BIOTECHNOLGY RESEARCH PROJECT

BY ALEFIYAH SHABBIR PATVA AND WASEELA ZAINAB

INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology is the fusion of biology and technology it uses cells and other organisms to create
new products and solutions that can improve people’s lives. It includes techniques like genetic
engineering and molecular biology to improve the global issues including disease treatment and
environmental stability. There are many areas where biotechnology is used like:
1. Agriculture
2. Healthcare
3. Environment
4. Marine
5. Medicine

Contents
History of biotechnology Waseela
Types of biotechnology Alefiyah
Vaccine Waseela
Genetic modification Alefiyah
Gene silencing Alefiyah
Plant tissue culture Alefiyah
Fermentation Waseela
Molecular farming Waseela
Cell structure Waseela
Conclusion Both
History of Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a field that combines biology and technology to create new products and
processes. The history of biotechnology has existed for thousands of years and can be tracted
back to ancient traditions and practices with early humans using fermentation to create products
like food and beverages like bread, beer, and wine. These are the earliest recorded uses of
fermentation. At the beginning of history, biotechnology focused on food/agriculture like crop
quality and livestock by using biotechnology to determine the best seeds and to breed stronger
animals.
Over time, these practices evolved into many of the fields in biotechnology we’re all familiar
with today with the field of biotechnology rapidly growing after the discovery of DNA and better
understanding for the development of genetic engineering in 1953 by James Watson and Francis
Crick.
Then in 1960s the research led to the developement of insulin synthesis and vaccines for various
diseases like rubella and mumps as well as measles.
The major breakthroughs in the history of biotechnology was made by Stanley Cohen and
Herbert Boyer when they successfully transferred a gene from one organism to another, leading
to the rise and birth of genetic engineering in 1973
The first genetically modified organisms were created with a bacterium which led to the first
ever biotechnological vaccine treatments for cancer and hepatitis in the 1980s.
Today, GMOs are very widespread and common in biotechnology with uses in agriculture for
better yields and pest control and even pest resistant and disease resistant crops. Even better
fermentation efficiency at industrial scale. With uses in agriculture, medicine, and environmental
engineering. This fast growing industry continues to expand leading to new technological based
treatments.
One of the most significant areas of biotechnology is of the field of genomics. This is the study
of an organisms genetic makeup. The breakthrough after the 2003 project “Human Genome
Project” allowed sciences a better grasp on the genetic basis of many diseases and health
conditions in the medical field.
Another major developement in the recent years has been following the new therapies with gene
therapy using genetic material to treat or prevent diseases and personalised medicine with
genetic information to fit the treatments. This field targets a wide range including cancer, genetic
disorders and infectious diseases.
Regenerative medicine also is a major discovery in biotechnology which involves using stem
cells and other regenerative technologies to repair or even replace damaged organs, tissues and
even cells. This targets a wide range like heart disease, diabetes and spinal cord injuries.
We can learn from this history the importance of DNA and recombinant DNA technology which
led to human proteins like insulin for diabetes and growth hormones. Genetic engineering further
advanced into various fields with new developments for therapies for genetic disorders as well.

Vaccines
Vaccines are the greatest achievement in all of medical science, especially in biomedical science
and biotechnology. With the elimination of smallpox, and nearly polio and preventing countless
deaths by offering treatments.
In biotechnology many fields including genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology and
advanced delivery systems are involved in the process of vaccines.
Biotechnology helps bridge the gap between unsafe and unreliable pathogens to safer and more
precise technology for treatment with mRNA, DNA and viral vectors.
MRNA
This is a temporary set of genetic information or instructions being utilised as sort of a biological
software or code to reprogram them to handle certain problems. This revolves around the use of
synthetic RNA molecules or messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce certain proteins and responses.
The mRNA is fragile it needs to be shieled in a blanket of lipids it then travels to a cells
cytoplasm where the ribosomes reads the code/instructions and builds the necessary proteins.
Once completed, it breaks down and gets digested within the body.
It is a versatile tool that can be used for many different treatments and therapeutics like cell
therapy, gene editing, protein replacement.
DNA/Recombinant DNA
A recombinant DNA or rDNA is a lab made DNA molecule that artificially combines genetic
material from different molecules or sources to create a completely never before seen DNA
sequence with the purpose of fighting genetic diseases and more.
The process is as follows
1. Isolation: certain enzymes cut out the required gene from an organisms DNA
2. Insertion: the same enzymes bring about a circular shaped carrier molecule thats a
bacterial DNA called a vector
3. Ligation: another enzyme or DNA ligase glues the desired genes to the vector to form a
recombinant DNA
4. Transformation: the rDNA is inserted into a cell like E. Coli bacteria or yeast to act like
microscope to multiply DNA and make the required protein
Types of biotechnology
Biotechnology is classified by colour coded branches representing different applications There
are several different types of biotechnologies that are used around the world like:
Red Biotechnology (Medical): medical biotechnology uses the living cells and cell information
to develop an invention. It is an area where biology medicine and technology combine to form a
new product. The main use of medical
biotechnology is to treat diseases by altering the
DNA using the genetic engineering method.
Medical biotechnology involves utilizing the
usage of different theories and technology to
improve the human health like:
 Cell culture theory
 Molecular diagnostics
 Biomanufacturing
 Immunotechnology
 bioinformatics
The key areas where red biotechnology is used:
 Vaccines
 Gene and Cell therapy
 Diagnostics
 Tissue engineering
Green Biotechnology (Agricultural): agricultural biotechnology uses biological knowledge and
tools to improve plant productivity and reduce the environmental issues. This biotechnology
produces more agriculture by using the resources efficiently. Green biotechnology improves crop
yield and uses better developed
alternative to create good inputs.
It is used to make crops more
resistant to pests, disease, drought
or other stress factors, and to
support more efficient and
sustainable production systems.
The benefits of using agricultural
biotechnology are more
sustainable agriculture, food
security, prevention from using
harmful pest that can cause a long
term problem for the animals and
better crop performance. It helps
support a cleaner farming
practice under controlled
conditions
Key areas where green
biotechnology is used:
 Pest resistance
 Herbicide tolerance
 Virus resistance
 Nutritional enhancement
 improved traits

White Biotechnology (Industrial): white biotechnology Is the use of biological substances in

industrial production. This biotechnology includes the usage of microorganisms, bacteria, yeast
and different enzyme fermentation that help manufacture sustainable chemicals, materials, fuel
etc.
White biotechnology is one of the strongest foundations of the modern bioeconomy because it
connects industrial output with renewable biological resources.
Not every biological route is sustainable in the white biotechnology, they are a new clear way to
create advanced sustainable products
Key applications of white biotechnology:
 Chemical manufacturing
 Bioplastics and packaging
 Biofuels
 Fermentation
 Industrial enzymes and detergents
 Food processing

Blue Biotechnology (Marine): blue biotechnology is the use of aquatic organisms and marine
environments to create useful products. It connects marine biodiversity with applications in
health, food, agriculture and energy
Blue biotechnology includes working
with algae, bacteria, fungi, fish, and other
organisms
Marine organisms can produce a special
kind of compound that helps make
medicine, ingredients for cosmetics etc
 Medicine and agriculture are the
two main areas where blue
biotechnology is used:
1. The marine organisms can
produce compounds which can
cure cancer and can be used for
other research programmes
2. Marine extracts collagen and
algae derived compounds that are
used for moisturizers and other
skin care products
Genetically modified organisms and crops
Genetic modified organisms are organism
that are artificially manipulated, modified
and a recombination of DNAs. This
involves changing of a single base pair of
DNAS (A-T or G-C) or by removing the
region of DNA or by adding a new DNA.
For example, adding one gene from one
species to another to form a new
organism, one of the genetically
modified.
Foods like Arctic apples and a kind of
food that is genetically modified to resist
browning when cut. They are created
using biotechnology to silence the gene
responsible for the browning of apples

in most cases, the main aim of GMOs is

to introduce a new trait to the plant which
does not occur naturally in the species.
For genetically modifying a plant the
genome is very important, which in all
plants and animals is made of DNA. The
genome contains genes, regions of DNA
that usually carry the instructions for
making proteins. It is these proteins that
give the plant its characteristics.
Genetically modifying a plant means adding a stretch of DNA into the genome of the plant that
will make it either grow differently or resistant to some disease or pesticide, the seed that the
genetically modified plant will produce will have the same feature

The first stage of genetically modifying a plant is the transfer of DNA. Which happens often in
two ways the first method to transfer DNA is to coat the surface of metal particles with the DNA
and bombard the particles into the plant cell
The other method is by transferring the DNA with the help of virus or bacteria. There are many
viruses and bacteria that transfer their DNA into a host cell as a normal part of their life cycle
For genetically modified plants the bacteria that is frequently used is Agrobacterium
tumefaciens. The gene of this bacterium is transferred to plant that creates a genetically
modified plant. On rare occasions this process can happen without a human intervention
For example, the sweet potato contains DNA sequences that were transferred thousands of years
ago, from Agrobacterium bacteria into the sweet potato genome.
What is Gene silencing ??
Gene silencing is a new treatment technique that makes use of the body’s natural processes to
control disease by ‘silencing’ specific genes that are associated with certain diseases. By
silencing it means that the specific gene is temporialy blocked so it doesn’t cause any effect.
Gene silencing happens when a cell stops or reduces the expression of a specific gene. Rather
than altering the DNA sequence it works by either preventing the gene's instructions from being
read or blocking the resulting message from building proteins
Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell which prevents the expression of
certain gene, it is the switching off of a gene by a mechanism other than genetic modification.
The gene silencing proccess occurs
when the RNA is unable to produce
a protein during translation

 Why does gene silencing

happen:
 I. To control cell activities : For the cells to work properly some gne need to be silenced
II. Protection against virsues: Silencing can hep us from them spreading
III. Prevent harmful protiens: Silencing can stop genes from producing harmful protiens

 Types of Gene silencing

1. Transcriptional Gene silencing (TGS): the gene is stopped before it can make mRNA.
The DNA becomes blocked so the cell cannot read the gene instructions, so there is no
protein produced.
2. Post- Transcriptional Gene silencing (PTGS): the gene first makes mRNA, but the
RNA later gets destroyed or blocked before it produces any proteins.

 Applications of Gene silencing

1. Medicine: treat diseases by turning off harmful genes
2. Cancer Research: scientist use GS to block genes that help cancer cell grow and
spread. This helps researcher help study
3. Agriculture: GS is used to develop crops that are resistant to pest and disease it can
improve crop quality
Plant tissue culture
Plant tissue culture is a process of developing and enhancing the plant tissues and organs.
This method is used for various applications like genetic breeding, increasing genetic variability,
and producing genetically modified plant varieties. The plant tissue culture is used for growing
or culturing of desired cells, tissue or organs in sterile conditions like temperature light and
humidity
It is widely used nowadays to produce disease-free plants, including ornamental plants, food
plants, and orchids that growing rapidly in desired quantities
For an ideal plant tissue culture scientists should have all the required materials like minerals
nutrients and vitamin. The source type of media suitable for the plant temperature solidifying
agents, PH. These are some of the parameters that are needed for the plant cell tissue to work out
properly
The Austrian botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt invented the theoretical foundation for plant tissue
culture. He is widely regarded as the "Father of Plant Tissue Culture”. This tissue culture
technique, which existed in the early 1940s, helped in creating a billion-dollar market
 STAGES OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
1. Initiation: sterilizing the plant
2. Multiplication: adding hormones for growth
3. Rooting: altering the hormone balance
4. Acclimatization: moving the plants into the real soil

 APPLICATION OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

1. Micropropagation
2. Genetic Modification
3. Year-Round Breeding
4. Biochemical Production
The Role of Yeast in Fermentation
Fermentation
Fermentation is a natural process that has been used by humans for thousands of years to produce
food and beverages. This is an incredibly complex and natural biological process is a natural
biological and metabolic process.
With advancements in biotechnology we can now control and optimise fermentation processes to
enhance the product qualities and increase production rates and effectiveness. Biotechnology is
used in fermentation through genetically modified organisms or GMOs which are engineered to
have specific traits that make them better suited for fermentation to produce higher amounts of
desired compounds
Micro organisms like yeast and bacteria are commonly used in fermentation and biotechnology
lets us pick and modify strains for better performances.
Genetic engineering techniques can also be applied here to introduce stuff like new genes into
these microorganisms to produce unique and valuable compounds. Through genetic engineering,
researchers have developed yeast strains for the purpose of creating biofuels, pharmaceuticals
and biodegradable plastics.
By carefully and appropriately picking microbial strains, the products made from fermentation
can have unqiue flavors and textures and nutritional profiles.
Enzymes are used in fermentation as biological catalysts. Enzymes can speed up fermentation
processes and improve overall yield results. Recombinant DNA techniques allows scientists to
mass produce large quantities of these enzymes for fermentation and for cost effectivity.
In fermentation micro-organisms, like yeast and bacteria, break down or convert natural/organic
carbohydrates like sugars and starches into alcohol or sometimes acids. These substances act as
natural preservatives and give fermented foods their tangy, acidic taste and even scent and their
other unique characteristics. Fermentation also promotes the growth of some of the extremely
beneficial bacteria called probiotics which ssupport many organs including the immune system,
digestion, and heart health. This is why eating fermented foods can have positive effects on your
overall health and well-being!
Before scientists were able to decipher the process, fermentation was something that occurred
naturally when in the late 1850s to early 1860s, a scientist named Louis Pasteur conducted an
experiment to show living microorganisms doing fermentation.

The Role of Yeast in Fermentation

Yeast is a unicellular organism, mainly classified as a fungus. This fungus is essential in the diet
of us humans. Yeast is also very important and essential to fermentation processes involving in
baking and brewing. Yeast enzymes convert sugars and starches into alcohol while proteins are
converted to peptides or amino acids.
The Process of Fermentation;
1. Anaerobic Fermentation of yeast.
Traditional fermentation is an anaerobic metabolic process; meaning you don’t need oxygen for
this method. Yeast breaks down glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide and energy. This energy
is used in metabolic processes. Represented by the following formula;

Carbon dioxide and ethanol are byproducts with no use to the yeast. But they’re important for
humans in baking. When it respires in the dough mixture. It produces carbon dioxide bubbles.
Resulting in a yummy bread. Sugar acts as a fuel (glucose) for respiration. Represented by
glucose in the formula. When the yeast is killed as the bread finishes baking, the ethanol
evaporates whihc is why bread is not alcoholic.
2. Aerobic fermentation of yeast
This method of fermentation involves aerobic metabolic processes. It is oxygen dependent.
Which means you need oxygen for this method.
The oxygen supply is often controlled here to maximise microbial activity. This also involves
bacteria like yeast that break down substances as well, just like before. The substances are
organic like sugars which act as glucose.
This has higher efficiency allowing microorganisms to rapidly metabolise nutrients for high
conversion rates and growth rates. The end products are usually just water, biomass, carbon
dioxide and sometimes even valuable “secondary” metabolites like ethanol or citric acid.
At an industrial scale one of the many uses of this process is used to convert organic material
into biofuels at an industrial scale and pharmaceuticals, as well as special coffee processing for
unique tastes in certain scenarios and food & agriculture like composting and wastewater
treatment.

Microbial Fermentation
Microbial fermentation is a biochemical process. It occurs in every biomass. It is a key
bioprocess as well to breakdown complex biomcolecules into simpler compounds. This process
also releases chemical energy in the midst. Basically, it acts in order to extract chemical energy
(ATP) from carbohydrates without
oxygen. This can occur in bacteriums,
yeast and even in the muscles of
human during intense exercise.
Thousands of years ago, microbial
fermentation was used for preserving
food. Which expanded into brewing
alcoholic beverages.
Now, microbial fermentation is a
method where bacteria and yeasts are
reprogrammed to customise the
outcome or to produce a certain
desired result. This is with
pharmaceutical fermentation.
In this process, micro-organisms break
down nutrients which are mostly sugar
or carbohydrates by metabolic
enzymes from microbes in an aerobic
environment. This releases chemical
energy that both plants and animals are
able reuse in natural cycles. The many
types of microorganisms present
during fermentation have their own set
of distinct enzymes which lead to the
formation of complex mixtures of
byproducts that make up the distinct
smell and taste of fermented food. So,
we’ve learned that in summary, from a biochemical overview, fermentation uses enzymes to
break down carbohydrates and produce chemical energy. This process occurs without the need
for oxygen, making it anaerobic.

Main Types of Microbial Fermentation

1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
“Lactobacillus” bacterial species turns organic compounds like sugars and carbohydrates for the
purpose of extracting energy in the form of ATP. This is to produce lactic acid.
This type of fermentation is more often than not used to produce foods like yogurt.
Lactic acid also can be used in medicine and cosmetics for its antimicrobial, moisturizing, and
“skin-rejuvenating” properties that are often commercialised.
2. Ethanol Fermentation
Also known as alcoholic anaerobic fermentation; in this process as well, the yeast breaks down
sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide byproducts and
cellular energy in the form of ATP.
This process is common in baking, brewing, and winemaking.
In pharmaceutical ethanol fermentation, ethanol is used as a solvent to dissolve actives in
medicine. Also as a preservative due to its antibacterial and antifungal properties
This method can be used to produced industrial scale levels of fuel-grade ethanol as well.
3. Acetic Acid Fermentation
In this aerobic fermentation process, Acetic Acid Bacteria (AAB) and propionic butyric acids
and other flavors are a byproduct of sugars. This is what gives vinegar its sour taste and weird
smell.
Acetic acid fermentation is oftentimes utilised in medicine mainly and primarily for its antiseptic
and antibacterial applications. They can be used to cure bacterial infections. The unique traits of
the large scale of miroorganisms was what led to scientists researching and developing
biolotechnogical tools to allow for the process to occur on a large industrial scale using
bioreactors!
Where Does Microbial Fermentation Occur in The Human Anatomy?
Microbial fermentation does in fact, and oddly enough, occur in the human body. Mostly, and
primarily in the gastrointestinal tract and the vaginal microbiome. This is where micro-organisms
break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fibers. The byproducts of this process can be short-
chain fatty-acids (SCFAs), vitamins and lactic acid. They are which fuel cells and maintain
health. This also occurs in the digestive systems of animals. The micro-organisms help break
down food into nutrients that can be used and consumed and herbivorous animals depend a lot on
these microbes to help them digest plant material and to get energy from them.
Cell Culture in Biotechnology
Cell culture is a vital key technique. In biology, cell culture is the process by which cells are
grown in controlled environments/conditions and outside of its regular/native environment.
This technique has allowed for research in using cells, the fundamental and the building blocks
of life in all living organisms as a base model for understanding some of the physiological
processes in the human body,
One of the major breakthrough with cell culture is the development of polio vaccines by
researchers in the early 1930s where they used live animals to grow poliovirus. But it was an
unstable medium. So it turned out to be difficult for the culture to be properly researched. Which
is why researchers turned to cell culture! This gave them a safer and a controlled environment to
produce and research the poliovirus. This is how the poliovaccine came into being!
Then in 1970s mammal cell culture was being utilised to create properly folded and glycosylated
proteins like interferons as well as antibodies. Something that was previously deemed and
labelled as impossible to produce in prokaryotic E. coli cells because they lack a feature known
as post-translational modification.
Nowadays, cell culture is more commonly used in laboratory spaces with the goal of researching
vaccines and protein therapeutics
Cell Growth Environment
This process is often long. It involves isolating, propagating, and maintaining cells outside of
their natural setting, to main stability and prolonged life for research giving scientists a very
powerful and impactful tool to further expand on cellular behavior, disease mechanisms and so
fourth. This gives birth to the hopes of developing new treatments.
This field has revolutionised research in diseases and their treatments as well as cancer.
Cells used in labs are of two main types; 1. primary cells and 2. established cell lines.
There are two main types of cell culture:
1. Primary Culture
Primary cells are directly taken or prepared from an organism's tissues. These tissues are known
as donor tissues. If the conditions are met appropriately, primary cells will proliferate a certain
number of times.
This is because of something known as telomere loss, because each time they divide, part of its
DNA’s telomere is lost and after reaching a certain number of divisions they reach a state of
senescence which is where the cells can no longer divide. The process roughly involves isolating
cells from tissues and growing them in the lab for the first time. These are called primary cells,
which continue to grow until they cover the available surface area, known as confluence.
2. Established Cell Lines
Compared to primary cell lines, it does not have the same constraints and can divide an indefinite
number of times. This ability makes it incredibly useful for prolonged research.
They can be taken from clinical tumors or transforming primary cells with viral oncogenes or
chemical treatment.
These cell lines are cells maintained and grown through many passages in the lab. Unlike
primary cells which can be very expensive to maintain, but these established cell lines are easier
to maintain and are a lot more cost-effective with consistent results.
Cell culture is a process that can be performed with many different cell types; including primary
cells from tissues as well as “immortalized” cell lines and stem cells. Each of these come with
their own set of unique characteristics.
These treatments target either one of the five checkpoints in the cell cycle.
These checkpoints are to make sure that cells are ready and prepared to keep moving forward on
the cell cycle towards the stage of making daughter cells.
The G1 points allows cells to perform cell division whereas the S phase determines the quality of
the DNA and if DNA repair mechanisms are required. The third checkpoint is after G2 with the
similar purpose of ensuring DNA has been replicated entirely and is in perfect condition.
Followed by the final new checkpoints in mitosis to ensure proper condition of the processes to
complete cell division
So when a cell starts to divide uncontrollably due to the failure to meet either of the
forementioned checkpoints, and the cells proliferate as a result with the cell cycle continuing as
is.
There are two main techniques in cell culture:
1. adherent culture
2. suspension culture.
 Adherent culture process requires cells to attach to something like a surface for growth,
while suspension culture allows cells to grow freely in liquid. Most cells have to have a
special growth medium that supplies the required and necessary nutrients, growth factors,
and hormones for survival and growth. Media can be supplemented with serum, growth
factors, antibiotics, and other additives to support specific cell types or conditions.

Cell Isolation
This process involves separating cells from their tissue/organ source to gain new pure cells in
large colonies.
These cells have a short lifespan and will eventually reach “senescence” or die. To keep cells
viable for long-term studies, subculturing is often the way to go. By detaching/removing cells
from the culture vessel and reseeding them into fresh dishes to preserve them for longer.
Cryopreservation
This is one of the preservation processes that allows cells to be stored for long-term periods by
freezing them at extremely low temperatures with cryoprotective materials or agents. This is
used for preserving important cell lines, primary cells, as well as stem cells, and even allowing
the researchers to establish cell banks and share resources.

Molecular Farming
Molecular farming involves growing cells in cell cultures to produce proteins, bioplastic and
other products rather than traditional food or fibers. It is the process of genetically modifying
cells with the goal to produce a relevant output which can be used for many fields including
agriculture, medical and pharmaceutical purposes like treatments.
Human proteins have to be produced this way because the dangers surrounding extraction from
natural sources, because all cells come from pre existing cells, carry contamination risks from
viruses.
Agriculture in molecular involves protein production and modification systems that are similar to
mammals. These proteins made in plants through molecular farming are usually more functional
and easily dissolved/soluable, which makes them significantly better over those produced in
microbial systems. Plants have many purposes with roles like in the manufacturing industrial
enzymes, and research proteins, food additives, and biodegradable polymers.
Molecular farming involves producing recombinant proteins with either agricultural, medical or
“commercial” (or industrial) value using genetically modified cells or organisms.
This practice started in the early 1980s when scientists were able make significant breakthrough
in producing human proteins; insulin and growth hormones in the bacterium “Escherichia coli”.
With this, the production methods have had a drastic improvement, including bacteria, yeast,
fungi, (both transgenic and otherwise) plant, and animal cells.
Bacterial systems are usually low in cost with high yield amounts, but they are unable to produce
many of the protein modifications needed to function in humans. As a result, some proteins may
not fold correctly or may trigger immune reactions which can be lethal in some situations.
Yeast and unbelievably small insects' cells can perform some modifications, but their protein
processing patterns are often different/unlike from those in mammals. Mammalian cell cultures
and “transgenic” animals are the most effective systems because they produce proteins with
better folding and modification; they tend to be safer as well. However, they are also incredibly
costly to develop and keep.
Molecular farming uses plants to produce valuable recombinant proteins, such as antibodies
which are extremely vital in medicine, as well as vaccines, and enzymes. Several methods for
molecular farming have been created, but the main commercial approaches focus on “transgenic”
plants, plant cell and tissue cultures, and “transient expression” systems.
This field looks at how plants can efficiently produce high-quality and recombinant proteins
while managing important processes like “post translational” modification and down stream
processing methods. Many researchers have sign come up with methods to increase protein
yield, and simplify production, as well as speeding up the development and regulatory approval
of plant-based recombinant protein products.

Conclusion
During this project we learned about the different types of biotechnology and its
types, and we also learned about the different types of techniques that are used to
form a specific product. We also got a deeper understanding on the importance of
biotechnology in our daily lives and the importance of it in the medical and organic
field. Moreover, this project also helped us work in a team improving or
communication skills
During this project we delved far back into the birth of biotechnology and watched
its development and significant breakthroughs over the years
From fermentation and agriculture-based biotechnology for seeds to phenomenal
discoveries in the medical field like vaccines.
The biotechnology field continuous to grow rapidly in this generation. It has 5
major field that each focuses on working towards a specific issue/ goal
At the end we enjoyed discovering the field of biotechnology deeply and we also
had fun learning new things and knowing about the thing that can make a big
impact to the environment.