LOGO

Prepared By:-
 Part One

1. Revision of basic of Electrical (Power

Triangle)
2. Definitions Related to Electrical Engineering
Installations in Buildings
3. IEC,BS,…. Standards
4. Power supply Arrangement
5. Distribution Transformer
PART 1

(2) Definitions (Terminology)

 Terminology
Accessory:
A device other than current-using equipment ,associated
with such equipment or with the wiring of an
installation.

Bonding conductor:
A protective conductor providing equipotential bonding.
Terminology:-
Bonding conductor:
Terminology:-

Bonding conductor:
Terminology:-
Consumer unit:
 A Type of Distribution
Board
 Containing
 Fuses,
 Circuit breakers (CB)
 Residual current CB
(RCCB)
Terminology:-
Terminology:-
Correcting Factors
For cables installed in air:
Ca: for ambient temperature.
Cg: for grouping.
Ci : for conductors embedded in thermal insulation.
Cf : if BS 3036 re-wirable fuse is used(it is 0.725).
Ch: for harmonic currents.
For buried cables:
Ctg: for ground temperatures different from 15oC.
Cdg: for depths more than 0.50m from ground level.
Crg: for ground thermal resistivities greater than 1.2 K.m/W.
Terminology:-
C a: for ambient temperature.

0 Amp PVC = 70 100 Amp

30o C
70o C

Cable 16 mm2 =100 Amp

0 Amp 100 Amp

30o C 40o C 80o C

70o C
Terminology:
Table 4.3 Correction factors to current rating for ambient temperature
(Ca) (from [Tables 4C1 and 4C2] of BS 7671: 1992)
Ambient Type of insulation
temperature
(°C) 70°C p.v.c 85°C rubber 70°C m.i 105°C m.i
25 1.03 (1.03) 1.02 (1.02) 1.03 (1.03) 1.02 (1.02)
30 1.00 (1.00) 1.00 (1.00) 1.00 (1.00) 1.00 (1.00)
35 0.94 (0.97) 0.95 (0.97) 0.93 (0.96) 0.96 (0.98)
40 0.87 (0.94) 0.90 (0.95) 0.85 (0.93) 0.92 (0.96)
45 0.79 (0.91) 0.85 (0.93) 0.77 (0.89) 0.88 (0.93)
50 0.71 (0.97) 0.80 (0.91) 0.67 (0.86) 0.84 (0.91)
55 0.61 (0.84) 0.74 (0.88) 0.57 (0.79) 0.80 (0.89)
Figures in brackets apply to semi-enclosed fuses
used for overload protection
Terminology:
Table 4.4 - Correction factors for groups of cables
Number of circuits Correction factor Cg
- Enclosed or clipped Clipped to non-metallic surface
- - Touching Spaced*
2 0.80 0.85 0.94

3 0.70 0.79 0.90

4 0.65 0.75 0.90

5 0.60 0.73 0.90

6 0.57 0.72 0.90

7 0.54 0.72 0.90

8 0.52 0.71 0.90

9 0.50 0.70 0.90

10 0.48 ---------- 0.90

* ‘Spaced’ means a gap between cables at least equal to cable diameter.
Terminology:
Terminology:
Terminology:
Terminology:
Currents
Ia =current causing automatic operation of PD within the time stated.
Ib = Design Current in normal service.
If = Fault current.
In = Nominal current.
I2 =Current causing effective operation of the overload protective device.
IΔn = Rated residual operating current of RCCB.
It = Tabulated current-carrying capacity of a cable.
Iz = Current -carrying capacity of a cable for continuous service under the
particular installation conditions concerned.
Terminology:
 ∆ In = sensitivity
 Ip = In : and < ∆ In, not TRIP
 Ip ≠ In : and > ∆ In , TRIP
Terminology:
Terminology:
Coordination between cables’ conductors ratings and protective
devices

6.5 KA
100A 10 KA

120A
75A 175A
Terminology:
Distribution Board (DB):
An assembly containing switching or protecting
devices:-
 Fuses,
 Circuit Breakers,
 Residual Current
Associated with one or more outgoing circuits
fed from one or more incoming Circuits
together with terminals for the neutral and CPC.
 Terminology
Distribution Circuit (sub-
main):
 The Sub Main Distribution
Boards are generally
installed after the Main
Distribution Boards
 Used to divide the power
feed into subsidiary outgoing
feeders
 Feed final circuits or
current-using equipment's
Terminology
Earthed Equipotential Zone:
A zone within which exposed –conductive-parts
and extraneous –conductive-parts are
maintained at substantially the same potential by
bonding, such that under fault conditions the
differences in potential between simultaneously
accessible exposed – and extraneous conductive
– parts will not cause electric shock.
 Terminology
Earthed Equipotential Zone:
Terminology
Earthed Equipotential Zone:
Terminology
Terminology
Equipotential bonding:
Electrical connection maintaining various exposed conductive parts
and extraneous conductive parts at substantially the same
potential.
Exposed conductive part :
A conductive part of equipment which can be touched and which is
not a live part but which may become live under fault conditions(e.g.
conduit, truking,metal enclosures etc…).
Circuit Protective Conductor (CPC):
A protective conductor(Armor, shield) connecting exposed-
conductive parts of equipment to the main earthing terminal.
Terminology
Extraneous conductive part :
A conductive part liable to introduce a potential,
generally earth potential, and not forming part of
the electrical installation(e.g. gas pipelines, water
pipelines etc….).
Final circuit:
A circuit connected directly to current-using
equipment, or to a socket-outlet for the
connection of such equipment.
Terminology
Functional Earthing :
Connection to earth necessary for the proper functioning of
electrical equipment.
PEN conductor:
A conductor combining the functions of both protective
conductor and neutral conductor.
Protective Multiple Earthing (PME):
An Earthing arrangement ,found in TN-C-S systems, in
which the supply neutral conductor is used to connect the
earthing conductor of an installation to earth.
Terminology
Impedances & Resistance
Ze : that part of the earth fault loop impedance which is
external to the installation.
Zs : earth fault loop impedance (EFLI).
R1 : resistance of phase conductors of a distribution(sub-
main) or final circuit.
R2 : resistance of a CPC of a distribution or final circuit.
Zs=Ze+(R1+R2)
Terminology
Impedances & Resistance
 Terminology
Impedances & Resistance
From the Figure 1 Above :-
 R1+R2: These terms are used to describe the values of the
phase conductor (R1) and the CPC or earthing conductor.
 (R2) within the installation. They are shown as Z3 and Z4.
 Ze: is the total impedance of Z1+Z2+Z5.
 Zs: is the total value of impedance measured at the furthest
point along the circuit. It consists of Ze, the external part, and
R1+R2, the internal part.
(Zs = Ze+R1+R2).
 As in Fig.1, Zs broken down would consist of
Z1+Z2+Z3+Z4+Z5.
 Terminology

Ze typical Values
Ze shall be provided by the Supply Authority. Actual
values depending on the configuration of the local
supply network.. The max values of Ze likely to be
quoted by an Electricity Authority for different earthing
systems are:
 TT systems: 21 Ω
 TN-S systems : 0.8 Ω
 TNC-S system : 0.35 Ω
Terminology
Terminology
Terminology
Terminology
Voltages:
Nominal Voltage:
by which an installation is designed.
Extra low Voltage:
not exceeding 50 V a.c or 120V ripple-free d.c.
Low Voltage
not exceeding conductors, or 600 V a.c or 900V d.c between
conductors and earth.
U = voltage between phases.
U0 = nominal phase voltage.
Uoc = open circuit voltage at the
distribution transformer.
Terminology
Voltage System Nominal voltage (Vr) Kv

Low Voltage(LV) Vr < 1

Medium Voltage(MV) 1 < Vr < 35

High Voltage (HV) 35 < Vr < 230

EHV(Extra high voltage) 230 < Vr < 800

UHV(Ultra High Voltage ) 800 < Vr

PART1

(3) Standards
What is the Standards??
ISO/IEC Guide 2:1996, definition 3.2 defines a
standard as:
“A document established by consensus and approved by a recognized
body that provides for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or
characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of
the optimum degree of order in a given context”.
“Standard is an agreed way of doing something. It could be
about making a product, managing a process, delivering a
service or supplying materials standards can cover a huge
range of activities undertaken by organizations and used by
their customers.”
What is the Standards??
Other definition of Standard

“Standards are published documents setting out

specifications and procedures designed to ensure
products, services and systems are safe, reliable and
consistently perform the way they were intended to”.
“The standard simply provides a shorthand way of claiming
that certain specifications are met”, while encouraging
manufacturers to adhere to a common method for such a
specification.
 Standards
The most popular Standards & Codes of Practice for the
design of electrical services in buildings are listed below:
1- British Standards (BS)
 These are the UK national standards,
 Published by the British Standards Institution (BSI).
 Titled British Standard XXXX [P]:YYYY
 XXXX is the number of the standard,
 P is the number of the part of the standard
 YYYY is the year in which the standard came into effect.
 BSI Group currently has over 27,000 active standards.
 Standards
2-The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
 This is a worldwide standardization body established in 1906.
 Responsible for standardization in the fields of electrical and electronic
engineering.
 The ISO (International Standardization Organization) was established
later and is responsible for all other fields of science and technology.
 International, non – governmental organization.
 IEC membership is composed of more than 45 national electro
technical committees from all over the world.
 Most countries are adopting IEC recommendations without changes
whenever practical.
Standards
3- European Committee for Electro –technical Standardization
(CENELEC)
 European standardization organization
 known as CENELEC from the acronym)‫ (أختصار‬of its
French title(founded in 1973).
 Its main purpose is to harmonize(‫ينسجم‬-‫ )ينسق‬different
European national standards by removing technical
differences.
Standards
4 - The Institution of Engineering & Technology (IET) – Formerly
the IEE
 Institution of Electrical Engineers (the IEE)
 Renamed in March 2006 as the Institution of Engineering &
Technology (the IET).
 BS 7671:2001Published by the IEE
 The first edition of these BS 7671:2001 was published in 1882
while the most recent edition ( the 16th edition) was published in
1991.
 BS 7671:2001 deal primarily with the design and verification of
electrical installations and are now issued as a British Standard
(BS 7671).
 The 16th edition has taken much more into account the CENELEC
agreements.
Relevant BS/IEC Documents Titles
Table T2.1 includes some of the relevant
BS/IEC Standards titles:
Relevant BS/IEC Documents Titles
Relevant BS/IEC Documents Titles
Relevant BS/IEC Documents Titles
PART1

(4)PUBLIC ELECTRICITY
SUPPLY SYSTEMS
PUBLIC ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Typical Public Supplies Voltage Levels These are usually
declared as line rather than phase values:-
Generation:- MV (11 – 13.8 kV )

House Service Connections:- LV (400/230V, 415/240 V, 380/220V).

Distribution:- MV (11kV, 13.8 ,33kV).

Sub Transmission:- HV (66kV, 110kV, 132kV).

Transmission:- HV/EHV (220kV, 275kV, 380kV, 400kV,500KV).

Why Supply Systems are AC rather than DC Voltage

Because :-
 It facilitate transformation to those different voltage
levels.
 Stepping-up Generation voltage is necessary to
transmit power for long distances at lower currents
(and hence with lower losses).
 Stepping-down Transmission voltages at
Distribution points is necessary for safety and
economic aspects.
See ” War of the Current”
Basic Information For Extending Electrical
Supplies To Premises
Information Provided By the Supply Authority
The following information about the Public Supply
network is normally provided by the Electricity
Supply Authority:
i. The maximum Prospective Short-circuit
Current at the supply terminals (PSCC).
ii. The maximum Earth Loop Impedance of the
earth fault path outside the installation ( Ze).
Basic Information For Extending Electrical
Supplies To Premises

[Link] type and rating of the Supplier’s

protective devices nearest to the supply
terminals.
[Link] type of earthing system applicable to
the connection.
v. The number of phases of the supply.
[Link] supply frequency and tolerance.
[Link] supply voltage and tolerance.
Basic Information For Extending Electrical
Supplies To Premises
For Connection To The Public Networks ,A typical list of
information as normally included in “Applications For New
Connections” should include as a minimum:
[i] Number of phases (which depends on the maximum demand
and site layout ).It could be 1 or 3 phases with a neutral
(a 4-wire system).
[ii] Single/3-phase voltage levels (230V/ 400V).
[iii] Frequency (50Hz).
[iv] Load characteristics (harmonics, voltage fluctuations, motor
starting currents and any other abnormalities).
[v] Characteristics of standby supplies.
Basic Information For Extending Electrical
Supplies To Premises

[vi] Fault current contributions of motors /

standby generators.
[ vii ] Maximum 3 phase or single phase load
(normally in kVA or kW+ power factor).It
should be noted that the majority of electrical
appliances are single phase.
Power supply ranges
Generally the following guidelines are applicable(Other countries-
Gulf):
Generally the following guidelines are applicable(Other countries-Gulf):
Loads below 100kVA can be supplied as single phase 230V.
Loads in the range 100 – 300 kVA can be connected as 3-
phase,400/230 V loads.
 A dedicated Transformer can be arranged for loads in the range 200 –
500 kVA,11kV supplies can be arranged for loads in excess of 500kVA.
The local regulation in sudan (If applicable)
 Up to 15(10<) KW(single Phase ).
 25 -47(10-50)KW (3phase one supply).
 47-100 KW(50-200) (high current -300 Amp)
 200 KW> and above (Power transformer).
 Notes_-------------------------------------------
 Supply Arrangements
Supply Arrangements
 Low Voltage Intakes
• Connect to 230V/400 V through single or duplicate feeds
to the consumer’s main switchboard for light .
 High Voltage Intakes
• Loads exceeding 500 kVA can be connected to the 11kV
High Voltage system in 3 common ways:
1.A ring main.
[Link] feeders.
3.A radial feeder or a single spur from a radial feeder.
Radial Feed

Radial Feed
Ring

Ring
Duplicate Supply
Duplicate Supply
HV / LV Substations
Outdoor Package substations utilize standard indoor
equipment mounted inside a weatherproof enclosure.
Compact Substations
Compact Substations
PART1

(5) Distribution Transformer

Transformers
Basically there are two types of Distribution Transformers.
1-The oil-immersed.
2- The dry type.
Cooling and insulation is provided in the first type by oil,
while air is the insulating and cooling medium in the second
transformer type.
Dry type transformers’ windings are normally encapsulated
within a moisture– resistant cladding of epoxy resin.
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Distribution transformers can also be classified as pole or
ground – mounted.
Due to weight considerations, pole-mounted transformers
ratings do not normally exceed 315 kVA. Preferred kVA
Distribution transformers ratings according to BS 171 are :
5 - 6.3 – 8 – 10 - 12.5 – 16 – 20 – 25 - 31.5 – 40 – 50 – 63 –
80 – 100 – 125 – 160 – 200 – 250 – 315 – 400 – 500 – 630 –
800 – 1000 – 1250 – 1600 - 2000 ..3150 etc….
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers’ voltage ratings are normally the
rated line voltages of the primary, secondary or
the tertiary windings for the open circuit (off
load) values.
The line currents Il flowing in the transformer’s
primary or secondary winding is given by the
following formula:
l = VA rating/(√3. VL)
[Use this formula to prove that the full load
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
l = KVA x1.4 =TR or Gen Rated current
Example
l = KVA x1.4 = 100 x1.4 =140 Amp
l = KVA x1.4 = 200 x1.4 =280 Amp
l = KVA x1.4 = 400 x1.4 =560 Amp
l = KVA x1.4 = 500 x1.4 =700Amp
l = KVA x1.4 = 1000 x1.4 =1400 Amp