04/07/2025, 17:21 Python Basics, Datatypes and Operators

Python
Python is an object-oriented, high-level, interpreted, general
purpose and dynamic programming language.

It was developed by Guido van Rossum in 1991.

The name 'Python' came from an old BBC television comedy sketch
series "Monty Python's Flying Circus".

In [1]: #Simple python program

print("Hello Summer🍁")

Hello Summer🍁

In [2]: print('Debashree Sahoo🍨')

Debashree Sahoo🍨

Keywords : Reserved Words (pre-defined

words)
In [3]: #to get python keywords
help('keywords')

Here is a list of the Python keywords. Enter any keyword to get more help.

False class from or

None continue global pass
True def if raise
and del import return
as elif in try
assert else is while
async except lambda with
await finally nonlocal yield
break for not

In [4]: help('if')

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The "if" statement

******************

The "if" statement is used for conditional execution:

if_stmt ::= "if" assignment_expression ":" suite

("elif" assignment_expression ":" suite)*
["else" ":" suite]

It selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one

by one until one is found to be true (see section Boolean operations
for the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed
(and no other part of the "if" statement is executed or evaluated).
If all expressions are false, the suite of the "else" clause, if
present, is executed.

Related help topics: TRUTHVALUE

Variable : variables are the names given to

the memory location to store a value or it
is a container to store a value
We can use upper case letters(A-Z), lower case letters (a-z),
digits(0-9)

We can't use special symbols except underscore(_)

We can't use keywords

We can't start with a digit

We can't use space in between the variable name instead we can use
underscore.

Python is case sensitive

In [5]: #we cant't use keyword as variable name

for = 10

Cell In[5], line 2

for = 10
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

In [6]: #we can't start with a digit

123var = 20

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Cell In[6], line 2

123var = 20
^
SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal

In [7]: #we can't use space in between the variable name instead we can use underscore.
var abc = 30

Cell In[7], line 2

var abc = 30
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

In [8]: #we can't use special symbols except underscore(_)

@!$% = 40

Cell In[8], line 2

@!$% = 40
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

In [10]: #we can use upper case letters(A-Z), lower case letters (a-z), digits(0-9)
VAR = 50
print(VAR)

50

In [12]: var = 60
print(var)

60

In [13]: Var_123 = 100

print(Var_123)

100

In [ ]:

Datatypes
Primary
Numeric :
Integer - int
Float - float
Complex - complex

Boolean(bool) :
True
False

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Sequential
String - str
List - list
Tuple - tuple
Set - set
Dictionary - dict

In [14]: #int
a = 10
print(a)

10

In [15]: type(a)

Out[15]: int

In [16]: #float
f = 4.5
print(f)

4.5

In [17]: type(f)

Out[17]: float

In [18]: #complex
c = 2+5i
print(c)

Cell In[18], line 2

c = 2+5i
^
SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal

In [19]: c = 2+5j
print(c)

(2+5j)

In [20]: type(c)

Out[20]: complex

In [21]: #Boolean
b = True
print(b)

True

In [22]: type(b)

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Out[22]: bool

In [ ]:

String (str) : sequence of characters stored inside quotation

marks
In [40]: a = "Hello Everyone"
print(a)

Hello Everyone

In [41]: type(a)

Out[41]: str

In [37]: b = 'abc123@#$%🍟🍔🍕'
print(b)
type(b)

abc123@#$%🍟🍔🍕
Out[37]: str

In [ ]:

In [38]: #single line string denoted by ' ' or " "

a = 'this is a single line string'
b = "this is a single line string"

print(a)
print(b)

this is a single line string

this is a single line string

In [44]: type(a),type(b)

Out[44]: (str, str)

In [39]: #multi line string is denoted with ''' ''' or """ """
a = '''this is a
multi line'''
b = """this is a
multi line string"""

print(a)
print(b)

this is a
multi line
this is a
multi line string

In [47]: type(a),type(b)

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Out[47]: (str, str)

In [42]: a = "Tasty Apple"

print(a)
type(a)

Tasty Apple
Out[42]: str

In [43]: #indexing
#Syntax : var[index_pos]
a[4]

Out[43]: 'y'

In [44]: a[-7]

Out[44]: 'y'

In [45]: #slicing
#Forward Slicing
#syntax = var[start:stop+1:step]

#'sty A'
a[2:7:1]

Out[45]: 'sty A'

In [46]: a[-9:-4:1]

Out[46]: 'sty A'

In [47]: #"TsyApe"
a[0:11:2]

Out[47]: 'TsyApe'

In [51]: a[-11::2]

Out[51]: 'TsyApe'

In [52]: a[-11:11:2]

Out[52]: 'TsyApe'

In [53]: #"Ttal"
a[0:10:3]

Out[53]: 'TtAl'

In [54]: a[-11:-1:3]

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Out[54]: 'TtAl'

In [ ]:

In [55]: a[::]

Out[55]: 'Tasty Apple'

In [56]: a[::-1]

Out[56]: 'elppA ytsaT'

In [ ]:

In [57]: #Forward Slicing

#syntax = var[start:stop+1:step]
#Backward SLicing
#syntax = var[start:stop-1:step]

#"A yts"
a[6:1:-1]

Out[57]: 'A yts'

In [58]: a[-5:-10:-1]

Out[58]: 'A yts'

In [ ]:

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String Functions
capitalize() : converts the first character to upper case and the
rest lower
case.

upper() : converts all the characters into upper case

lower() : converts all the characters into lower case

casefold() : converts all the characters into lower case

center() : returns a centered string

count() : it counts how many times a particular character is

repeated

index() : returns index position of a particular character

strip() : removes spaces present before and after the string

In [76]: a = 'heLlO eVeRYoNE'

print(a)

heLlO eVeRYoNE

In [78]: [Link]()

Out[78]: 'Hello everyone'

In [79]: [Link]()

Out[79]: 'HELLO EVERYONE'

In [80]: [Link]()

Out[80]: 'hello everyone'

In [81]: [Link]()

Out[81]: 'hello everyone'

In [82]: [Link]()

Out[82]: 'HElLo EvEryOne'

In [83]: [Link]()

Out[83]: 'Hello Everyone'

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In [84]: [Link](50)

Out[84]: ' heLlO eVeRYoNE '

In [86]: [Link](50,'🍕')

Out[86]: '🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕heLlO eVeRYoNE🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕🍕

🍕🍕'
In [87]: [Link]('e')

Out[87]: 3

In [88]: [Link]('e')

Out[88]: 1

In [89]: '😊'.join(['john','[Link]','sofy'])

Out[89]: 'john😊[Link]😊sofy'

In [83]: 'ram sita gita'.split()

Out[83]: ['ram', 'sita', 'gita']

In [93]: 'ram_sita_gita'.split('_')

Out[93]: ['ram', 'sita', 'gita']

In [94]: ' hello '.strip()

Out[94]: 'hello'

In [98]: '*****%%%*%*%*hello****%%****'.strip('*%')

Out[98]: 'hello'

In [92]: ' hello '.lstrip()

Out[92]: 'hello '

In [93]: ' hello '.rstrip()

Out[93]: ' hello'

In [99]: 'ABC'.isalpha()

Out[99]: True

In [100… '123'.isdigit()

Out[100… True

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In [101… '123'.isnumeric()

Out[101… True

In [102… 'abc123'.isalnum()

Out[102… True

In [103… 'The Fairy Tale'.istitle()

Out[103… True

In [104… 'var abc'.isidentifier()

Out[104… False

In [105… 'Var_123'.isidentifier()

Out[105… True

In [ ]:

LIST (list)
Sequence of items denoted with '[]' and separated with ','.

It is ordered(indexed with specific position), mutable(items can be

changed) and heterogenous(supports multiple data-type).

In [106… l = [20,2.5,'cat',True]
print(l)

[20, 2.5, 'cat', True]

In [107… type(l)

Out[107… list

In [108… #indexing syntax : var[index]

l[2]

Out[108… 'cat'

In [109… l[-2]

Out[109… 'cat'

In [110… #slicing syntax : var[start : stop+1 : step]

l[0:3:2]

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Out[110… [20, 'cat']

In [111… l[::]

Out[111… [20, 2.5, 'cat', True]

In [112… l[::-1]

Out[112… [True, 'cat', 2.5, 20]

In [ ]:

In [ ]:

List Methods
Adding Items to a List
[Link](obj) : add item to the end of the list
[Link](ind,obj) : add item to the given index of the list
[Link]([sequence]) : add items from the given sequence at the end of the list

Removing Items from the List

[Link](obj) : removes the first matched instance of object from the list
[Link](index) : it pop or delete the item of the given index from the list
[Link]() : empty the list

Miscellaneous methods
[Link]() : copy the item
[Link](obj)
[Link](obj)
[Link]() : sort or arrange in ascending order
[Link](reverse=True) : arrange in descending order
[Link]() or var[ : : -1] can be use to reverse the list

In [116… l = [25,67,25,89,35]
print(l)
type(l)

[25, 67, 25, 89, 35]

Out[116… list

In [117… #adding items to a list

#append
print(l)

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[Link](100)
print(l)

[25, 67, 25, 89, 35]

[25, 67, 25, 89, 35, 100]

In [118… #insert
print(l)
[Link](2,65)
print(l)

[25, 67, 25, 89, 35, 100]

[25, 67, 65, 25, 89, 35, 100]

In [119… #extend
print(l)
[Link]([20,30,40])
print(l)

[25, 67, 65, 25, 89, 35, 100]

[25, 67, 65, 25, 89, 35, 100, 20, 30, 40]

In [ ]:

In [120… #removing elements from a list

#pop
print(l)
[Link]()
print(l)

[25, 67, 65, 25, 89, 35, 100, 20, 30, 40]
[25, 67, 65, 25, 89, 35, 100, 20, 30]

In [121… print(l)
[Link](2)
print(l)

[25, 67, 65, 25, 89, 35, 100, 20, 30]

[25, 67, 25, 89, 35, 100, 20, 30]

In [122… #remove
print(l)
[Link](25)
print(l)

[25, 67, 25, 89, 35, 100, 20, 30]

[67, 25, 89, 35, 100, 20, 30]

In [66]: #clear

In [ ]:

In [123… #Miscellaneous methods in list

#copy
print(l)
m = [Link]()
print(m)

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[67, 25, 89, 35, 100, 20, 30]

[67, 25, 89, 35, 100, 20, 30]

In [124… #count
[Link](35)

Out[124… 1

In [125… #index
[Link](100)

Out[125… 4

In [126… #sort - ascending order

print(l)
[Link]()
print(l)

[67, 25, 89, 35, 100, 20, 30]

[20, 25, 30, 35, 67, 89, 100]

In [130… #sort string

a = ['gun','ball','sky','apple']
print(a)
[Link]()
print(a)

['gun', 'ball', 'sky', 'apple']

['apple', 'ball', 'gun', 'sky']

In [131… a = [10,45,'gun','ball','sky','apple']
print(a)
[Link]()
print(a)

[10, 45, 'gun', 'ball', 'sky', 'apple']

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[131], line 3
1 a = [10,45,'gun','ball','sky','apple']
2 print(a)
----> 3 [Link]()
4 print(a)

TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'

In [ ]: a = ['10','gun','25',,'ball','sky','apple']
print(a)
[Link]()
print(a)

In [127… print(l)
[Link](reverse=True) #descending order
print(l)

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[20, 25, 30, 35, 67, 89, 100]

[100, 89, 67, 35, 30, 25, 20]

In [ ]:

In [128… #reverse
a = [13,78,45,90,23]
print(a)
[Link]()
print(a)

[13, 78, 45, 90, 23]

[23, 90, 45, 78, 13]

In [129… #clear
print(l)
[Link]()
print(l)

[100, 89, 67, 35, 30, 25, 20]

[]

In [ ]:

Tuple (tuple)
An ordered but immutable(which cannot change size or permanent)
collection of items.

It is denoted by parenthsis '()' and separated by ','.

In [ ]:

In [ ]:

In [72]: #indexing

In [73]: #slicing

In [ ]:

Tuple Methods
In [74]: #count

In [75]: #index

In [ ]:

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