DC Circuits
Theory Questions
1. State and explain Ohm’s law and discuss its limitations.
2. Sate Kirchhoff’s current and voltage law and explain them with the help of an example.
3. State and explain superposition theorem with the help of an example.
4. State and explain thevenin’s theorem with the help of an example.
5. State and explain maximum power transfer theorem with the help of an example.
Numericals
1. A current of 20A flows through two ammeters A and B connected in series. The potential difference
across A is 0.2V and across B is 0.3V. Find how the same current will divide between A and B, when they
are connected in parallel?
(Answer: IA = 12A, IB = 8A)
2. Two resistors of 100Ω and 200Ω are connected in series across a 4V cell of negligible internal
resistance. A voltmeter of resistance 200Ω is used to measure the potential difference across each, what is
the voltage reading in each case? (Answer: V1 = 1 Volt, V2 = 2 Volts, Note: V1+V2 is not equal to 4V)
3. When a certain battery with internal resistance is loaded by 60Ω resistor, its terminal voltage is 98.4V.
When it is loaded by a 90Ω resistor, its terminal voltage is 98.9V. What load resistance would give a
terminal voltage of 90V. (Answer: 8.4Ω)
4. The domestic power load in a house comprises of the following:
8 lamps of 100W each
3 fans of 80W each
1 refrigerator of half hp
1 heater of 1000W
a) Calculate the total current taken from the supply of 230V.
b) Calculate the energy consumed in a day, if on an average only a quarter of the above load persists all
the time. (Answer: Total load= 2413W, I = 10.5A, E= 14.478kWh)
5. With reference to given figure below, find the voltages V12, V23 and V34. (Answer: 15V, 5V, 5V)
6. Find the current through ammeter for the network shown below. (Answer: I = 38.09 mA)
7. Find the current through all the branches in the network shown below. (Answer: IAB = 39A, IBC= -
21A, ICD= 39A, IDE= -81A, IEF= -11A, IFA= -41A)
8. Find VBS, VAQ and VDR in the network shown below. (Answer: 8V, 16V, 4V)
9. The voltage drop across the 15Ω resistor is 30V, having the polarity as indicated in the circuit shown
below. Find R. (Answer: R= 54.5Ω)
10. Find the value and direction of current in branch BF using superposition theorem. (Answer: 0.436A)
11. Determine current through 8 Ω resistor in the following network. (Answer: 1.6A)
12. Find the current through the 10 Ω resistor using thevenin’s theorem. (Answer: 0.37A)
12. Find the current through the 30 Ω resistor using thevenin’s theorem. (Answer: 1.25A)
13. For the circuit shown, find value of resistance RL for maximum power and calculate maximum power.
(Answer: 0.91Ω, 27.47W)
14. For the circuit shown, find value of resistance RL for maximum power and calculate the maximum
power. (Answer: 2.1Ω, 669.64W)
Exercise Numericals
1. By mean of superposition, find the current which flows in R2 = 20 Ω for the given circuit. (Answer:
1.585A)
2. Find the current through the 3 Ω resistor using thevenin’s theorem. (Answer: 5.43A)
3. For the circuit shown, find value of resistance RL for maximum power and calculate the maximum
power. (Answer: 8.43Ω, 3.87W)
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3.16 Electrical Networks
3.3 THEVENINS THEOREM
It states that ‘Any two terminals of a network can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source and an equivalent
series resistance. The voltage source is the voltage across the two terminals with load, if any, removed. The
series resistance is the resistance of the network measured between two terminals with load removed and
constant voltage source being replaced by its internal resistance (or if it is not given with zero resistance, i.e.,
short circuit) and constant current source replaced by infinite resistance, i.e., open circuit.’
Fig. 3.61
Explanation The above method of determining the load current through a given load resistance can be
explained with the help of following circuit.
Fig. 3.62
Steps to be followed in Thevenins theorem
1. Remove the load resistance RL.
2. Find the open circuit voltage VTh across points A and B.
3. Find the resistance RTh as seen from points A and B with the voltage source V replaced by a short
circuit.
4. Replace the network by a voltage source VTh in series with resistance RTh.
5. Find the current through RL using Ohm’s law.
VTh
IL =
RTh + RL
Example 3.15 Find the current through the 10-W resistor.
Fig. 3.63
Network Theorems-II 3.17
Step I: Calculation of VTh
Removing the 10-Ω resistor from the circuit,
For Mesh 1,
I1 = 10 A
Applying KVL to Mesh 2,
100 – 30I2 – 20I2 = 0
I2 = 2 A Fig. 3.64
Writing VTh equation,
5I1 – VTh – 20I2 = 0
VTh = 5I1 – 20I2
= 5(10) – 20(2) = 10 V
Step II: Calculation of RTh
Replacing the current source of 10 A with an open circuit and the voltage source of 100 V with a short circuit,
Fig. 3.65
RTh = 5 + (20 | | 30) = 17 Ω
Step III: Calculation of IL
Fig. 3.66
10
IL = = 0.37 A
17 + 10
Example 3.16 Determine the current through the 24-Ω resistor.
Fig. 3.67
Step I: Calculation of VTh
Removing the 24-Ω resistor from the network,
220
I1 = = 2.75 A
30 + 50
3.22 Electrical Networks
Fig. 3.84
The circuit can be simplified as follows:
Fig. 3.85
RTh = (16.25 | | 2.5) + 2.5 = 4.67 Ω
Step III: Calculation of IL
Fig. 3.86
63
IL = = 2.55 A
4.67 + 20
Example 3.19 Find the current through the 3-W resistor.
Fig. 3.87
Step I: Calculation of VTh
Removing the 3-Ω resistor from the network,
Writing equation for Mesh 1,
Network Theorems-II 3.23
I1 = 6 ...(1)
Applying KVL to Mesh 2,
42 – 12(I2 – I1) – 6 I2 = 0
–12 I1 + 18 I2 = 42 ...(2)
Substituting value of I1 in Eq. (2),
I2 = 6.33 A
Writing VTh equation,
VTh = 6 I2 = 38 V Fig. 3.88
Step II: Calculation of RTh
Replacing voltage source by short circuit and current source by open circuit,
Fig. 3.89
RTh = 6 || 12 = 4 Ω
Step III: Calculation of IL
Fig. 3.90
38
IL = = 5.43 A
4+3
Example 3.20 Find the current through the 30-W resistor.
Fig. 3.91
Step I: Calculation of VTh
Removing the 30-Ω resistor from the network,
Fig. 3.92
3.24 Electrical Networks
Meshes 1 and 2 form a supermesh.
Writing current equation for supermesh,
I2 – I1 = 13 ...(1)
Writing voltage equation for supermesh,
150 – 15I1 – 60I2 – 40I2 = 0
15I1 + 100I2 = 150 ...(2)
Solving Eqs (1) and (2),
I1 = –10 A
I2 = 3 A
Writing VTh equation,
40I2 – VTh – 50 = 0
VTh = 40I2 – 50 = 40(3) – 50 = 70 V
Step II: Calculation of RTh
Replacing the voltage sources by short circuits and the current source by an open circuit,
Fig. 3.93
RTh = 75 || 40 = 26.09 Ω
Step III: Calculation of IL
Fig. 3.94
70
IL = = 1.25 A
26.09 + 30
Example 3.21 Find the current through the 20-W resistor.
Fig. 3.95
Step I: Calculation of VTh
Removing the 20-Ω resistor from the network,
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