Principle of Steel Design

NSCP 2015 ASD and LRFD

 Intended Learning Outcomes

1. Familiarization on the basics of NSCP 2015 ASD and LRFD.

2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using steel as
construction material.
 Structural Steel Design

It deals with the Design and Analysis of steel structures, specifically

structural components of a steel building such as its truss, beam, girder,
column, floor systems, and base plates, as well as its connections using
the Allowable Strength Design (ASD) method and the Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method.
Loadings
Stress - Strain Characteristics.
STRUCTURAL STEEL GRADES.

Fy Fu Shapes
36 ksi 58 ksi
A36 M, S, C, MC, L
(248 MPa) (400 MPa)
35 ksi 60 ksi
A53 Gr. B Pipes
(240 MPa) (415 MPa)
46 ksi 58ksi
A500 Gr. B HSS
(315 MPa) (400 MPa)
50 ksi 65 ksi
A572 Gr. 50 HP
(345 MPa) (450 MPa)
50 ksi 65 ksi
A992 W
(345 MPa) (450 MPa)
STRUCTURAL STEEL GRADES.
 NSCP 2015 - 502.3.3 Design for Strength Using
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).

Design shall be performed in accordance with Equation 502.3-1:

𝑹𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑹𝒏 (502.3.1)

Where:
𝑅𝑢 = required strength using LRFD load combinations.
𝑅𝑛 = nominal strength
∅ = resistance factor
∅𝑅𝑛 = design strength

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-41

 NSCP 2015 - 502.3.4 Design for Strength Using
Allowable Strength Design (ASD).

Design shall be performed in accordance with Equation 502.3-2:

𝑹𝒏
𝑹𝒂 ≤ (502.3.2)
𝛀

Where:
𝑅𝑎 = required strength using ASD load combinations.
𝑅𝑛 = nominal strength
Ω = safety factor
𝑅𝑛
= allowable strength
Ω

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-41

 NSCP 2015 – 203.3.1 Load
Combination for LRFD
Combination 1: 𝟏. 𝟒(𝑫 + 𝑭)
Combination 2: 𝟏. 𝟐 𝑫 + 𝑭 + 𝑻 + 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑳 + 𝑯 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎(𝑳𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝑯)
Combination 3: 𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑳𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝑹 + (𝒇𝟏𝑳 𝒐𝒓 𝑹)
Combination 4: 𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝑾 + 𝒇𝟏𝑳 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝑳𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝑹
Combination 5: 𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝑬 + 𝒇𝟏𝑳
Combination 6: 𝟎. 𝟗𝑫 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝑾 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝑯
Combination 7: 𝟎. 𝟗𝑫 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝑬 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝑯
Where:
𝐷 = dead load
𝐿 = live load due to occupancy
𝐿𝑟 =roof live load
𝑆 = snow load
𝑅 = rain or ice load
𝐹 = loads due to fluid with well − defined pressures and height
𝑊 = wind load
𝐻 = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
𝐸 = earthquake (Seismic Load)
 NSCP 2015 – 203.4.1 Load
Combination for ASD
Combination 1: 𝑫+𝑭
Combination 2: 𝑫+𝑯+𝑭+𝑳+𝑻
Combination 3: 𝑫 + 𝑯 + 𝑭 + (𝑳𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝑹)
Combination 4: 𝑫 + 𝑯 + 𝑭 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑳 + 𝑻(𝑳𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝑹)
𝑬
Combination 5: 𝑫 + 𝑯 + 𝑭 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝑾 + 𝟏.𝟒

Where:
𝐷 = dead load
𝐿 = live load due to occupancy
𝐿𝑟 =roof live load
𝑆 = snow load
𝐹 = loads due to fluid with well − defined pressures and height
𝑅 = rain or ice load
𝑊 = wind load
𝐸 = earthquake (Seismic Load)
 NSCP 2015 – 203.4.2 Alternate Load
Combination
𝑬
Combination 1: 𝑫 + 𝑯 + 𝑭 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑳 + 𝑳𝒓 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑾 𝒐𝒓 𝟏.𝟒
Combination 2: 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑫 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝑾 + 𝑯
𝑬
Combination 3: 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑫 + 𝟏.𝟒 + 𝑯
Combination 4: 𝑫 + 𝑳 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑾
𝑬
Combination 5: 𝑫 + 𝑳 + 𝟏.𝟒

Where:
𝐷 = dead load
𝐿 = live load due to occupancy
𝐿𝑟 =roof live load
𝑆 = snow load
𝐹 = loads due to fluid with well − defined pressures and height
𝑅 = rain or ice load
𝑊 = wind load
𝐸 = earthquake (Seismic Load)
 Common Load Combination for
LRFD

Combination 1: 𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝑳
Combination 2: 𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 + 𝒇𝟏𝑳 ± 𝟏. 𝟎𝑾
Combination 3: 𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 + 𝒇𝟏𝑳 ± 𝟏. 𝟎𝑬
Combination 4: 𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 ± 𝟏. 𝟎𝑾
Combination 5: 𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 + 𝒇𝟏𝑳 ± 𝟏. 𝟎𝑬
Structural Steel

A36 A50
Yield Stress (Fy) 248 MPa 345 MPa
Tensile Stress (Fu) 400 MPa 428 MPa
 ADVANTAGES

1. High Strength : The high strength of steel per unit of weight means that
the weight of structures will be small. This fact is of great importance for
long span bridges, tall building and structures situated on poor
foundation.
2. Uniformity : The properties of steel do not change appreciably with time,
as they do those of a reinforced concrete structures.
3. Elasticity : Steel behaves closer to design assumption than most materials
because it follows Hooke`s law up to fairly high stresses
4. Permanence: Steel frames that are properly maintained will last
indefinitely.
5. Ductility : The property of a materials by which it can withstand
extensive deformation without failure under high tensile stresses is
ductility.
 ADVANTAGES

6. Toughness: Structural Steel are tough – that is, they can have both strength
and ductility.
7. Miscellaneous:
- ability to fastened together by several simple connection devices,
including bolts and welds.
- adaptation to fabrication.
- speed of erection
- ability to rolled into a wide variety of sizes and shapes.
- Possible reuse after a structure is disassembled.
- Scarp Value
 DISADVANTAGES

1. Maintenance Cost
Buckling :

2. Small resistance against fire.

'
3. Susceptibility to buckling
4. High Expansion rate in changing temperature.
5. Energy intensive to produce.
 Design Table and Reference Code

NSCP 2015 Sections AISC 360-16

Sec. 504 – Tension Ch. D – Tension
Sec. 505 – Compression Ch. E – Compression
Sec. 506 – Flexure Ch. F – Flexure
Sec. 507 – Shear Ch. G – Shear
Sec. 508 – Combined Forces and Torsion Ch. H – Combined Forces and Torsion
Sec. 510 - Connections Ch. J - Connections
 Rolled Shape and Built up Shape

Rolled Shape - Rolled steel sections are steel members readily

produced by the steel mills. They are manufactured in standard shapes
and sizes for each shape. They are made in lengths up to 12 meters
long. Common shapes are “L” shaped angle sections, “C” channel
sections and “I” shaped beam

Built up Shape - A built up session is fabricated normally from

plates/strips/sheets while a rolled section is produced in reduction
rolling mill by reshaping the input under heavy pressure is designed
shape of application. Built up is generally shaped by welding of plate
pieces as per designed geometry.
Structural Steel Shape
 Structural Steel Shape

1) I – SECTION (4 TYPES)

W-SECTION S-SECTION HP – SECTION M – SECTION

(WIDE FLANGE) (BEARING PILE) (MISCELLANEOUS)
 Structural Steel Shape

2) T – SECTION (3 TYPES)

WT-SECTION MT-SECTION ST-SECTION

 Structural Steel Shape

3) C – SECTION 4) L – SECTION

CAN HAVE EQUAL OR UNEQUAL LEG LENGTHS

 Structural Steel Shape

5) PIPES 6) HSS

SQUARE

RECTANGULAR

ROUND
CROSS SECTIONAL PROPERTIES
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONS
• Area (A)
• Depth (d)
• Flange and web thicknesses (tf and tw)
• Inner and outer diameters
• Centroids

DETAILING DIMENSIONS
• k and k1
• T
• Workable gage
 CROSS SECTIONAL PROPERTIES

GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES TORSIONAL PROPERTIES

• Moment of Inertia (I) • Torsional Constant (J)
• Elastic Section Modulus (S) • Warping Constant (Cw)
• Plastic Section Modulus (Z) • Polar radius of gyration (ro )
• Radius of gyration (r) • Shear center
• Effective radius of gyration (rts)
Section Properties

bf
tf

tw
X d

tf

bf

Y
 Section Properties
Area
𝐴 = 2. 𝑏𝑓. 𝑡𝑓 + 𝑑 − 2. 𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤
𝐴 = 2 103.12 8.75 + 105.66 − 2(8.75) 7.11
𝐴 = 2431. 42 𝑚𝑚2
103.12 Moment of Inertia
8.75 𝐼𝑥 = ෍(𝐼 + 𝐴. 𝑑2 )
7.11 𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼1 + 𝐴1 𝑑1 2 + 2 𝐼2 + 𝐴2 𝑑2 2
105.66 7.11(88.16)3 103.12(8.75)3
𝐼𝑥 = +2 + 103.12(8.75)(48.455)2
12 12
6 4
𝐼𝑥 = 4.65 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚
8.75
𝐼𝑦 = ෍(𝐼 + 𝐴. 𝑑2 )

103.12 𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼1 + 𝐴1 𝑑1 2 + 2 𝐼2 + 𝐴2 𝑑2 2
88.16(7.11)3
∠ 8.75(103.12)3
𝐼𝑦 = +2 + 103.12(8.75)(0)2
12 12
6 4
𝐼𝑦 = 1.602 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚
 Section Modulus
𝐼𝑥 4.65 𝑥 106
𝑆𝑥 = = = 88.018 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑐 105.66
2

𝐼𝑦 1.602 𝑥 106
𝑆𝑦 = = = 31.07 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3
103.12 𝑐 103.12
2
8.75
Radius of Gyration
7.11 𝐼𝑥 4.65 𝑥 106
𝑟𝑥 = =
105.66 𝐴 2431.42
𝑟𝑥 = 43.73 𝑚𝑚

8.75
𝐼𝑦 1.602 𝑥 106
𝑟𝑦 = =
𝐴 2431.42
103.12 𝑟𝑦 = 25.669 𝑚𝑚
 Section Properties
Area
𝐴 = 2431. 42 𝑚𝑚2
Moment of Inertia
𝐼𝑥 = 4.65 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑦 = 1.602 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4

Section Modulus
𝑆𝑥 = 88.018 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3
X 𝑆𝑦 = 31.07 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3
Radius of Gyration
𝑟𝑥 = 43.73 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑦 = 25.669 𝑚𝑚

Y
References:
• Alberto Canete (2020), Principle of Steel Design 1st Edition (Based on
NSCP Volume 1, 2015)
• William T. Segui – Mason(2017), Steel Design
• ASEP Steel Handbook (2004)
• Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines(2015), National
Structural Code Of The Philippines, Volume 1 – Buildings, Towers, And
Other Vertical Structures.
 ASD/WSD LRFD/USD P <
P max over-design

襯
FC =
0 .
215 fi ~
P min under-design
Materials FE . Fy
Fs =
. 40
0 fy

Loads ロL + い . 2 DI t 1 OLL

[ 103 . + 105 . 757 ] でいつ

∴然点
ASD : Allowable Stress Design A =
2 2」 < 8753 ] / 6 - ☆'

WSD =
Working Stress Design A :
2431 . 42 mm2 Moment of Inertia

LPFD : Load and Resistance Factor Design Moment of Inentia 1 ×

: ELI + Ay

: ℃ )
い 833
USD = Ultimate Stress Design ia = { [I + Aaa )
:
る + 200 [ 18 」 ( 1003
R

"
75)3 I 6 ( 164 )
]
12(8. 66
75)(105
103 .
8 75 2

. ( ook
.

=
2 + 103 .
12(8 .
_

, t t 16 [ 1043 {

ら 68
Stress-Strain Curve
品 63 7
" 58 ℃ , 16 ] [ 03
a
1x =
104 .
32x10"mmY

1 4 65x104mm ly = { [ IFAd )
=
x .

p
₩

(
^

Moment of Inertia Iy -
E LI + Ada }
℃℃
200351862003 Eax ]

√
ー

[181200s3
3
8 75 ( 103 ]
concrete sx : そ LI +
a α + 8 , 75 [ ( 03 . 12 ][ O
)
+
次
+ 18 ( 200 ) { 」 aip
]
~
20013 ( 背量 で
/88
1133 .
[ "
18 + 16(7 ' 43
200 ]
c

]
. .

こ
/ + t 品 16 い } { □ 3 ョ t 164 [ 14 ) [ 100 P
R
ビ }
_

v 「☆ ( 4 o0 -
{ る C 1 ☆3 ”
ト ) + 16 [ 164 } ( O
)

ly
=
1. 60 x10"mm
"
ly
=
181 .
92 x104 mmY
^

1x = 65.70 mm
Section Modulus Section Modulus

4 65x103
E {I mm3 SX 1043 . 2 x103 mm3
.

Steel Sy
: + Az ) Sx =
103 66.
=
88 . 02x103
=

ョ
( 18
20035 唱 ] 40x0"
[ 1. 3
= { 200 ) os [
Sy = =
30 .
29x10 m e
Sy :
1819 . 2
× 103 m
" 104 103 +
∂

ト 164 ( 10 350 } ㎡ Radius of Gyration Radius of Gyration

は

4 65 × 101
06x103mm
.

Structura Steel Grades ly

=
24 rx : “ rn =
103 09 mm

皆 : 品-
. .

431 - 48

℃
FU FY , 00010
clksi E ksi )
section MOduluS
ry =

2431 . 42
:
Vy = =136.00 mm

:
A 36 ‰ Recall

AagD o a F に
品 等 :

\
From Ksi to MPa S :

:Sloto: "
A36 :
3. 037x100 mm

24 06
6x103 3
.

36 [ 240
10003 [
mm
Fy 0 00 a )
=

24 回 MPa
= = .

FU =
58 { 1000 ) ( 0009 ) =
400 MPa Radius of Gyration

FY FU
rx =
14: =63.70 x 10
3= =01.70mm
( mpa } slasig ☆ 98 a 4

} 24 . 06x103
A 36 49 49mm
ry
=
34 400
.
τ

A g8a4

A 50345428
一
∆曰
日
口
子
日
比
 Principle of Steel Design
NSCP 2015 – 504 DESIGN OF MEMBERS
FOR TENSION
 Intended Learning Outcomes

1. Describe NSCP code provision on analysis and design of

members for Tension.
2. Calculate the gross, Net, and effective areas of holes in
tension members.
3. Solve problems on analysis and design of tension
members.
 Riveted Connection

1. Lap Joint – a joint made with 2 pcs of metal, timber, etc., by halving the
thickness of each member at the joint and fitting them together. This
type of joint has a disadvantage in that the gravity of the forces in one
member is not in line with the center of forces in the other members.
(for minor connection )
2. Butt Joint – is formed when 3 members are connected.
 Riveted Connection

• Single Riveted Lap Joint • Double Riveted Lap Joint

single row

to rows
 Riveted Connection

• Double Riveted Lap Joint • Single Riveted Butt Joints

2 members
a members
 Riveted Connection

• Double Riveted Butt Joints Triple Riveted Butt Joints

 Tensile Stress and Strength

• Tensile Stress (regardless of cross-sectional area):

𝑷
𝒇=
𝑨

• Tensile Strength
𝑷 = 𝒇𝑨
Working equation for all failure modes (nominal strength)
 Failure Mode in Tension

Gross
Section Failure Mode: area

1. Gross Yielding - refers to the condition where the entire gross cross-sectional area of a steel member
begins to yield under applied axial or tensile stress. This is a fundamental limit state in structural
design, as yielding leads to permanent deformation and potential failure if not properly accounted
for. -
net area

2. Tensile Rupture - occurs when a steel member fractures at its weakest cross-section, usually at the
net section where bolt holes or other reductions exist. Unlike gross yielding, which involves plastic 「
deformation, tensile rupture is a sudden failure mode and must be carefully checked in structural
design.
3. Block Shear Failure - Block shear failure occurs when a block of material in a steel member tears out
due to a combination of: 、

Shear failure along one or more planes (vertical or inclined). π

> +

Tensile rupture along another plane (horizontal). 簡望品 }

夜 〉 に る kPa

簡!} に 少 -
い kPa

the
larger the
Stress ,
the smaller
the area .
 NSCP 2015 – 504.2 Tensile Strength
𝑷
The design tensile strength, 𝝓𝒕 𝑷𝒏 , and the allowable tensile strength, 𝜴𝒏 of tension members, shall be
𝒕
the lower value obtained according to the limit state of tensile yielding in the gross section and tensile
rupture in the net section.
1. For tensile yielding in the gross section:
eae
resistance
gross "
\
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈 (504.2-1)
∅𝑡 = 0.90 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 Ω𝑡 = 1.67 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
↓
factor of
2. For tensile rupture in the net section: safe + y

net area
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆 (504.2-2)
√

are shall be
∅𝑡 = 0.75 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 Ω𝑡 = 2.0 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
reduced

Where:
𝐴𝑒 = effective net area, 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑔 = gross area of member, 𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝑦 = specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel being used, MPa
𝐹𝑢 = specified minimum tensile stress of the type of steel being used, MPa
 NSCP 2015 – 504.2 Tensile Strength

NSCP 2015 504.3.1 Gross Area

The gross area, Ag, of the member is the total cross-sectional area.

NSCP 2015 504.3.2 Net Area

The net area, An, of a member is the sum of the product of the thickness and the net width
of each element computed as follows:

In computing net area for tension and shear, the width of the bolt hole shall be taken as
𝟏Τ
𝟏𝟔 𝒊𝒏. 𝟐 𝒎𝒎 greater than the nominal dimension of the hole.

For a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal zigzag line, the net width of the part shall
be obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the dimeter or slot dimension provided in
𝑆2
this section, of all holes in the chain, and adding for each gage space in the chain the quantity 4𝑔.
Where
𝑔 = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between fastener gage lines. (mm)
𝑠 = longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes. (mm)
 NSCP 2015 – 504.2 Tensile Strength

NSCP 2015 510.4.1

* If Ae =
-
An , U

=
𝑨𝒆 = 𝑨𝒏 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝑨𝒈 * If AC -
An 7 0 85
Ag
.

𝐴𝑒 = effective net area as defined in Section 504.3.3 for bolted splice plate, 𝑚𝑚2
use
NSCP 2015 504.3.3 Effective Net Area
The effective area for tension members shall be determined as follows:

𝑨𝒆 = 𝑨𝒏. 𝑼
* the application of Stress
Where 𝑼, the shear log factor is determined as shown in Table 504.3.1 shall be uniform
Shear Lag

• Shear log occurs when some element of

the cross section are not connected.
• The connected element become
overloaded and unconnected part is not
fully stressed.
• To account for non-uniformity to tension
members are provided in NSCP Table
504.3.1

Stress Distribution in Tension (Mannem, 2002)

Shear Lag
Table 504.3.1 Shear Log Factor for
Connections to Tension Members
Table 504.3.1 Shear Log Factor for
Connections to Tension Members
Table 504.3.1 Shear Log Factor for
Connections to Tension Members
 Shear Lag Equation
Case 1: All elements are connected &
not connected

U = 1.0 Ex-coumad ]
angle bac =
shear lag factor

Case 2: General Formula

Any tension member where load is transmitted to some but not all of cross
section element by bolts and welds.
(EXCEPT PLATES AND ROUND HSS WHERE 𝓁 ≥ 1.3D)

𝒙
𝑼=𝟏 − I I 4 only
𝓁 case , ,

𝑥ҧ = distance from centroid of connected area to the plane of the connection

𝓁 = length of the connection
 Shear Lag Equation

Common values of 𝑥ҧ

=
↑
 Shear Lag Equation

Case 3: Transverse Welds

All tension members where the tension load is transmitted by transverse
welds to some but not all of cross-sectional element.

U = 1.0 but An = area of directly connected elements

 Shear Lag Equation

CASE 4: PLATES
Tension load transmitted by longitudinal weld only.
 Shear Lag Equation

VALUES OF 𝓵
 Shear Lag Equation
CASES 5 AND 6: ROUND AND RECTANGULAR HSS
TENSION LOAD TRANSMITTED BY LONGITUDINAL WELDS ONLY
 Shear Lag Equation

CASE 7: W, M, S, HP Shapes or Tees cut from these shapes

 Shear Lag Equation

CASE 8: Single angles

 NSCP 2015 510.4.3 Block Shear
Strength
NSCP 2015 510.4.3 Block Shear Strength
The available strength for the limit state of block shear rupture along a shear failure path or
path(s) and a perpendicular tension failure path shall be taken as as

𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒗 + 𝑼𝒃𝒔 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒕 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈𝒗 + 𝑼𝒃𝒔 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒕

∅ = 0.75 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 Ω = 2.0 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)

𝐴𝑔𝑣 = gross area subject to shear, 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑛𝑡 = net area subject to tension, 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = net area subject to shear, 𝑚𝑚2

Where the tension area is uniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1; where the tension stress is non-uniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 0.50
 NSCP 2015 510.4.3 Block Shear
Strength
• The failure of a member may occur along a path
involving Tension on one plane and shear on a
perpendicular plane.
• When a tensile load applied to a connection is
increased, the fracture strength of the weaker
plane will be approached.
• The total strength of the connection equals the
fracture strength of the stronger plane plus the
yield strength of the weaker plane.
• Block shear can be thought of as being a tearing or
rupture failure and not a yielding failure at bolt
holes.
[Link]
a-Gross-Section-Yielding-b-Net-section-Rupture_fig7_285518380)
NSCP 2015 510.4.3 Block Shear
Strength
Sample Problem No. 1
G
A PL 200 mm x 10 mm tension member is connected with
2-22 mm diameter bolts. The steel is A36 (Fy = 248.0 MPa)
and assume 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛 and compute the following:
no shear lag factor

1. The Design Strength for LRFD.

2. The Allowable Strength for ASD

Given :
Fy
=

248 MPA sconsidersmeakness 3

BLOCK SheaR
FU =
400 MPa 2
rupture :

pn :
Fl Ae
1
yielding :

Pn =
Fu An
Pn Snear :

FYAg
=

hole
d
Any =
10 -

(130 -

1
5(26)] =
910mm2
22
.

mm ) 1in .
Ag (10) Agy 10/130]
:
=
200 =
2000mm2 =
1300 mm
2

=
22mm + 4 mm
=
26 mm Tension :

248mmm [2000mm ]
>
Pn =
Ant
An
10/200 1(86))
10 (100 5(26)]
=
= =
‰
-

.
0
-
:
1740mm2
:
870mm ?
㎡

100 An 1740mm2 < 0 85

=

Ag 0 89 (2000)
.
=
α
1700
.

Pn :
496 KM mm
Pin =
566 . 4kN E 5 '11 -
44 km
An = 1700 mm
govern !
4 pm =
0 .
90 [ 496 km ) Rn =
941 .
44kN
govern !

4n =
400(1700)
446 . KN LRFDJ
=
4 :

680kN 中 An O 75 ( 541 44
-
ELRFD )
=
) =
100 0 ℃ KB
.

3
,

RD 44
Pn §1 .
496 9 pn 270 72 KW [ ASD )
a
.

.
79(680) 510kN(LRFD)
0
=
: .

=
Λ α
297 01kN[ASD]
こ
:

1
.

1. 67 Pn R
480
34 OKN (
=
=

ASD ) 0 6 { 400 ) [ a 1 o) (
Rn 0 6 248 ) [ 1300 )
.

Λ
:

る
.

≤
3
㎥
=
α 18 .
≤ 1 93 . 44
1 - 0[
40
∴ pRn : 19 314 λ s 870
)
: g 41 , 44 kl
%
Sample Problem No. 1

+ 4.0 mm

+ 5.0 mm
Sample Problem No. 1

𝐴𝑔 = 200 10 = 2000.0 𝑚𝑚2

0.85𝐴𝑔 = 0.85(2000)
0.85𝐴𝑔 = 1700 𝑚𝑚2
At Yielding:
𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑇𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦. 𝐴𝑔
248(2000)
𝑇𝑛 = = 496 𝐾𝑁
1000
𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑢 = 0.90 496
𝑇𝑢 = 446.4 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)

𝑇𝑛 496
𝑇𝑎 = =
Ω 1.67
𝑇𝑎 = 297.01 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)
Sample Problem No. 1
At Rupture:
𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛
𝐴𝑒 = 10 200 − 1(22 + 2 + 2)
𝐴𝑒 = 1740 𝑚𝑚2 > 0.85𝐴𝑔 = 1700𝑚𝑚2

𝑇𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢. 𝐴𝑒
400(1700)
𝑇𝑛 = = 680.0 𝐾𝑁
1000

𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑢 = 0.75 680
𝑇𝑢 = 510.0 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)

𝑇𝑛 680
𝑇𝑎 = =
Ω 2.0
𝑇𝑎 = 340.0 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)
Sample Problem No. 1

At Yielding:
𝑇𝑢 = 446.4 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)
𝑇𝑎 = 297.01 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)

At Rupture:
𝑇𝑢 = 510.0 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)
𝑇𝑎 = 340.0 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)

At Safe value of T:
𝑇𝑢 = 446.4 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)
𝑇𝑎 = 297.01 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)
 Sample Problem No. 2

Determine the Strength Design and Allowable

Strength based on the effective net area.
Use 22 mm diameter bolt and Fu = 400 MPa.
2L125 x 75 x 8
Properties of L125 x 75 x 8
𝐴 = 1549 𝑚𝑚2
𝑥 = 16.78 𝑚𝑚
125 T

150
 At Rupture:
𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑛 = 2 (1549 − 2(8)(22+4))
2L125 x 75 x 8 𝐴𝑛 = 2266.0 𝑚𝑚2

𝑥ҧ 16.78
𝑈 =1 − =1− = 0.888
𝑙 150
𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈. 𝐴𝑛 = 0.888 2266
𝐴𝑒 = 2012.21 𝑚𝑚2
125 T
𝑇𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢. 𝐴𝑒
400(2012.21)
𝑇𝑛 = = 804.88 𝐾𝑁
1000
150

𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑢 = 0.75 804.88
𝑇𝑢 = 603.66 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)

𝑇𝑛 828.616
𝑇𝑎 = =
Ω 2.0
𝑇𝑎 = 402.44 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)
Cochrane`s Formula

𝑺𝟐
𝑪𝒐𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆`𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 =
𝟒𝒈

t S = pitch or longitudinal spacing between adjacent

holes along a staggered holes.
g = gage distance or transvers spacing between two
holes.
g h
s 𝑆2
The quantity is to be added deducting the effective
4𝑔
Hole diameter along the path. Hole diameter is equal
to the diameter of rivet plus 2 mm
H= d +2mm
𝑆2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑡 (ℎ − 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 + 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 )
4𝑔
 Sample Problem No. 3

A steel plate is 350 mm wide and 10 mm thick with 4 bolts

(22mm dia.) cut into the plate as shown.
Use Hole diameter H = bar dia. + 3 mm
40 40 1. Solve the critical net area in accordance with NSCP
A 10
Specification.
B 2. Solve the maximum net area required by the NSCP
80
C 3. Solve the Design Strength and Allowable Strength of the
T F
80 T 350 staggered holes as shown.
80
D

E 65
 𝐴𝑔 = 350 10 = 3500.0 𝑚𝑚2

0.85𝐴𝑔 = 0.85(3500)
0.85𝐴𝑔 = 2975 𝑚𝑚2
At Yielding:
40 40 𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎
A 10

B 𝑇𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦. 𝐴𝑔
80 248(3500)
C 𝑇𝑛 = = 868 𝐾𝑁
T 1000
T F
80 350

80 𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛
D
𝑇𝑢 = 0.90 868
E 𝑇𝑢 = 781.2 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)
65

𝑇𝑛 868
𝑇𝑎 = =
Ω 1.67
𝑇𝑎 = 519.76 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)
 Critical Width:
ABDE:
tinamaanaee
15 2
𝑊𝑛 = 350 − 2 25 + = 300.234 𝑚𝑚
4 240
𝐴𝑛 = 300.234 10 = 3002.34 𝑚𝑚2

40 40
A 10 ABCDE:

}
40 2 25 2
B 𝑊𝑛 = 350 − 3 25 + + = 280.997 𝑚𝑚
80 4 80 4 160
C 𝐴𝑛 = 280.997 10 = 2809.77 𝑚𝑚2
T F
80 T 350

80 ABCFDE:
D 40 2 65 2
𝑊𝑛 = 350 − 4 25 + (2) + = 273.203 𝑚𝑚
4 80 4 80
E 65 𝐴𝑛 = 273.203 10 = 2732.03 𝑚𝑚2
 At Rupture:
𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛 = 2732.03 𝑚𝑚2

𝑇𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢. 𝐴𝑒
400(2732.03)
𝑇𝑛 = = 1092.812 𝐾𝑁
40 40 1000
A 10

B
𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛
80 𝑇𝑢 = 0.75 1092.812
C
𝑇𝑢 = 819.609 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)
T F
80 T 350

80 𝑇𝑛 1092.812
D 𝑇𝑎 = =
Ω 2.0
E
𝑇𝑎 = 546.406 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)
65
 At Yielding:
𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑢 = 781.2 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)
𝑇𝑎 = 519.76 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)

40 40 At Rupture:
A 10
𝑇𝑢 = 819.609 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)
B
80 𝑇𝑎 = 546.406 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)
C
T F
80 T 350
At Safe value of T:
80
D 𝑇𝑢 = 781.2 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)
𝑇𝑎 = 519.76 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)
E 65
 Block Shear

NSCP 2015 510.4.3 Block Shear Strength

The available strength for the limit state of block shear rupture along a shear failure path or
path(s) and a perpendicular tension failure path shall be taken as as

𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒗 + 𝑼𝒃𝒔 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒕 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈𝒗 + 𝑼𝒃𝒔 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒕

∅ = 0.75 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 Ω = 2.0 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)

𝐴𝑔𝑣 = gross area subject to shear, 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑛𝑡 = net area subject to tension, 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = net area subject to shear, 𝑚𝑚2

Where the tension area is uniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1; where the tension stress is non-uniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 0.50
 Block Shear

• The failure of a member may occur along a path

involving Tension on one plane and shear on a
perpendicular plane.
• When a tensile load applied to a connection is
increased, the fracture strength of the weaker
plane will be approached.
• The total strength of the connection equals the
fracture strength of the stronger plane plus the
yield strength of the weaker plane.
• Block shear can be thought of as being a tearing or
rupture failure and not a yielding failure at bolt
holes.

[Link]
a-Gross-Section-Yielding-b-Net-section-Rupture_fig7_285518380)
 Sample Problem No. 4
A single plate 200 mm x 14 mm plate is connected to a
13mm thick steel plate by four 16 mm diameter rivets as
shown in the figure. The steel is ASTM A36 with Fy = 248
MPa and Fu = 400 MPa.
Determine the design value of ”T” based on block shear.
50
Use Hole diameter = ɸ + 2 mm

100 T

50

35 100
 A. Consider Block Shear
50 𝑅𝑛 = 0.60𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡
Area for Shear: ?

𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 14 135 − 1.5 22 + 2 (2)

100 T 𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 2772 𝑚𝑚2

50 𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 14(135)(2)
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 3780 𝑚𝑚2
35 100
Area for Tension:
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 14 50 − 0.5 22 + 2 (2)
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 1064 𝑚𝑚2

𝑅𝑛 = 0.60𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡

0.60 400 2772 + 1.0 400 (1064)
𝑅𝑛 = = 1090.88 𝐾𝑁
T 1000

𝑅𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡

0.60 248 3780 + 1.0(400)(1064)
𝑅𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 988.064 𝐾𝑁
1000
 For LRFD:
50
𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑛
𝑇𝑢 = 0.75(988.064)
𝑇𝑢 = 741.048 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)
100 T
For ASD
50 𝑅𝑛 988.064
𝑇𝑎 = =
Ω 2.0
35 100
𝑇𝑎 = 494.03 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)

T
 𝐴𝑔 = 200 14 = 2800.0 𝑚𝑚2

0.85𝐴𝑔 = 0.85(2800)
0.85𝐴𝑔 = 2380 𝑚𝑚2
B. At Yielding:
𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎
50
𝑇𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦. 𝐴𝑔
248(2800)
𝑇𝑛 = = 694.4 𝐾𝑁
100 T 1000

𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛
50 𝑇𝑢 = 0.90 694.4
35 100 𝑇𝑢 = 624.96 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)

𝑇𝑛 694.4
𝑇𝑎 = =
Ω 1.67
𝑇𝑎 = 415.808 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)
 At Rupture:
𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛
𝐴𝑒 = 14 200 − 2(22 + 2)
𝐴𝑒 = 2128 𝑚𝑚2 < 0.85𝐴𝑔 = 2380 𝑚𝑚2

𝑇𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢. 𝐴𝑒
50 400(2128)
𝑇𝑛 = = 851.20 𝐾𝑁
1000
100 T 𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑢 = 0.75 851.20
50 𝑇𝑢 = 638.4 𝐾𝑁 Design Strength (LRFD)

35 100 𝑇𝑛 680
𝑇𝑎 = =
Ω 2.0
𝑇𝑎 = 425.6 𝐾𝑁 Allowable Strength (ASD)
 50

100 T

50

35 100

ASD LRFD
A. Block Shear 494.8 𝐾𝑁 741.048 𝐾𝑁
B. At Yielding 415.808 𝐾𝑁 624.96 𝐾𝑁
C. At Rupture 425.6 𝐾𝑁 638.4 𝐾𝑁
References:
• Alberto Canete (2020), Principle of Steel Design 1st Edition (Based on
NSCP Volume 1, 2015)
• Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines(2015), National
Structural Code Of The Philippines, Volume 1 – Buildings, Towers, And
Other Vertical Structures.
 ^
ASD LRFB
1 3 Block Sneap ( I ) わ) ( KRM
‰

」
Snear : 1 yielding 297 . 01446 4
.

So
α Any =
10 (130 -

1 .

5(26)] る rupture 340 glo

a block
=
910 mm 3
Shear
230 72346 . 08
.

/30 , 80/ Agv :

1O [ 130 ] 310 72
.
466 08
.

:1300mm

Given :
Fy =
248 MPA Tension :

FU =
40 OMPa Ant =
10 [ 80 -

0 .
5 ( 20 ) ]
2

yielding : :
670 mm

Pn FYAS M) n 0 60 FuAny UbS FuAnt UbSFuAnt

= 0 60 Fy Agy
=
=
.
+ .
+

Ag :
2 O0 (1O] O GOFUAny
.
=
0 60 .
( 400 ) [ 910 ] :
218 4 kN .

( 248 ) ( 1300 ) 193 44 kN

?
Ag 2000mm 0 60
= :

0 60 FyAg 1
:
.
. .

Pn =
24 呂 ( 2 O 00 ) UbSFuAnt =
1 .

0(400) (670) :
268 kN
= <
496 KRI
103 9) mn =
. 79
0 (193 .
44 + 268) :
346 .
08kN
Rn 46 1 44
9 90(496) 446 4 kN
.

Pn =
.
0 =
.
= =
230 72 KM
^
.

4
照 :
幾397
=
. 01 kN

a
rupture : 3 Blook Sneap [ 2 ]

Pn -
Fute Shear :

Pn =
FuAn Any =
10 (130 -

1 .

5(26)]
a
dnole =
22 mm + 4mm =
26mm
=
910 mm

An :
I0 [ 200 - 1 [ 242 ]
: 1740 mm Ag 、に 1O [ 130 ]

1740kN20 89 Ag .
:
1700 kN :1300mm

Pn :
H 00 ( 1700 ) Tension :

=
68 O KN
㎥ Ant =
10 [ 120 -

0 .
9 [ 203 ]

9) Pn =
.
0 75(680) : S10 kN :. 1070 mm2
Pn

Λ
·

2
=
340kN M) n =
0 60 FuAny .
+ UbS FuAnt = 0 60 .

Fy Agy
+ UbSFuAnt

O GOFU Any
.
= 0 60 .
( 400 ) [ 910 } :
218 4 kN
.

0 .
60 FyAg×=
0
. 00 [ 248 ) [ 1300 ] : 193 , 44 kN

UbsFuAnt =
1 .

0(400) (1070) :
428 KN

RM =
193 .
44+ 428 = 621 . 44 kN

Ψ Rn :
0 75.

( 627 . < 44 ) :
466 .
08 kN
Mn 44
621
.

= =
310 . 72 kN
Λ
 0 =
16 mm dia .

P いる 7 〆 13

"
.
a 譬
□ .
t J W =
1 .
"

2
'' ; . " 品
a...
q
'

。 2o ‰

3. 74 16
compute the mode of failure
of the connection shown . Use Fy :
248 MPA

compute the mode of failure Given :

of the connection shown . Use Fy :

248 MPA BDL =
ISD KN yielding
「U : 1 . QD ( t 1 6L

yielding つ 7: はい SO 3 + 6 に L
Pn =

FyiAg
Bn =
FY 159 P に 6 和 □ いK 例
Ag =約 ×
13 =

1691 m ㎡
=
248 [ 1010 ]

Bn 3 所 3 ℃ K れし T BoL t Pur

248(1691)
=
=

Pn =

409 . 45
:
KN
↑ pn =
0 9(399 . .

28) =
359 .
35 kN 193 . 1℃ = 150 + Pu
pn .
399 ℃
Pr 43 18 K ☆

↑pniO95:368
= . SO N s
.
239 . 09 km
Λ

a rupture a rupture

Pn =
FuAe Pn =
FUAl

A e =
UAn Ae =
u Awn

はすなく ω+ 4 ] ㎡

」-
及3 731
ト
:
m

u
=
1 ℃
= : 0 .
83
Ae =
1/31 mm2 < 0 .
85 (1651) =
1403 .
35 mm2

Pn 400 ( い} 1 )

品 らる
の +> o
=

[ 5 Z 40 K M
:

3 Kが

築感 6 盛
㎡
AC =
0 . 3 [ 1370 ) = 1137 . 1m

11 37 Imm2) 0 85 Ag . 5 mm2
1368
. =
.

Pn :
FW Ae
} Block sbeaR { い )
=
< I 0 OS 1371 } : 4 4 K

- 843

中照 O 756445454
: 364 ( 13 KN
. 84
ョ
=
227 431 ↓

} Block SheaR

Anid 13 :
[ 175 -

2 - 5 ( 203 ]
= 1635 m
㎡ Any =
13 (175 -
.
2 5(20)](2) :
3250mm2
□
G 1 1 = 13 17 ]
2

Agy
=
13 [175] :
2275mm
、 =
3275 mm
^
( 3)
㎡
5T 7 O
A
nt =
13 [35 -

.
0 5(20)] =
325mm2 Ant =
13 -

. SC O }[ ]
: 481 m

4) n 0 60 FYAny Rn =
0 60 FUAnY + UbSFUAnt 10 60 FyAgy + UbSFUAnt
UbsFYAnt [0 60 Fy AgX
=
+
UbSFyAnt
.
.
. + .

.
0 .
60 FUAny =
.
0 60(400) (1625) :
390 kN . 60 FUANY
0 =
0 .
60(400) (3250) :
780 KN

O = 0. 60 ( 2483 { 227 0 40 Fy Ag 、 = . 00 ( 8 ) [ 2
v
.
00 FYASY S
) : 8S K
. 0
☆ 75 ) : 3 8 ☆ RN

0 [ 400 ) ( 1
56243 ] UBs EUAnt
㎡ 1 . = 142 40 K が
( 190 1 0
(400)(325) ℃
=

An 3/ =
10
-

2 .
: 1300 mm UbSFuAnt = . : 130 kN )

AGY =
10 ( 190 ] :
1900 mm
、
Rn =
33 怠 53 130 R∞ =
可品 る λ 142 , 40 = 530 , 92 Km
t
408 52 kN
=
-

(63 5(24)] *Pn =

5(s092:398
518 20
- 7594
A nt = 10 82 -

0 = mm2 39 km

℃ 紫照路裂
. .
.

Mn 0 60 FuAny + UbS FUAnt 10 60 UbSFUAnt

FyAgY
=
+
M
.
.

. 60FUAny
0 =
.
0 60(400) (1300) = 312 kN

O .G 0
FYAg
4
: . 00 ( 248 ) [ 19003 = 回 る 73ER)
O

UbS FuAnt =
0 .

S(400) (S18 20) .

= 103 . 64 kN

Rn :
唱 るするト 103 04 = 386 - 弘 KN

:営 3 . 3673
7 7 KN
1889
中 . -

[175-
2
Any =
13 2 .
5(20)](2) :
3250 mm

Agy =
13 [17S] :
2275 mm2

Ant [35
13
5(20(](2) 650 mm2
=
-0 .
=

Pn =
. 60FUAnY + UbSFUAnt _ 0
0 .
6OFyAgY + UbSFUAnt
. 60 FuAny
0 =
.
0 60(400)(3250) : 780kN

O O OO ( 24 兄 ) [ 2275 ]
OOFYAGV
:
33 回 S 2 Km
. .
=

UBS FUAnt = 1
. O [ 4007 [ 4 so ) =
240 KN

Rn :
33 品多 240 : 59 % , 2 KN
km

! 磁 、 装器
89
品 。
^ ∂
山
山
小
 > a

a
On = =14 + 2 = =10 mm

I
□
+ he =
22 mms

3
7 a rupture
yielding
Pn =
FyAg
1 yielding 1 yielding Pn =
24 台 ( 200 14 ]
× =
694 . -
40 km

Pn =
FYAg Bn Fφ AG 96 kN

品品公器器
=

Pn = 24 回 { 200 x 10 }
= 494 k
pn =
2性 [ 1 s <$ 4 ]
= 384 1 S KN
^

照 “ で。 噓 な 中品 : 3 Oac
警品器 JKHkm
m “
2 RuptuRe
^
Pn EU A E
WAnto
:

z RuptURe る RUPtURe Ae =

PH =
FU 17 m

Pn FUAe AE 10 ( 14 ( 200 - ( っ ]
品 : FMAeFuAn
= =

Al =
HA
Bn =
FuAn 2184 mm2 1 0 .
85 Ag :
2380mm2

5
] 60 KN
11予階
dh = a← 4 : 26 mm pn =
HO 0 { a 184 =
873 .

い =
) : : . 88
mm2 0) pn
0

An =
10(200 - 1(26)] :
1740
=
0 .
75(873 .
60) :
695 .
20kN

1740mm 2 < 0 .
85 Ag : 1700 mm2 A [ 184 - 2 S 了 E 2 ] く
24 0 m ㎡ と 0
g
に
6 3 3 可 kW Pn 87 号 。 00
430 8 OKN
: :

Ae 品 く ^
.

Bn
=
0 22 北 ] : 2012 、 21 ㎡ z
=
( 400 ) ( 1700 ]
= 680 K
. m

9) pn = .
0 79(680) :
510 KN pn = [ 4 oo 3 ( a ω はい ) = 8品《 ,
8 品K

pr 40 3 Block SneaR
. = 340 K4 DPn: 0
. 75 ( 8029. ℃
) = 603 . 00 kim
^
Pn 804 88 .

」昌
2
=
t
3 BlOCK SheAR
=
=
□2 4 S KN 4
n
.

3
+ 4 : 2z
18

5(22(](2)
2
nt
A 14 (135 1 =
2856mm
-
= .

A gy
=
200 (14) =
2800 mm2

" 14(50 1092 mm2

LO 130 - い ☆ ] ] = 910 m の #ny = -

0 5(22)](2) =
Ant
.
=

AgV
=
mm2
2000 . 60 FUAnt
0 =
0 .
60(400) (2856) =
689 .
44 kN
Any =
10/100 -
0 .
5(26)] :
870mm2 O . 40
FYAgY : 0 . 00 ( 248 ] と 200 ) = 516 - 64{ N
UbS FuAny =
1 .

0(400) (1092) :
436 80 KN
Mn =
0 6OFUAnt UbSFuAnY 1 0 60 Fy AgY +
UbS FuAnY
.

.
+ .

0 40 FuAnt
.
=
0 . 60 [ 400 ] K 9103 - 21 昌 1 K 以 Rn =
2136 8℃ 5 a116
. 61 : 5 ☆ 44 kl

O 0
yielding dRm =
0 75 ( 8g3 414 ] 0 ℃ Ki
GOFYAGY 001 3 ( 2000 ) = 640
:
297 . 00 KN
.
=
回
.
.
.

UBS F φ AM 4 :
1 -
O [ 400 ] [o)③ :
3 4 唱 KN Bn :
FgAg Pn 853 .
44
.
=
426 72kN
(
.

Rn =
3 4回 ↓ 218 《= 566 . 40K N PW =
24 ℃ BSOn 1 O 3 :
84 ℃ E が ^ z

am ① pn 0 9 [ 868 ] 3 k性

闆 ”管器 4 .80
78 1
= . :

PM 84
Λ
:

能= 7
51 a , 76 KY

2 RuptURe

pn =
FUAt
Pn =
FUAM

critical width :
nt
A =
14 (135
-

1 .
5(22(](2) =
2856mm
2

Failure Path & ABCDE A gy

=
200 (14) =
2800 mm2

-
4 14(100
[ 2809
7) #ny = .
0 5(22)](2) 2492mm2
(0- 3
-
=

An =
10
{

) +( 4
- 77
80 ) 40 { 100 } 2 mm
. 60 FUAnt
0 =
0 .
60(400) (2856) =
689 .
44 kN

Failure Path ABDE : 0 . 60

FgAgs , ) = 0 . 00 S 48 ( 2800 ) : 5116 - 44 kN

Am =
IO ( B ーす ag る + ( ωω ) ]) - 3002 . 35 mm UBS FUAmY =
1 . O { 400 ) ( は 4 =
996 8 品 KM

Failure Path ABCFDE :

Bn = 994 .
8品 - 4116 .
44 =
413 . U 44 KN
) 40 05 ]
An =
10 ( 3§ 0 - 4 [2g ]
t [ 4 ( 80 及) t
( 80 ) - 3732 , 03 mm 4 Rn = 0
, 75 [ 1413 , 443 :
1000 .
0 ℃ Km

pn =
[ 4O0 ] ( する 、 03 ] : 10828 い KM Dn } 44 :
:
7
00 . T 2 KN
中 Bn = 0
. 7 S[ 1092 . 81 ] : 819 .
41 kw ^ 3

pn 1093 . 81
:
=
SL 6 . KI 1 KM
^ α
山
女
日
 じ

☆
1 yielding

14 SOS
Pn
400 36(3) +
=
FyAg Pn =
FuAe
Wn
-
=
D .
OS
, 24
pm =
245 ℃ [ 3005 ] =
760 .
12 kN Ae UAn
=

DPn = kN [1 ) [ 223 ]
a
C 1 s0 -
b 3 0
. ( 9
760 - 12 ) = 684 . 11 An =
3005
-

[ 12 .
5 :
2790 mma
3 OI +
4 ( 200 ) Ae =
0 . 85 ( 2790 )
: 2371 . 5 mm

y2 +b2ISSe
Pn =
H 00 ( 23715 ] =
948 60 Km
BlOCK SheaR
.

Wn1234 = 400 -

36(4) + 3
pn =
4
0
. 75 [ 948 , 00 ] = 71 - 4 S kN

㎡ Ant ,
=
12 .
g(250 -

2 .

S(22)) =
2437 .
SO
321 25 t
4 [ 100 )
.

Agy = 12 .
S (250) =
3125 mma

Wh124 =
Wh1234
㎡
A
ny =
12 . 5 [50 .
55 -

0 .

5(22)] =
494 .
38

150b(
(
321 25 + ; b :
19 7Im s
3□ I PIn
.
=
6OFUAnt
=
+
4(100) .
0
.

+ UbSFUAnt = 0 .
6O FyAgY + UbSFUArY
α
19 7 . 60
0 FuAnt .
0
60(400)(2437 5) S89kN
[ }
=
. :

An =
12 321 . 25 t =
3866 66 mm2.

4 [ 1003 O 00 FYAG 1 1 = - 6 O 248 ] { 25 ) 465 kN

-
0

( =

Pn =
FuAn UDSFUANY = . OC , OO ) [ 494. 387 = 197 . 75 km

=
400 [ ☆ 66 - 0 0 ) = 1546 .
66 KM Rn = 197 . 75 t [
145 =
662 79 KM

① 5U =
0 .
75 ( 1946 . - 64 )
: 159 .
995 kN 中 RB = 0 - 75 ( 6 ω 2 75 ) =
497 . 04KN
1591 6 pin
tl
=
. (0
G
= 773 -33 K ≥ 062.75 = 331.38 KN
n α τ α

AnVa =
12 . 5 [ 99 - 45 -

0 5 [ 223
.
] :
1105 .
63 mma

. 60FuAnt
.
0 =
0 60(400) (2437 S)
. . :
S85KN
O . 40 0
FYAg [ 248 ] [ 3125 ] 965 Km
=
.
G0 =

mumm

UDS FuAny =
1 .

0(400) (110S 63) · = 442 25 KN.

Rn =
465 t 442 . 25 =
907 .
25 K N

① Bm =
0 75 [ 907 25) 44
.

= 680 . K
RM 903 . 25
493 . 63kN
τ =

12

Hε = U An
…
×
1 = - =
0 S8
い ;
.
: -

L ISD

An =
3840 -

②( 1) . ) ) 22 ][ }
= 3371 , 60 m
㎡

AC =
0 .
58 q [ 337 に 6 ) : 1985 . mm2

1 yielding
Pn =
FyAg
pn =
248 [ 386 O ) =
957 . 28* N

Pn =
φ 0 . 9
[ 957 . 2
℃) = 861 - 552 kN
Pの 957 28
ST 3 るる KN
,
=

Λ " ]

2 RUPtURe

Pn =
FuAe

Pn =
FuAn

Pn =
HO 0 L 1985 . 82 ) = 794 . 348KN

① Pm =
0 . 75 { 7a 1. 348 ) : 595. 70 ) kn

794 348

唱
.

: =
予 97 74 k
α
 (150 - b)2
36(3)
+4 +
Nn = 400 -

1 24
1 ( 1200

iso -
3 Ol
=
t
4 {z o 0 ,

Wn1z34 =
400 -

36(4) +
,,bSOT
:
321 . 25
+
Wh124 =
Wh1234

150
:321 ,
。
3O1 t 25 5 4 (
; □= 19 71 mm
4 ) 100 ”

(12)(321 .
25 +
1970 ] -
3866 .
64mm

RuptURe :

Pn :
FuAe
Pn =
FuAn

Bn =
400 63866 .
6 h1 ] :
1546 .
66 KM

Qpn :
0 75 .
{ 1 546 ,
403 :
1159 .
99 kN
Pn 1546 . 60
= :
773 33kN
n
.

Ae :
U An
An =
8450 -

(2(25. 4)(23)] :
7281 .
60mm2

に 」 参 な☆ 0
. 81

Ae = 0 . 87 ( 7281 - 00 ] =
6343 27 mm
る

pm =
400 [ 6342 . a7 ] =
2536 .
al K i《 l

qPn5539
s

325 - +> ]
の
Ant =
4 [ 2

. g
( 23 + 3)
=
4000 . 5m

の
Gに25 N { 325 ) =
8255 mm

Any に
25 . 4 [ 16 .
5 -
0 .
5 E
Sample No . 2

4 Pn =
0 .
9 [ 908 -
85 ) =
81797 kN

:
℃o ,
BCR . 0 ℃ 1 O
81 n MOT SAFE !
1 3
m: , 9-

Try W8x 28 ; Ag
=
5320 mm

Flange :

bf
7 03

Y flangeisono
=
.

2 tf
t
200000
0 .
56 .
1g . gp
2

Web :

42.3, } Web
Bい :
はロ L → ( 6 LL d -

2kdes
=
22 .
29
= O KR tw

l .
sla
วอ
ฉลอน :
isnot
R ‰

7《 :
1 . 0

Kし 「- 0 [ 2700
:
)

rx
c
:1.0 /2700
=
b5 69
ry
.

"

JOODOD
=
133 7 θ
√
Wdx Wt.
48 .

69 ∠ 133 JQ
qpn
.

Pu =

880 x103 =
0 .

9[248] Ag : the column is short ;

inelastic
Agreq'd :
3942 . 65 mm2
[
「(
1 200000 )
Try W6 25 4740 ? Fε
; Ag mm 157 44 ㎡ Pd
:
x [
”
: =
.

2
65 .
69
3 a‰

457 -
197 . 65 M Pd
Flange :
Fcr 0 658 (了:
=
.

bf 65/5320]
197
50kN
.

61 Pn =
6 1051

Y flangeis o
: : .
.

2 tf IODD

0 .
56
200000 .
Is 9) Pn =
.
0 9(1051 50) .
=
946 . 39 KN

Web : DCR に

n品 35 " :
0
. 93 SLO SAFE

42.3, } Web
d -

2kdes
=
19 .
52
tw

l .
alag
วอ
ฉลอน :
isnot
a

1K =
1 . 0

KL 1.0 (
L 2700) = 39.36
rx 86
u
.
1. 0(2700)
:
69 95 .

ry 3. φ

20 DODD
=
133 70

69 .

954133 . 76

: the column is short ;

inelastic
{ 2000003
然”
a
H
Fe : =

403 , . 43 mP
64 .
95 z

猪{

403 .
Fcr =
0 .

658 248 ] : 191 . 74 MP a

留 40 908 -
191 } :
pn :

85 km
 Y a
^ ^

_ '

= 200005
p 970 342
答 ,

Fe :

:
. 02 mPa
)
250
34 a 0 z
FCR =
0 .
6 S8 [ 250 ] =
184 11 MPa

445
1 ℃. " }:
Pn :
822 . 05 km
話
_ _
9 pn
0

. 90[822 05) =
739 85kN
-
=

_
.
.

. 47

822:
05
=
492 . 25K 1 = 1
^ ×

」 2 . 47 + 当 ]
)
26 × 104 :
は [0 . 6 × 100 + 1994 [

X =
83 82 .
mm

} 0
} * If symmetrical , 12 - 6 × 10
V : =
96 21 mm
2(1994)
.

no need to get the

_ ' centroid . kL 1. 0 [ 3200

1 : ) . 56 . G 3 3
r 56 . 21
x
: Short column ;
_ inelastic
_
_ E Hz (
200000s -
↑ ¢ Fe で 009 . 04 mpad
t s 柴 ) 0 . 932 '

, .

0450
次 (I
009 .
\ n
= + A4 ) Fcu =
0 .
658 [ る SO ) - 310 .
g 4 MBG

54[2(1994)7
[I ]
210 .

2
=
=
,
+
A ,
4 、 Pn = =
839 . 63kN
100

As
y l
}
=
2 ( 0 . 34 10 ℃ t 1994 ( o ] DPn =
0 9 .

[ 839 . 63 ] =
355 .
49 KN

' ㄗㄣ
1x =
12 . 6 x103 mmt SO 2 . TM KN
) 67,

"
☆ An =
yn y
=Ʃ (
in
? 1 y
I t Ad }
_
X

(0 ]
“

1994 ( 13 ω ) )
×
a
ln
=
2 .
3% × 10 + .

A ,: 2471 mm2
A += 4465 mm2 ly =
1 .
36 x10"mm" weak axis
2 :
」
1994 m ㎡

”)
“
Ay =

say r = :

=
18 , < 47 mm

”
_
“ 皆躍 > :
「
=
Aly ,
t
Azya d + + - Y r
る 5
w(n

247 」 [ g 2 . 回 } σ 199 < 4 ( 100 -

9G ]
100000,
φ 4.71 133.22
445 350

y :
75 .
31 mm 73 25 3 1 ふるる

?き Azdz long
: column ;
elastic

t " 可 も #2(200000)
= S × 10 247 , [ a1. si ] t 0 .
36 * 104 + 1994 [ 26 .
65 ] ㎡ Fe “

s 柴 )
”
373 252
=
65
. 7
6 MPO

"
1x =
7 . 92x100mm Far =
0 .
877 [ FE ] = S7 ' 67MPd

67(2(1994)
57 .

1} :
Ʃ ( I + Ada } Pn =
:
229 . 9

℃ I
'
=
I ,
+ A .
d .
.

.
t Azds 4 Pn =
0 9 .
[ 229 - 99 } :
206 . 99kN

=
2 λ 104 5 6 3 .
× 10
6 PV : 13 7
る KN
n

ly
= 8
. 3x10"mm

r =

歳 :
42 い 2

KL 1 .
0 (3200)
. :
75 .
97
r
75 . 97 ≤ 13 よる
200000
.
4 7
, :
133 . 22
250

Short column
..
;
inelastic
山
音
人
山
口
日
日
 }
□-
w
30

. 66
105

da

ix .
℃ [ It Ad )

”
□

I (I
s
: t A .
d .
+ 2 .
+ Aad
,

6619
2/10(105 (0)7]
.

= 3 x106 + + 10(105 66)

.
X
は

"
1x =
6 . 97x10'mm

ly =
E ( It A)

I ( Ia )
"
:
.
+ A ,
d .
↓ a t
Aada
3
105 06 { 10 ]
( )
-

と
10 3
)
2 [ 10 ) { 56
:
α t t 105 66
. . - 50
-

*L . OE 32 OO :
38
4
ly 78 x10"
8

器器 てい 48
=
. mm
-
112 .
… γ
” . 45 3

{ 筑臨 J - s0
OG 75106
= :38.99 mm Pu =
ppn =
0 .

9FyAg
247 ) 「 □ 」 [ い O 5, 00 ] . 」
PU
TKE 0 [ )
320038
9 .

1. 6

r
=

. 99
: 82 0 }ε 133 . 32 Agreg'd =

. 9
p FY
:
short column ;

inelastic

032
E 200000
= を“
2
H
F 3
: 243 . 00 mp
82 ,
[

293 . 00
EC γ =
0 .
458 350 ] = 174 . 93 MPd

17 k1 . 93 ( 2471 t 2 [ sO ) S 105 , 66 」
Pn =
》
.8o 1
. 9 l MP
L □O □

φ PD =
るいすな

:
180 . 19 KN
n
水
山
 Assignment #1

27
DL =
6 a 3 79 km .
; し= 1868 KN .364 13.
# 992i Fe :

0000073 z =
2036 . 82 mpas

345

Fy =
345 MPa ; FU =
448 MPA FCR =
0 . 05
℃北
6 [ 345
)
= 36 42 MPG

Pn Fcr Ag
=

62(12800)
=

326 .
=
4180 74kN .

BU = LQDL r 1 に 6に I DDD

=
いはく 42 7 § } t 」4 [ 186 8 ] :
3736 10 Km Dpn :
0 9 W [ 4180 743 =
3743 47 KM
. .

PU
Pu =
qPn みて 互 い O
DCR 1 0
=
:
=
0 99 ≤
103 = . 953[ 15 ]
.

可河 1 □ × 0

ppn 3762 . 67

Agreq'd :
12032 . 53 mm2
Therefore ,
use W10 x68

Try W10x68
A 12800
=
mm2
ロn

n
=

418042503 .
44kN

き: 257

a Lila os
:
4 .
近4

300000
=
.
0 59 :
14 . 2
345

Web :

n d -

2kdes 204 -

2232 3) .

= . = 16 .
76
tw 11
tw .

=
I 4☆
200000:35.8
.. both flange & web are not

& slende element .

1) 1 .

0(6100)
93
.
:
.
98
IIB

い OL 1800 ]
ゝ
:
7 - 30
ry b5 .

1.0 (
こ 25003 : 37.99
‰

200 DDO
4 . =
113 <
1旧

345
一
田