Chapter 5
OPENING definition:
5.1 DOOR AND ITS TYPES
Function of door
To facilitate light and ventilation for the circulation of fresh air
To provide facility of visual distinction
To acts as a barrier to sound ,out from the room
To provide physical safety and privacy to the users
5.1.1 Types of Doors
[Link] on the basis of arrangement of components
i) Battened and ledged doors
ii) Battened, ledged and braced doors
iii) Battened, ledged and framed doors
iv) Battened, ledged, braced and framed doors
B. Classification on the basis of method or manner of construction
v) Framed and panelled doors
vi) Glazed or sash doors
vii) Flush doors
viii) Louvered doors
ix) Wire-gauged doors
C. Classification on the basis of working operations
x) Revolving doors
xi) Sliding doors
xii) Swing doors
xiii) Collapsible steel doors
xiv) Rolling steel shutter doors
1) Battened and ledged doors
A batten and ledged door is one of the simplest and oldest types
of wooden doors.
Simple construction and ideal for workshops, sheds, cottages, and
rustic interiors.
Usually made of softwood like pine or cedar; hardwood versions
exist for higher durability.
A batten is a hardwood board that is 100 mm to 150 mm in width
and 20 mm in thickness, and it is used to support a leaded door.
2. Battened, ledged and braced doors
Batten, ledge, and braced door (also called a ledged and braced door)
is a traditional type of wooden door designed for strength, stability, and
resistance to sagging. It is an upgraded version of the batten and
ledged door because it includes diagonal bracing.
3. Battened, ledged and frame doors
The door is also an improved form of battened and ledged door, in
which framework for the shutter is provided in the form of two
verticals, known as styles. The styles are generally 100 mm wide and 40
mm thick.
4. Battened, ledged, braced and frame doors
This door is the modification over type 3 door described above, with
the provision of additional braces, provided diagonally between the
ledges, to increase its strength, durability and appearance. This door
consists of battens, two vertical members, three ledges and two braces.
5. Framed and panelled doors
This type of door is used in almost all types of building since they are
strong and give better appearance than battened door. These types of
doors consist of a vertical element called a style and a horizontal
element called a rail. The style and rails are properly grooved to
accommodate the panel. Panels can be made of wood, AC sheet metal,
glass, etc. The panel can be flat or raised to make it look good.
6. Louvred Doors (Venetian Door)
Louvered doors also known as Venetian doors can be used for both
privacy and ventilation. The louvres are made of strips of glass, wood,
or AC sheet that are secured to the frame of the roller shutters,
allowing air to pass freely and preventing vision. The door can be fully
or partially louvred. Such types of doors are commonly used in public
toilets and toilets. Figure 6 is an exemplary representation of a louvred
door.
7. Revolving Doors:
It consists of a centrally located pivot with four radiating roller shutters
attached. The central pivot has a ball bearing at the bottom and a slide
bearing at the top. The shutter is partially or completely made of glass.
There is a circular entrance space where the shutter rotates. When the
shutter rotates, there is an entrance on one side and an exit on the
other side. These doors are preferably used in public buildings such as
stores, banks, hotels and theatres where continuous use of the doors is
required. Urgently needed at the entrance to an air-conditioned public
building. Figure 7 shows a typical revolving door.
8. Swing Doors
The swing door has its shutter attached to the frame by means of
double action springs. Hence shutter can move both inward and
outward. They may be single-shuttered or double-shuttered. Such
doors are preferred in offices and banks. Since these doors can open on
both sides it is desirable to provide glass panels or peepholes to enable
users to see the persons from another side
9. Sliding Doors:
For such types of doors, the shutter slides on the sides. For this purpose
runners and guide rails are provided. Sliding shutters may be one, two
or even three depending on the size of the opening and the space
available on the sides for sliding. Such doors are used in banks, offices
etc. The arrangement of such shutters in the plan
10. Collapsible Doors:
The vertical type makes use of steel rails or channels that have a width
between 16 to 20 mm and are positioned at a distance of 12 to 20 mm
from each other. Figure 10 illustrates that the steel plate to which it is
attached has a width of 16 to 20 mm and a thickness of 5 mm, and is
attached using a hinge. There are rollers located at both the top and
bottom, allowing for easy horizontal movement with minimal effort.
These doors are available in single or double-shutter configurations and
are commonly used to enhance security measures. They are frequently
seen in entrance doors, bank changing rooms, as well as school and
university entrance doors.
11. Rolling Shutters:
It consists of a frame, a drum and a shutter made of thin steel plates.
The width of the door may vary from 2 to 3 m. The shutter moves on
steel guides provided on the sides and can easily roll up. For this
counterbalancing is made with helical springs on the drum. The shutter
can be easily pulled down. This type of door is commonly used as
additional doors to shops, offices, banks, factories, and buildings from
the point of safety.
5.2 Window and its types
A window is an opening formed in a wall or roof for the purpose of
providing daylight, vision and ventilation. A window is comprised of two
parts:
i) Window frame
ii) Sashes or shutter frame
Window frames are fixed to the opening in the wall, by means of
suitable hold fasts. The sashes or shutter frames are fixed to the
window frames of suitable hinges. The window frame has sill at the
bottom unlike doors.
The selection of size, shape, location and number of windows in a room
depends upon the following factors:
Size of the room
Location of the room
Utility of the room
Direction of the wall
Direction of wind
Climatic conditions such as humidity, temperature, etc.
Requirements of exterior view
Architectural treatment to the exterior of the building
5.2.1 Types of Windows
1. Fixed windows
2. Casement windows
3. Pivoted windows
4. Double hung windows
5. Glazed or sash windows
6. Sliding windows
7. Louvered windows
8. Metal windows
9. Bay windows
10. Clerestory windows
11. Dormer windows
12. Corner window
13. Lantern windows
14. Cable windows
15. Ankhi-Jhyal
16. Sky lights
1. Fixed windows
These windows are provided for the sole purpose of admitting light and
providing vision to the room. The window consists of a window frame
to which shutters are fixed and they do not open. The shutters are fully
glazed
2. Casement windows
These windows provide excellent ventilation and are commonly used in
buildings. The shutters of the window open like the shutters of the
doors. The shutters consist of styles, top rails, bottom rails and
intermediate rails; thus dividing it into panels. In case of windows with
double shutters, the outer shutters may have wire gauged panels for fly
proofing.
3. Pivoted windows
In these windows, the shutters are allowed to swing round pivots fixed
to the window frame. The frame of the window shutter is similar to that
of casement window. The shutter can swing or rotate either
horizontally or vertically.
4. Sliding windows
These windows are similar to sliding doors. The shutters move either
horizontally or vertically on small roller bearings. Suitable openings are
left in the frame or walls to accommodate the shutters when the
windows are opened out. They are provided in trains, buses, shops and
bank counters.
5. Louvered windows
Such windows are provided for the sole purpose of ventilation and they
do not permit any outside vision. The shutter consists of top and
bottom rails, and two styles which are grooved to receive the louvers.
The louvers are generally fixed. These windows are commonly used in
bathrooms, workshops, offices, etc.
6. Metal windows
Such windows are primarily made of mild steel. However, windows
made of other metals, such as aluminum, bronze, stainless steel, etc.
are also used for buildings.
7. Dormer windows
A dormer window is a vertical window provided on the sloping roof.
Such windows provide ventilation and lighting to the enclosed space
below the roof and improve the appearance of building.
8. Lantern windows
Such windows are provided over the flat roofs, to provide more light
and air to the inner apartments of a building. The windows project
above the roof level.
9. Ankhi jhyal
This is a small window used in traditional and cultural building in nepal.
# COMPONENTS OF DOOR AND WINDOW
1. Frame
It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members; forming an
enclosure, to which the shelters are fixed.
2. Shutters
These are the openable parts of a door or window which is hinged with
frame.
3. Head
This is the uppermost horizontal part of a frame.
4. Sill
This is the lowermost or bottom horizontal part of a window frame. Sills
are normally not provided in door frames.
5. Horn
These are the horizontal projections of the head and sill of frame to
facilitate the fixing of the frame on the wall. The length of the hors is
kept about 10 to 15 cm.
6. Style
Style is the vertical outside member of the shutter of a door or window.
[Link] rail
This is the top most horizontal member of a shutter.
8. Lock rail
This is the middle horizontal member of a door shutter, to which
locking arrangement is fixed.
9. Bottom rail
This is the lowermost horizontal member of a shutter.
10. Intermediate or cross-rails
These are additional horizontal rails fixed between the top and bottom
rails of a shutter. A rail fixed between the top rail and lock rail is called
frieze rail.
11. Panel
This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.
12. Mullion
This is a vertical member of a frame, which is employed to subdivide a
window or a door vertically.
13. Transom
This is a horizontal member of a frame, which is employed to sub-
divide an opening horizontally. (Specially in window)
14. Hold fasts.
These are mild steel flats, generally bent into Z or Y shape, to fix or hold
the frame to the opening. The horizontal length of hold fast is kept
about 20 cm and is embedded in the masonry.
15. Jamb
This the vertical wall face of an opening which supports the frame.
16. Reveal
It is the external jamb of a door or window opening at right angles to
the wall face.
17. Rebate
It is depression or recess made inside the door frame, to receive the
door shutter.
5.5 ARCH AND LINTELS
5.5.1 Arch
An arch is a structure constructed of wedge-shaped units (brick or
stone), jointed together with mortar and spanning an opening to
support the weight of the wall above it along with other superimposed
loads. Due to weage-like form, the units support each other, the load
tends to make. them compact and enables them to transmit the
pressure downwards to their supports. For such openings, materials
like wood, stone, brick, steel and concrete are used for arches
Types of Arches
A. According to shape
According to this classification, arches are of the following types: