Introduction to Programming

Algorithm and Flowchart

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What is in a Computer?

● Computer: Hardware + Software

● Hardware: Input, Output, CPU (CU, ALU, Memory)

● Software: System Software and Application Software

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Computer Architecture

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 von Neumann Machine Architecture

John von Neumann, 1903-1957

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 Important Features
• Stored program.
• Separation of processing from storage.
• Predefined instruction set.
• Shared buses.
• Sequential architecture.
• Control flow vs. data flow.

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Software Hierarchy

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Basic Functions of a Computer

• Input Data
• Process Data
• Output Data
• Store Data
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 Input Data
● Feeding information into a computer
○ Symbols – letters, words, numbers, etc.
○ Pictures (using a camera)
○ Sounds (using a microphone)
● Common forms of input
○ Keyboard
○ Mouse
● Often involves converting analog to digital
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 Process Data
● Analyze data, or use it in a computation.
● Perform some action based on data.
● Generate new data, or change existing data.
● Processing is done in the CPU.
● Processing is managed by a computer program.
● Basic Terms:
○ Program – a sequence of instructions (with data) to accomplish a certain task
○ Process – a program in execution
○ Processor (CPU) - device where a program gets executed

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 Output Data
● Common forms of output
○ Monitor
○ Printers
○ Speakers (music and Sound)
○ File
● Often involves converting digital signals to analog signals

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 Store Data
● Save data on a device for later use.
● Data is always stored in digital form.
● Common Forms:
○ Memory
○ CD ROM
○ Hard Disk
○ Flash Disk
○ Cloud

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Memory Hierarchy

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Functions of a Computer

Process Data
Input Data

Store Data
Output Data 13
 Functions of a Computer

Analog Digital

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 Computer Categories

Different Types of Computers

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 Computer Categories
● Four categories
○ Personal computers (Notebooks & PCs)
○ Workstation computers
○ Server computers
○ Supercomputers
● Computers can be categorized by
○ function
○ size
○ performance
○ cost
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 Programming
Basics

Programs, Coding, Engineers & More

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 Programming Languages
● Language
○ series of symbols & words that form a meaningful pattern
○ This is true of natural languages such as English, Turkish, Spanish,
Hindi, Arabic, etc...
● Programming
○ language used to write programs to be executed in computers
○ there are many different programming languages

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Popular Programming Languages
• C, C++, C#, Objective-C
• Java
• JavaScript
• Python
• Basic
• HTML
• PHP
• GO
• SQL
• …………
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 Algorithms
● A sequence of steps for carrying out a task
● Examples:
○ Attending to class
○ Making Tea
○ Withdraw money at ATM
● Capture “the essence” in solving a problem
○ can be implemented into a computer program using some
programming language
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 Pseudocode

Describing an Algorithm with words

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What is Pseudocode?
• Description of an algorithm's logic
• simpler than spoken English
• looks like a program, but easier to read

• It is often useful
• to express some piece of the solution
• without having to worry about every detail
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Area of a Circle Pseudocode
Program: area of a circle

[Link] the value for the radius

[Link] the area (pi x radius2)
[Link] radius and area

When we ask an algorithm, you will write a pseudocode!

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Procedural/Structural Programming
● Traditional approach to programming
● Programs
○ a sequence of instructions (statements)
○ statements run in order – from first to last
○ repetition is performed with “looping”
○ decisions are described as “if – then – else”

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 Example Algorithms
Example 1: Write an algorithm to find the average of two
numbers.
Description of the alg. Pseudocode of the alg.
1. Start 1. Start
2. Read two numbers 2. Read two numbers in x and y
3. Add the two numbers 3. Set w = x + y
4. Divide the result by 2 4. Set z = w / 2
5. Print the result 5. Print z
6. End 6. End
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 Analyzing the Problem

- To write an algorithm, we first analyze the problem:

- What is the input(s)
- What is the output(s)
- What is the relation between the input and output
- How we can reach from the input to the output

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 Algorithms
Example 2: Write an algorithm to take your birth year
and print your age

1. Start
2. Read birth year in x Analyze the Problem:
Input: year
3. Set a = 2018 - x
Output: age
4. Print a Relation: 2018-year
5. End

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 Algorithms
Example 3: Write an algorithm to take your age and print
it in seconds.

1. Start
2. Read age in a
3. Set s = a ⨯ 365 ⨯ 24 ⨯ 60 ⨯ 60
4. Print s
5. End

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 Algorithms
Example 4: Write an algorithm to take the sides (length and
width) of a rectangle and calculate its perimeter and area

1. Start
2. Read width and length in w and l
3. Set a = w ⨯ l
4. Set p = 2 ⨯ (w + l)
5. Print “perimeter is p and area is a”
6. End
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 Algorithms
Example 5: A company pays 7500 TL for each of his developers.
Take the salary increment percentage and calculate how much
money yearly extra cost is needed for the promotion.

1. Start
2. Read increment percentage in p
3. Set c = 2 ⨯ 12 ⨯ 7500 ⨯ p / 100
4. Print c
5. End

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 Alg: Try Yourself!

Example: Write an algorithm to takes two numbers and swap their

values (w/o temp var)

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 Conditions in Algorithms

Most of the times we need to do different actions in

different cases.

If it is raining then take an umbrella

otherwise take sunglasses

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 Conditions in Algorithms
Example 6: Write an algorithm to take a number and prints if it is
odd or even.

1. Start
We write the commands inside
2. Read number in p the if or else body with some
3. If p modulo 2 = 0 then indent

4. print even
5. Else
6. print odd
7. End
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 Conditions in Algorithms
Example 7: Write an algorithm to take two numbers and print the
minimum and maximum number.
1. Start
2. Read numbers in x and y
3. If x > y then
4. print “maximum is x”
5. print “minimum is y”
6. Else
7. print “maximum is y”
8. print “minimum is x”
9. End
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 Conditions in Algorithms
Example 8: Write an algorithm to take the value for x and calculates
1/(x^2+x+3). Check the divide by zero.
1. Start
2. Read a number in x
3. Set divider = x^2+x+3
3. If divider = 0 then
4. print “Division is not possible”
5. Else
4. Set Calc = 1 / divider
4. print “The result is Calc”
7. End
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 Conditions in Algorithms
Example 9: Write an algorithm to take the required input of an
employee and calculates the net salary based on the following
rules: (Let min salary = 2000 TL)
1) Tax: for minimum salaries take 5% tax, for salaries upto three
times minimum salary take 7% tax and for salaries more than that
take 10% tax.
2) Insurance: take 14%
3) Additional: for each child add 100 TL
Analyze the
problem!
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 Conditions in Algorithms
1. Start
2. Read GrossSal and NumChild
3. If GrossSal = 2000
4. Set Tax = GrossSal * 5 / 100
5. If 2000 < GrossSal < 6000
6. Set Tax = GrossSal * 7 / 100
7. If GrossSal > 6000
8. Set Tax = GrossSal * 10 / 100
9. Set Ensur = GrossSal * 14 / 100
10. Set ChildExtra = NumChild * 100
11. Set Total = GrossSal - Tax - Ensur + ChildExtra
12. print “Net Salary is:” Total
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13. End
 Conditions in Algorithms
Example 10: Write an algorithm to take three numbers and print the
maximum of them
1. Start
2. Read x, y, z
3. If x >= y then
4. Set Max = x
Think about
5. Else more numbers -
6. Set Max = y need for an
7. If z >= Max iteration!!!
8. Set Max = z
9. print “The maximum number is Max”
10. End 38
 Iteration or Loops in Algorithms
In many cases we need to repeat some actions for a
specific number of times or until a specific condition

-Conditions are important part of loops

- Loops may need a counter to control the number of
iterations

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 Loops in Algorithms
Example 11: Write an algorithm to print integers 1 to N

1. Start
2. Read N
3. Count = 1
4. Print Count
3. If Count < N then
4. Count = Count + 1
5. Goto Line 4
10. End
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 Tracing an Algorithm
● To find possible bugs in the algorithm we debug it
● One way to debug the algorithm is tracing it with some input
● Trace:
○ Follow the steps from the start to the end
○ Execute the steps with the given input
○ Keep the track of variables values
○ Check the results in each step until the end of the algorithm

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 Loops in Algorithms
Example 12: Write an algorithm to take 15 integer numbers and
print the maximum of them (extended version of Example 10)
1. Start
2. Set Max = 0, Count = 1 Trace the algorithm for:
3. Read N 14, 3, 17, 4, 20, …
3. If N > Max then Max | Count | N (input) | output
4. Set Max = N 0 1 14
5. If Count < 15 then 14 2 3
6. Count = Count + 1 3 17
17 4 4
7. Goto Line 3
5 20
9. print “The max number is Max”
20 6 ...
10. End 42
 Loops in Algorithms
Example 13: Write an algorithm to take integer N print N!

1. Start
2. Read N
3. Set Fact = 1, Count = 1
4. Set Fact = Fact * Count
5. Set Count = Count + 1 Trace the
algorithm for: 5
6. If Count <= N then
7. Goto Line 4
8. print “The Factorial of N is Fact”
9. End
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 Loops: Try Yourself!

Example: Write an algorithm to takes an integer number and print

its reverse number and number of its digits
(e.g.: 263 => 362 and 3)

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 Nested Loops in Algorithms
Example 14: Write an algorithm to print the multiplication table

1. Start
09. If row < 10 then
2. Set row = 1, col = 1
10. row = row + 1
3. Print row * col
11. col = 1
4. If col < 10 then
12. Goto Line 3
5. Set col = col + 1
13. End
6. Goto Line 3
7. Else
8. Print newline
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 Nested Loops: Try Yourself!

Example 14: Write an algorithm to take N and print e value using the
following series:

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 Flow Charts

Graphically Representing Algorithms

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Flow Chart Overview

● Graphical representation
○ each step is a shape (box, circle, …)
○ useful for conceptualizing an algorithm
○ easy to understand and visualize
● Used to document how an algorithm was designed

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Input / Output

Process Data

Conditions

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Start / End
➢ Indicates the start and end of an algorithm
➢ Represented by a rectangle with rounded
sides
➢ There are typically two:
• one to start the flowchart
• one to end the flowchart
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Input / Output

➢ Indicates data being:

❖ inputted into the computer
❖ outputted to the user
➢ Represented by a parallelogram
➢ Flowcharts can have many of this shape

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Processes

➢ Indicates data:
❖ being processed
❖ also called "calculations"
➢ Represented by a rectangle
➢ The most common shape in a flowchart

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Decisions

● Indicates a conditional branch

○ describe a condition or a question
○ Has more than one outgoing branch, depending
on the outcomes to the condition/question
● Represented by a diamond

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Additional Symbols

Connector
● Connectors
○ (to extend large flowcharts in different pages
● Print document
○ Kind of output
● Links
○ To link the symbols and show the control flow

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Even More Symbols

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 Flow Chart Example
Example: Draw a flowchart to find the
average of two numbers.

1. Start
2. Read two numbers in x and y W=x+y
Z=W/2
3. Set w = x + y
4. Set z = w / 2
5. Print w
6. End
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 Flow Charts
Example: Draw a flowchart to take your
birth year and print your age

1. Start
2. Read birth year in x
3. Set a = 2018 - x
4. Print a
5. End

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 Flow Charts
Example: Draw a flowchart to take the sides of
a rectangle and calculate its perimeter and
area.
1. Start
2. Read width and height in w and h
3. Set s = h ⨯ w
Area is “s”
4. Set a = 2 ⨯ (h + w) Perimeter is “a”

5. Print “surface is s and area is a”

6. End
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 Flow Charts
Example: Draw a flowchart to take a
number and prints if it is odd or even.

1. Start
2. Read number in c
3. If c modulo 2 = 0 then
4. print even
5. Else
6. print odd
7. End
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 Flow Charts
Example: Draw a flowchart to take the value for x and
calculates 1/(x^2+x+3). Check the divide by zero.

1. Start
2. Read a number in x
3. Set divider = x^2+x+3
3. If divider = 0 then
4. print “Division is not possible”
5. Else
4. Set Calc = 1 / divider
4. print “The result is divider”
7. End
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 Flow Charts
Example: Draw a flowchart to take three
numbers and print the maximum of them
1. Start
2. Read x, y, z
3. If x >= y then
4. Set Max = x
5. Else
6. Set Max = y
7. If z >= Max
8. Set Max = z
9. print “The maximum number is Max”
10. End 61
 Flow Charts
Example: Draw a flowchart to print
integers 1 to N
1. Start
2. Read N
3. Count = 1
4. Print Count
3. If Count < N then
4. Count = Count + 1
5. Goto Line 4
10. End
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 Flow Charts
Example: Draw a flowchart to take integer N
print N!
1. Start
2. Read N
3. Set Fact = 1, Count = 1
4. Set Fact = Fact * Count
5. Set Count = Count + 1
6. If Count <= N then
7. Goto Line 4
8. print “The Factorial of N is Fact”
9. End
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 Flow Charts
Example:
Draw a flowchart to print the multiplication table
1. Start
2. Set row = 1, col = 1
3. Print row * col
4. If col < 10 then
5. Set col = col + 1
6. Goto Line 3
7. Else
8. Print newline
9. If row < 10 then
10. row = row + 1
11. col = 1
12. Goto Line 3
13. End
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 Try Yourself!

Example: Draw a flowchart to take N and print e value using the

following series:

- Analysis
- Trace for 5

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