📘 Development – Class 10 Economics (Notes)
1. What is Development?
Development refers to improvement in the quality of life of people. It includes
economic, social, and political progress.
Development is not only about earning more money, but also about:
Equal treatment
Freedom
Security
Respect
Education
Health
Clean environment
👉 Therefore, development = Material + Non-material improvements
2. Different People, Different Development Goals
Different persons have different goals based on their needs.
Examples
Landless labourer → more wages
Farmer → high crop price
Industrialist → more profit
Girl student → equal opportunity
Worker → job security
Some goals may conflict.
Example:
Building dam → electricity + irrigation
But → displacement of people
So, development for one may not be development for others.
3. Income and Other Goals
People want more income but also:
Equal treatment
Freedom
Security
Respect
Clean surroundings
Good working conditions
Example:
A job with high salary but unsafe workplace is not development.
Thus, income alone cannot define development.
4. National Development
When we compare development of countries, we look at:
Income
Education
Health
Life expectancy
Standard of living
Different countries have different priorities.
Example:
Some countries focus on industries
Some focus on agriculture
Some focus on education
5. Per Capita Income
Per capita income is the average income of a person in a country.
Formula
Per capita income = Total income of country ÷ Total population
Example
Total income = 10,000
Population = 100
Per capita income = 10,000 ÷ 100 = 100
This helps compare countries.
6. Why Average Income?
Countries have different populations.
Example:
Country A → income = 1000, population = 10
Country B → income = 2000, population = 100
Country A is richer because per capita income is higher.
7. Limitations of Per Capita Income
It does NOT tell:
Income distribution
Poverty level
Health facilities
Education quality
Pollution level
Example:
Average income high but poor people suffer.
So, per capita income is not a perfect measure.
8. World Bank Classification
The World Bank classifies countries based on per capita income.
Types
High income countries → Rich countries
Middle income countries → Developing countries
Low income countries → Poor countries
India → Middle income country
9. Income and Other Criteria
Besides income, development includes:
Literacy rate
Life expectancy
Infant mortality rate
Healthcare facilities
Education
Example:
Two states same income but one has better schools → more developed.
10. Public Facilities
Public facilities are provided by government for all people.
Examples:
Schools
Hospitals
Roads
Water supply
Electricity
Public transport
These are important because:
Not everyone can afford private services
Ensures equality
Improves quality of life
Example:
Government hospital helps poor people.
11. Human Development
Human development focuses on people's well-being.
It includes:
Health
Education
Income
This is measured using HDI (Human Development Index)
12. Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI is calculated using:
1. Life expectancy
2. Education level
3. Per capita income
Higher HDI → More developed country
HDI gives better picture than income alone
13. Sustainability of Development
Sustainable development means:
Meeting present needs without harming future generations
We must:
Save resources
Avoid pollution
Protect environment
14. Why Sustainable Development Important?
Because:
Resources are limited
Pollution increasing
Environment degrading
Future needs must be protected
Example:
Overuse of groundwater → shortage in future.
15. Ways for Sustainable Development
Use renewable energy
Save water
Plant trees
Reduce pollution
Recycle resources
Use public transport