if we need to enter the
integer or float type input then the input() function must be type casted.
name = input("Enter your name: ") # String Input
age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) # Integer Input
marks = float(input("Enter your marks: ")) # Float Input
print("The name is:", name)
print("The age is:", age)
print("The marks is:", marks)
 Expressions in Python

 An expression is a combination of operators and operands that is

interpreted to produce some other value.

 In any programming language, an expression is evaluated as per the

precedence of its operators. So that if there is more than one operator in an
expression, their precedence decides which operation will be performed first.

 We have many different types of expressions involving different operators in

Python.
Operators:

 Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. Python

divides the operators in the following groups:

 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Identity operators
 Membership operators
 Bitwise operators
 Arithmetic Operators:
Operator Description
It is used to add two operands. For example, if a = 20, b = 10
+ (Addition)
=>a+b = 30
It is used to subtract the second operand from the first operand. If
- (Subtraction) the first operand is less than the second operand, the value results
negative. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a - b = 10
It returns the quotient after dividing the first operand by the
/ (divide)
second operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a/b = 2.0
It is used to multiply one operand with the other. For example, if a
* (Multiplication)
= 20, b = 10 => a * b = 200
It returns the reminder after dividing the first operand by the
% (reminder)
second operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 =>a%b = 0
It is an exponent operator represented as it calculates the first
** (Exponent)
operand power to the second operand.
It gives the floor value of the quotient produced by dividing the
// (Floor division)
two operands.
 Comparison Operators:(return True or False)

Operator Description

== If the value of two operands is equal, then the condition becomes true.

!= If the value of two operands is not equal, then the condition becomes true.

If the first operand is less than or equal to the second operand, then the
<= condition becomes true.

If the first operand is greater than or equal to the second operand, then
>= the condition becomes true.

If the first operand is greater than the second operand, then the condition
> becomes true.

If the first operand is less than the second operand, then the condition
< becomes true.
 Assignment Operators:
Operator Example Same As
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
 Logical Operators:(used to combine conditional statements)

Operator Description Example

Returns True if both statements are

and x < 5 and x < 10
true

Returns True if one of the statements

or x < 5 or x < 4
is true

Reverse the result, returns False if the

not not(x < 5 and x < 10)
result is true
 Identity Operators:

Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same
object and false otherwise.

Operator Description Example

Returns True if both variables are the

is x is y
same object

Returns True if both variables are not

is not x is not y
the same object
Ex:
x = ["apple", "banana"]
y = ["apple", "banana"]
z=x
print(x is z) # True
print(x is y) # False
print(x == y) # True

**(x==y) this comparison returns True because content of x and y are equal.
Ex:To demonstrate the difference between "is" and "==":

a=2
b=2
print( a is b) # True

a = "abc"
b = "abc"
print( a is b) # True
a = [1,2,3]
b = [1,2,3]
print( a is b) # False

a=5
print (type(a) is int) # True
print (type(a)==int) # True
 Membership Operators

Used to check the membership of value inside a Python data structure(list, tuple,
or dictionary).Itteststhat a sequence is presented in an object or not.

Operator Description Example

Returns True if a sequence with the specified
in x in y
value is present in the object

Returns True if a sequence with the specified

not in x not in y
value is not present in the object
Ex:

x = ["Java", "Python"]
print("Python" in x) # True
print("PHP" in x) # False
 Bitwise Operators
Used to compare (binary) numbers, it performs bit by bit operation on the values
of the two operands.
Operator Description
If both the bits at the same place in two operands are 1, then 1 is
& (binary and)
copied to the result. Otherwise, 0 is copied.
The resulting bit will be 0 if both the bits are zero; otherwise, the
| (binary or)
resulting bit will be 1.
The resulting bit will be 1 if both the bits are different; otherwise,
^ (binary xor)
the resulting bit will be 0.
It calculates the negation of each bit of the operand, i.e., if the bit
~ (negation)
is 0, the resulting bit will be 1 and vice versa.
The left operand value is moved left by the number of bits present
<< (left shift)
in the right operand.
The left operand is moved right by the number of bits present in
>> (right shift)
the right operand.
Bitwise AND:

Returns 1 if both the bits are 1 else 0.

a = 10 = 1010 (Binary)
b = 4 = 0100 (Binary

a & b = 1010
&
0100
= 0000
= 0 (Decimal)
Bitwise OR:

Returns 1 if either of the bit is 1 else 0.

a = 10 = 1010 (Binary)
b = 4 = 0100 (Binary

a | b = 1010
|
0100
= 1110
= 14 (Decimal)
Bitwise NOT:

Returns one‟s complement of the number.

a = 10 = 1010 (Binary)

~a = ~1010
= -(1010 + 1)
= -(1011)
= -11 (Decimal) # for value ‘x’ it returns ‘-(x+1)’
Bitwise XOR:

Returns 1 if both bits are different else returns 0.

a = 10 = 1010 (Binary)
b = 4 = 0100 (Binary

a & b = 1010
^
0100
= 1110
= 14 (Decimal)
Bitwise Right Shift:

Shifts the bits of the number to the right and fills 0 on left as a result. Similar
effect as of dividing the number with some power of two.
a = 10
a >> 1 = 5

b = -10
b>> 1 = -5
Bitwise left shift:

Shifts the bits of the number to the left and fills 0 on left as a result. Similar effect
as of multiplying the number with some power of two.
a = 5
b = -10

a << 1 = 10
a << 2 = 20

b << 1 = -20
b << 2 = -40
Ex:

a = 12 # 1100
b=6 # 0110
print(a & b) #4
print(a | b) # 14
print(~a) # -13
print(a ^ b) # 10
print(a >> 2) #3
print(a << 2) # 48
Multiple operators in expression (Operator Precedence):

 If there are more than one operator in an expression, it may give different
results on basis of the order of operators executed.

 To sort out these confusions, the operator precedence is defined. Operator

Precedence simply defines the priority of operators that which operator is to be
executed first.

 Here we see the operator precedence in Python, where the operator higher in
the list has more precedence or priority:
Precedence Name Operator

1 Parenthesis ()[] {}

2 Exponentiation **

3 Unaryplusorminus,complement -a,+a,~a

4 Multiply,Divide,Modulo /*//%

5 Addition&Subtraction +–

6 ShiftOperators >><<

7 BitwiseAND &
8 BitwiseXOR ^

9 BitwiseOR |

10 ComparisonOperators >=<=><

11 EqualityOperators ==!=

12 AssignmentOperators =+=-=/= *=

13 Identityandmembershipoperators is,isnot,in, notin

14 LogicalOperators and,or,not
Ex:
a=10+3*4
print(a)

b=(10+3) *4
print(b)

c=10+(3*4)
print(c)

O/P- 22
52
22
 Object References

 What is actually happening when you make a variable assignment? This is

an important question in Python, because the answer differs somewhat from
what you‟d find in many other programming languages.

 Python is a highly object-oriented language. In fact, virtually every item of

data in a Python program is an object of a specific type or class.
Consider this code:

>>>print(300)
300

When presented with the statement print(300), the interpreter does the
following:
 Creates an integer object
 Gives it the value 300
 Displays it to the console

A Python variable is a symbolic name that is a reference or pointer to an object.

Once an object is assigned to a variable, you can refer to the object by that name.
But the data itself is still contained within the object.
For example:

>>>n=300
This assignment creates an integer object with the value 300 and assigns the
variable n to point to that object.

(Variable Assignment)
Now consider the following statement:

>>>m=n
What happens when it is executed? Python does not create another object. It
simply creates a new symbolic name or reference, m, which points to the same
object that n points to.

(Multiple References to a Single Object)

Next, suppose you do this:

>>>m=400
Now Python creates a new integer object with the value 400, and m becomes a
reference to it.

(References to Separate Objects)

Lastly, suppose this statement is executed next:

>>>n="foo"
Now Python creates a string object with the value "foo" and makes „n‟ reference
that. There is no longer any reference to the integer object 300. It is orphaned,
and there is no way to access it.

(Orphaned Object)
 Object Identity

 In Python, every object that is created is given a number that uniquely

identifies it. It is guaranteed that no two objects will have the same identifier
during any period in which their lifetimes overlap.

 Once an object‟s reference count drops to zero and it is garbage collected, as

happened to the 300 object above, then its identifying number becomes
available and may be used again.

 The built-in Python function id() returns an object‟s integer identifier. Using
the id() function, you can verify that two variables indeed point to the same
object:
>>>n=300
>>>m=n
>>>id(n)
60127840
>>>id(m)
60127840

>>>m=400
>>>id(m)
60127872
Ex:
a=3
b=3
c=a
print(a) # 3
print(b) # 3
print(c) # 3
print(id(a)) # 1360242640
print(id(b)) # 1360242640
print(id(c)) # 1360242640
a=4
print(a) # 4
print(b) # 3
print(c) # 3
print(id(a)) # 1360242656
print(id(b)) # 1360242640
print(id(c)) # 1360242640